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Case Study D: Baia

2019-04-05T08:00:19Z

Antonietta.miraldi: /* Sacred spaces and heritage */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2019|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Workgroup Naples D: Baia''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Naples''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Rationale, Coastal Typology, Land use development, Green and Blue Infrastructure, Power map, Sacred Spaces and Heritage, Landscape Narrative''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Panaitescu A., Lungu D., Cairo M., Aquino L., Jayalath S., Miraldi A., Passaro A., Ali A.''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Baia Maps Limit.png|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =

Underwater Heritage: History and nature are merged in both, earth and sea.
However, Baia¿s interest is focused on tourism, not fully in the preservation of the site.
If this continues, with only investment on the tourism infrastructure without and Investment of Landscape Preservation+Heritage Conservation Baia’s days might be in a countdown already.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 40.8166634,14.068499726~Baia~Location of our Intensive Study Programme
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
*''Coast of Baia, is a dramatic landscape in terms of forces of nature, throughout the history. Seldom volcanic activities and frequent waves of the ocean (basically) have been shaped the coast today with a unique composition of relatively young and old physical matter. (Figure 1) . Due to immediate high ground associate with the coast of Baia defined by the waves of land, ‘coastal effect’ have been limited to a narrow ‘landstrip’ relative to a typical coast. And with the act of the rich humid wind, greenery have been covered the facade of those elevated landforms. And these walls are a combination of Caldera rims and Major,Minor Faults. So the drama will continue as above geomorphological terms describes themselves.
''
*''add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:yourcase_landscapeunits1.jpg|''Geomorphological Character_Reference: Aucelli, P., et al., Coastal landscape evolution of Naples (Southern Italy) since the Roman period from archaeological and geomorphological data at Palazzo degli Spiriti site, Quaternary International (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2017.12.040''
File:yourcase_landscapeunits2.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
*''settlements, infrastructure, agriculture, resource extraction, natural areas, energy production...''
*''description of evolution, status quo and driving forces, is the land use likely to change? Why is that? (approx 200 signs)''
*''add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:yourcase_landuse1.jpg|''add a caption''
File:yourcase_landscapeunits2.jpg|''add a caption''
File:yourcase_landscapeunit3.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
*''What are the major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network? Are these likely to change/disappear? Why is that?''
* ''You find my background material on green infrastructure in our [[Reading_List_Coastal_Landscapes|reading list]]''
*''add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:your case_green blue infrastructure1.jpg|''add a caption''
File:your case_green blue infrastructure2.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
* ''Who is driving changes in this landscape? Who is affected by those changes?
Baia is under control of different administrative sectors in different phases, for example decisions made by Campania region, province Napoli or Bacoli municipality has major or minor action on Baia and it’s locality. Both the Tourists and the inhabitants simultaneously affects and get affected by any change in policy. Uneven empowering of one sector may affect positively or negatively the future of this unique heritage site. UNESCO and UN Habitats may play a vital role in bringing balanced solution. Ministry of cultural Heritage and Archaeology department have power to let people know about the history and morphology of the site and how to protect it.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:Adminstry of Baia case study template.png|''Administrative position and different power holders in different phases responsible for acts and implementation in Baia and adjacent area.''|300px|left|
File:Power plan Baia case study template.png|''Plan showing the section line of the two areas of Baia. The image is taken from the Google satellite image.''
File:AA' section case study template.png|''Cross section of Baia port and closest tourism area, analyzing different actors and stakeholders in site''
File:BB' section case study template.png|''Cross section through Baia port and adjacent archaeological sites showing different actors and stakeholders relationship''

</gallery>

* ''Draw a stakeholder and/or power map: Who is affected highly but with low power? Who has high power but is not affected?''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:Power loop Baia case study template.png|''Different people in different phase is affecting each other by their power of making a decision. So the whole scenario is acting like a power loop.''
File:Power Pyramid Baia case study template.png|''A Pyramid showing the power distribution in terms of size and power variation. For example, the Tourists and inhabitants are the greater populations by size by lies on the bottom of the Power level.''

</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
*''Which places/elements hold cultural value and to whom?''
The territory of Bacoli was founded by the ancient Romans and it is an environmental landscape of exceptional historical value, today the remains of the cisterns of ''Cento Camerelle'', the ''Grotta of Dragonar''a and the cistern of ''Piscina Mirabilis'', which constitute the terminal tank of one of the main Roman aqueducts.

Another important historical heritage is the ''Archaeological Park of Baia'', organized on terraces called ''Terme of Baia'' (''Fig.1''). The complex is presented as a series of residences consisting of separate architectural nucleus, organized on different levels of terracing and connected by stepped ramps.
Lying towards the sea is the "''Villa dell'ambulatio''" equipped with a series of terraces connected by a complex of stairs, the last of which leads to the "''Mercury sector''". The "''Temple of Sosandra''" is bordered by two parallel staircases. The entire complex originally had marble or black and white mosaic floors.

The lowering of the ground below sea level, due to bradyseism, occurred between the 7th and 8th centuries AD, submerged Baia (''Fig.2''). Among the most significant remains are some vaulted structures like the great ''Temple of Diana'', the ''Temple of Mercury'' and ''Temple of Venus'', it is in any case thermal structures and not places of worship, for which however the popular denomination has survived.

The ''Temple of Diana'' which originally defined a large room where vapors from the ground below were collected, was characterized by a colossal ogival dome, now half collapsed. The building was used for thermal purposes and was decorated with marble friezes depicting hunting scenes.

The ''Temple of Venus'' rises on the quay of the port of Baia, dated to the Hadrian age. The plant is circular on the inside and octagonal on the outside. It is believed that the monument was part of the thermal plant although today it is no longer possible to grasp this identity because of the modern road. It can be visited simply by locating it among the houses and approaching it.

The ''Temple of Mercury'' Also called "truglio" from its circular shape, the building was a frigidarium that is used for cold baths. From the descriptions made of it in the eighteenth century it appeared to be composed of six niches, four of which are semi-circular. The circular vault, equipped with a central lumen, was made with large flakes of tuff shaped like a wedge.

The ''Aragonese Castle'' (''Fig.3'') rises in Baia, a hamlet of Bacoli, and is situated in an area of considerable strategic importance, it was erected on a 51 m promontory naturally defended by a high tuff cliff and by the deep depression given by the caldera of two called volcanoes " Fondi di Baia "with the addition of walls, ditches and drawbridges, the castle was practically impregnable. Its position allowed a very wide control of the area, preventing so much the approach of enemy fleets.
Due to its central position relative to the main archaeological sites of the Phlegraean Fields the castle of Baia was chosen as the site of the Archaeological Museum of the Phlegraean Fields.

Along the coast, there are religious monuments such as the Church of San Sossio, the Church of S. Maria del Riposo, the Church of S. Anna Gesù and Maria and the Church of San Gioacchino.

The particularity of the territorial morphology and the phenomenon of bradyseism make the area very interesting for tourists.

* ''You may add a map and some images, please also explain in your caption why these elements are valuable''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:your case_sacredspace1.jpg|''Fig.1 ''Terme of Baia''
File:your case_sacredspace2.jpg|''Fig.2 ''Submerged Archaeological park of Baia''
File:your case_sacredspace3.jpg|''Fig.3 ''Aragonese Castle''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
*''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?''
The landscape is defined by two elements: The Archeological Park and The Aragonese Castle of Baia. The first-mentioned element includes the "Terme di Baia", an antique ensemble which functioned as a thermal resort. Due to its vicinity to Naples, a great urban attractor, Baia has been a secondary center of interest in the area. However, throughout history, it has gone from a small village to a fashionable thermal resort in Antic Roman Republic. Between 100 BC and 500 AD it was well-known for its hedonistic atmosphere and it was better-preferred over area as Pompeii, Capri or Herculaneum.

Aside from its historical and architectural value, The Castle of Baia enriches the landscape by its position - on an upper side of the land - highlighting the natural surroundings."

*''Has the landscape been painted or otherwise depicted, when and whom? Which elements are essential?''
In painting, Baia is related to the greek and roman mythology. An often pictured subject is the meeting of Apollo and Cumaean Sibyl near the bay of Baia. Cumaen Sibyl is the best known of the 10 sibyls – a “sibyl” is a prophetess, most of the times associated with a particular location. Even though she lived in a cave near the town of Cumae, close to the temple of Apollo, both of them are pictured near the bay of Baia.

Two painters who have approached this subject are Claude Lorraine - a baroque painter - and William Turner in his romantic manner. Each of them, in their own way, chose to paint the mythological story behind Baia. In the case of Turner, mythology itself is a common theme of Romanticism.

The Phlegraean (which includes Baia) area was a key subject for local and foreign painters since the 19th century. The italian painter, Giacinto Gigante has made many paintings inspired by the beautiful landscape of Baia.

*''Which narratives exist? Who has written about this landscape or depicted it in some way?''

'''The lost wonders of Baia were a common feature of Romantic poetry.''' It appears in John Keats's '''"Ode to May"''' and in the third stanza of Shelley's '''"Ode to the West Wind"'''. The vanished columns of the ancient town inundated by the sea is the central conceit of Konstantin Batyushkov's 1819 '''"You awake, oh Bayya, from the tomb..."''', "one of his last and finest poems".

The "princely" seaside resort of the empire appears in J. Meade Falkner's 1895 novel '''The Lost Stradivarius and Anatole France's''' 1902 '''"Procurator of Judea" (Le Procurateur de Judée)'''. In current fiction, it is the setting of '''Caroline Lawrence's Sirens of Surrentum'''; '''John Maddox Roberts's Under the Shadow of Vesuvius'''; '''Steven Saylor's 1992 Arms of Nemesis''', set during the Spartacus Rebellion; and '''Marguerite Yourcenar's Memoirs of Hadrian'''.

In the '''Ecce Romani series of Latin textbooks''', Baia is the location of the character Gaius Cornelius Calvus's summer villa.

A forgotten Baia tunnel complex features prominently in the '''UK series called Forbidden History''', whereby the presenter visits a supposed grotto of the Cumaean Sibyl.

Beside the cultural references, there are '''many tales of intrigue''' associated with Baia. Rumour has it that Cleopatra escaped in her boat from Baia after Julius Caesar was murdered in 44BC, while Julia Agrippina plotted her husband Claudius’ death at Baia so her son Nero could become emperor of Rome.

Mineral waters and a mild climate first attracted Rome’s nobility to Baia in the latter half of the 2nd Century BC, and the town was known to them as the Phlegraean (or ‘flaming’) Fields, so named because of the calderas that pockmark the region.
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Maps Parco archeologico.png|''Satellite view of the Archeological Park in Baia (source: Google Maps)''
File:William Turner.jpg|''"The Bay of Baiae, with Apollo and the Sibyl", William Turner, 1823 (source: Tate Modern)''
File:Anton Sminck Pitloo - Bacoli.jpg|''Baia Coast is well known residential area since the Roman Empire and inspired foreign painters as well.Painting by Anton Sminck Pitloo (source:https://ro.pinterest.com)''
File:Mdo-3039389.jpg|''Baia, 1850 by Giacinto Gigante (source: https://www.agefotostock.com)''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==
* ''You can summarize your findings with an DPSI(R) Model or a Spider Diagram''
* ''Link back to the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals Sustainable Development Goals]: Which goals are at risk?''
* ''What is your hypothesis for this landscape?''
* ''Visualise your hypothesis with one graphic/pict''
* ''Are there any existing initiatives taking action in this landscape? Do you have a critical perspective on that?''
* ''Add text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_your spider diagram or dpsir model.jpg|''explain your analysis briefly in the caption''
</gallery>

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_your hypothesis visual.jpg|''explain your hypthesis briefly in the caption''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==
* ''Reflect on at least three international policy documents in relation to their local landscape case''
* ''choose one international, one European and one national document''
* ''You can choose references from our [[Reading_List_Coastal_Landscapes|reading list]]''
* ''Scope: 250 words''

== A.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''
'''Visual appearance and landscape narrative'''

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiae#History

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl#The_caves_at_Cumae_and_Baiae

- http://act.unilink.it/baia-parco-archeologico-delle-terme-napoli/

- https://www.falsi-d-autore.it/marina-c-5426_5445/baia-di-napoli-p-1918.html

- https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae-56267963/

- https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/07/12/news/weekend_alle_terme_romane_di_baia_per_il_pozzuoli_faber_jazz_festival-201611726/?refresh_ce

- https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/300?lang=es

- http://www.freebacoli.net/2018/06/pozzuoli-faber-jazz-festival-i-concerti-itineranti-faranno-tappa-anche-a-baia-e-cuma/

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*''Based on the hypothesis derived from your previous landscape systems analysis you are now asked to define the goals for assessing the landscape. Your assessment is the basis for evaluating the landscape status.''
*''Which elements and phenomena need to be mapped, why and how?''
*''This a text contribution, max 250 words''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme2.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
* ''Give a summary of the major findings of your mapping process, what are the problems/potentials identified?''
* ''Draw a problems/potentials map''
* ''Set priorities for the most relevant issues''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* ''Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings''
* ''Did you encounter limitations'''
* ''200 words test contribution''

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''
'''Visual appearance and landscape narrative'''

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl?fbclid=IwAR1A5DrvtzWfXmrBqMrhvcKn5bqdB0y-ydmR4cRLM9Bixl2nqCNKT51kpUE#The_caves_at_Cumae_and_Baiae

- https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae-56267963/

- https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/07/12/news/weekend_alle_terme_romane_di_baia_per_il_pozzuoli_faber_jazz_festival-201611726/?refresh_ce

- https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/300?lang=es

- http://www.freebacoli.net/2018/06/pozzuoli-faber-jazz-festival-i-concerti-itineranti-faranno-tappa-anche-a-baia-e-cuma/

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiae

- https://www.mutualart.com

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2019]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Case Study D: Baia

2019-04-05T08:00:00Z

Antonietta.miraldi: /* Sacred spaces and heritage */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2019|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Workgroup Naples D: Baia''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Naples''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Rationale, Coastal Typology, Land use development, Green and Blue Infrastructure, Power map, Sacred Spaces and Heritage, Landscape Narrative''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Panaitescu A., Lungu D., Cairo M., Aquino L., Jayalath S., Miraldi A., Passaro A., Ali A.''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Baia Maps Limit.png|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =

Underwater Heritage: History and nature are merged in both, earth and sea.
However, Baia¿s interest is focused on tourism, not fully in the preservation of the site.
If this continues, with only investment on the tourism infrastructure without and Investment of Landscape Preservation+Heritage Conservation Baia’s days might be in a countdown already.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 40.8166634,14.068499726~Baia~Location of our Intensive Study Programme
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
*''Coast of Baia, is a dramatic landscape in terms of forces of nature, throughout the history. Seldom volcanic activities and frequent waves of the ocean (basically) have been shaped the coast today with a unique composition of relatively young and old physical matter. (Figure 1) . Due to immediate high ground associate with the coast of Baia defined by the waves of land, ‘coastal effect’ have been limited to a narrow ‘landstrip’ relative to a typical coast. And with the act of the rich humid wind, greenery have been covered the facade of those elevated landforms. And these walls are a combination of Caldera rims and Major,Minor Faults. So the drama will continue as above geomorphological terms describes themselves.
''
*''add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:yourcase_landscapeunits1.jpg|''Geomorphological Character_Reference: Aucelli, P., et al., Coastal landscape evolution of Naples (Southern Italy) since the Roman period from archaeological and geomorphological data at Palazzo degli Spiriti site, Quaternary International (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2017.12.040''
File:yourcase_landscapeunits2.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
*''settlements, infrastructure, agriculture, resource extraction, natural areas, energy production...''
*''description of evolution, status quo and driving forces, is the land use likely to change? Why is that? (approx 200 signs)''
*''add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:yourcase_landuse1.jpg|''add a caption''
File:yourcase_landscapeunits2.jpg|''add a caption''
File:yourcase_landscapeunit3.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
*''What are the major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network? Are these likely to change/disappear? Why is that?''
* ''You find my background material on green infrastructure in our [[Reading_List_Coastal_Landscapes|reading list]]''
*''add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:your case_green blue infrastructure1.jpg|''add a caption''
File:your case_green blue infrastructure2.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
* ''Who is driving changes in this landscape? Who is affected by those changes?
Baia is under control of different administrative sectors in different phases, for example decisions made by Campania region, province Napoli or Bacoli municipality has major or minor action on Baia and it’s locality. Both the Tourists and the inhabitants simultaneously affects and get affected by any change in policy. Uneven empowering of one sector may affect positively or negatively the future of this unique heritage site. UNESCO and UN Habitats may play a vital role in bringing balanced solution. Ministry of cultural Heritage and Archaeology department have power to let people know about the history and morphology of the site and how to protect it.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:Adminstry of Baia case study template.png|''Administrative position and different power holders in different phases responsible for acts and implementation in Baia and adjacent area.''|300px|left|
File:Power plan Baia case study template.png|''Plan showing the section line of the two areas of Baia. The image is taken from the Google satellite image.''
File:AA' section case study template.png|''Cross section of Baia port and closest tourism area, analyzing different actors and stakeholders in site''
File:BB' section case study template.png|''Cross section through Baia port and adjacent archaeological sites showing different actors and stakeholders relationship''

</gallery>

* ''Draw a stakeholder and/or power map: Who is affected highly but with low power? Who has high power but is not affected?''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:Power loop Baia case study template.png|''Different people in different phase is affecting each other by their power of making a decision. So the whole scenario is acting like a power loop.''
File:Power Pyramid Baia case study template.png|''A Pyramid showing the power distribution in terms of size and power variation. For example, the Tourists and inhabitants are the greater populations by size by lies on the bottom of the Power level.''

</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
*''Which places/elements hold cultural value and to whom?''
The territory of Bacoli was founded by the ancient Romans and it is an environmental landscape of exceptional historical value, today the remains of the cisterns of ''Cento Camerelle'', the ''Grotta of Dragonar''a and the cistern of ''Piscina Mirabilis'', which constitute the terminal tank of one of the main Roman aqueducts.

Another important historical heritage is the ''Archaeological Park of Baia'', organized on terraces called ''Terme of Baia''(''Fig.1''). The complex is presented as a series of residences consisting of separate architectural nucleus, organized on different levels of terracing and connected by stepped ramps.
Lying towards the sea is the "''Villa dell'ambulatio''" equipped with a series of terraces connected by a complex of stairs, the last of which leads to the "''Mercury sector''". The "''Temple of Sosandra''" is bordered by two parallel staircases. The entire complex originally had marble or black and white mosaic floors.

The lowering of the ground below sea level, due to bradyseism, occurred between the 7th and 8th centuries AD, submerged Baia (''Fig.2''). Among the most significant remains are some vaulted structures like the great ''Temple of Diana'', the ''Temple of Mercury'' and ''Temple of Venus'', it is in any case thermal structures and not places of worship, for which however the popular denomination has survived.

The ''Temple of Diana'' which originally defined a large room where vapors from the ground below were collected, was characterized by a colossal ogival dome, now half collapsed. The building was used for thermal purposes and was decorated with marble friezes depicting hunting scenes.

The ''Temple of Venus'' rises on the quay of the port of Baia, dated to the Hadrian age. The plant is circular on the inside and octagonal on the outside. It is believed that the monument was part of the thermal plant although today it is no longer possible to grasp this identity because of the modern road. It can be visited simply by locating it among the houses and approaching it.

The ''Temple of Mercury'' Also called "truglio" from its circular shape, the building was a frigidarium that is used for cold baths. From the descriptions made of it in the eighteenth century it appeared to be composed of six niches, four of which are semi-circular. The circular vault, equipped with a central lumen, was made with large flakes of tuff shaped like a wedge.

The ''Aragonese Castle'' (''Fig.3'') rises in Baia, a hamlet of Bacoli, and is situated in an area of considerable strategic importance, it was erected on a 51 m promontory naturally defended by a high tuff cliff and by the deep depression given by the caldera of two called volcanoes " Fondi di Baia "with the addition of walls, ditches and drawbridges, the castle was practically impregnable. Its position allowed a very wide control of the area, preventing so much the approach of enemy fleets.
Due to its central position relative to the main archaeological sites of the Phlegraean Fields the castle of Baia was chosen as the site of the Archaeological Museum of the Phlegraean Fields.

Along the coast, there are religious monuments such as the Church of San Sossio, the Church of S. Maria del Riposo, the Church of S. Anna Gesù and Maria and the Church of San Gioacchino.

The particularity of the territorial morphology and the phenomenon of bradyseism make the area very interesting for tourists.

* ''You may add a map and some images, please also explain in your caption why these elements are valuable''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:your case_sacredspace1.jpg|''Fig.1 ''Terme of Baia''
File:your case_sacredspace2.jpg|''Fig.2 ''Submerged Archaeological park of Baia''
File:your case_sacredspace3.jpg|''Fig.3 ''Aragonese Castle''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
*''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?''
The landscape is defined by two elements: The Archeological Park and The Aragonese Castle of Baia. The first-mentioned element includes the "Terme di Baia", an antique ensemble which functioned as a thermal resort. Due to its vicinity to Naples, a great urban attractor, Baia has been a secondary center of interest in the area. However, throughout history, it has gone from a small village to a fashionable thermal resort in Antic Roman Republic. Between 100 BC and 500 AD it was well-known for its hedonistic atmosphere and it was better-preferred over area as Pompeii, Capri or Herculaneum.

Aside from its historical and architectural value, The Castle of Baia enriches the landscape by its position - on an upper side of the land - highlighting the natural surroundings."

*''Has the landscape been painted or otherwise depicted, when and whom? Which elements are essential?''
In painting, Baia is related to the greek and roman mythology. An often pictured subject is the meeting of Apollo and Cumaean Sibyl near the bay of Baia. Cumaen Sibyl is the best known of the 10 sibyls – a “sibyl” is a prophetess, most of the times associated with a particular location. Even though she lived in a cave near the town of Cumae, close to the temple of Apollo, both of them are pictured near the bay of Baia.

Two painters who have approached this subject are Claude Lorraine - a baroque painter - and William Turner in his romantic manner. Each of them, in their own way, chose to paint the mythological story behind Baia. In the case of Turner, mythology itself is a common theme of Romanticism.

The Phlegraean (which includes Baia) area was a key subject for local and foreign painters since the 19th century. The italian painter, Giacinto Gigante has made many paintings inspired by the beautiful landscape of Baia.

*''Which narratives exist? Who has written about this landscape or depicted it in some way?''

'''The lost wonders of Baia were a common feature of Romantic poetry.''' It appears in John Keats's '''"Ode to May"''' and in the third stanza of Shelley's '''"Ode to the West Wind"'''. The vanished columns of the ancient town inundated by the sea is the central conceit of Konstantin Batyushkov's 1819 '''"You awake, oh Bayya, from the tomb..."''', "one of his last and finest poems".

The "princely" seaside resort of the empire appears in J. Meade Falkner's 1895 novel '''The Lost Stradivarius and Anatole France's''' 1902 '''"Procurator of Judea" (Le Procurateur de Judée)'''. In current fiction, it is the setting of '''Caroline Lawrence's Sirens of Surrentum'''; '''John Maddox Roberts's Under the Shadow of Vesuvius'''; '''Steven Saylor's 1992 Arms of Nemesis''', set during the Spartacus Rebellion; and '''Marguerite Yourcenar's Memoirs of Hadrian'''.

In the '''Ecce Romani series of Latin textbooks''', Baia is the location of the character Gaius Cornelius Calvus's summer villa.

A forgotten Baia tunnel complex features prominently in the '''UK series called Forbidden History''', whereby the presenter visits a supposed grotto of the Cumaean Sibyl.

Beside the cultural references, there are '''many tales of intrigue''' associated with Baia. Rumour has it that Cleopatra escaped in her boat from Baia after Julius Caesar was murdered in 44BC, while Julia Agrippina plotted her husband Claudius’ death at Baia so her son Nero could become emperor of Rome.

Mineral waters and a mild climate first attracted Rome’s nobility to Baia in the latter half of the 2nd Century BC, and the town was known to them as the Phlegraean (or ‘flaming’) Fields, so named because of the calderas that pockmark the region.
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Maps Parco archeologico.png|''Satellite view of the Archeological Park in Baia (source: Google Maps)''
File:William Turner.jpg|''"The Bay of Baiae, with Apollo and the Sibyl", William Turner, 1823 (source: Tate Modern)''
File:Anton Sminck Pitloo - Bacoli.jpg|''Baia Coast is well known residential area since the Roman Empire and inspired foreign painters as well.Painting by Anton Sminck Pitloo (source:https://ro.pinterest.com)''
File:Mdo-3039389.jpg|''Baia, 1850 by Giacinto Gigante (source: https://www.agefotostock.com)''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==
* ''You can summarize your findings with an DPSI(R) Model or a Spider Diagram''
* ''Link back to the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals Sustainable Development Goals]: Which goals are at risk?''
* ''What is your hypothesis for this landscape?''
* ''Visualise your hypothesis with one graphic/pict''
* ''Are there any existing initiatives taking action in this landscape? Do you have a critical perspective on that?''
* ''Add text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_your spider diagram or dpsir model.jpg|''explain your analysis briefly in the caption''
</gallery>

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_your hypothesis visual.jpg|''explain your hypthesis briefly in the caption''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==
* ''Reflect on at least three international policy documents in relation to their local landscape case''
* ''choose one international, one European and one national document''
* ''You can choose references from our [[Reading_List_Coastal_Landscapes|reading list]]''
* ''Scope: 250 words''

== A.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''
'''Visual appearance and landscape narrative'''

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiae#History

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl#The_caves_at_Cumae_and_Baiae

- http://act.unilink.it/baia-parco-archeologico-delle-terme-napoli/

- https://www.falsi-d-autore.it/marina-c-5426_5445/baia-di-napoli-p-1918.html

- https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae-56267963/

- https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/07/12/news/weekend_alle_terme_romane_di_baia_per_il_pozzuoli_faber_jazz_festival-201611726/?refresh_ce

- https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/300?lang=es

- http://www.freebacoli.net/2018/06/pozzuoli-faber-jazz-festival-i-concerti-itineranti-faranno-tappa-anche-a-baia-e-cuma/

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*''Based on the hypothesis derived from your previous landscape systems analysis you are now asked to define the goals for assessing the landscape. Your assessment is the basis for evaluating the landscape status.''
*''Which elements and phenomena need to be mapped, why and how?''
*''This a text contribution, max 250 words''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme2.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
* ''Give a summary of the major findings of your mapping process, what are the problems/potentials identified?''
* ''Draw a problems/potentials map''
* ''Set priorities for the most relevant issues''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* ''Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings''
* ''Did you encounter limitations'''
* ''200 words test contribution''

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''
'''Visual appearance and landscape narrative'''

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl?fbclid=IwAR1A5DrvtzWfXmrBqMrhvcKn5bqdB0y-ydmR4cRLM9Bixl2nqCNKT51kpUE#The_caves_at_Cumae_and_Baiae

- https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae-56267963/

- https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/07/12/news/weekend_alle_terme_romane_di_baia_per_il_pozzuoli_faber_jazz_festival-201611726/?refresh_ce

- https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/300?lang=es

- http://www.freebacoli.net/2018/06/pozzuoli-faber-jazz-festival-i-concerti-itineranti-faranno-tappa-anche-a-baia-e-cuma/

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiae

- https://www.mutualart.com

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2019]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Case Study D: Baia

2019-04-05T07:57:15Z

Antonietta.miraldi: /* Sacred spaces and heritage */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2019|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Workgroup Naples D: Baia''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Naples''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Rationale, Coastal Typology, Land use development, Green and Blue Infrastructure, Power map, Sacred Spaces and Heritage, Landscape Narrative''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Panaitescu A., Lungu D., Cairo M., Aquino L., Jayalath S., Miraldi A., Passaro A., Ali A.''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Baia Maps Limit.png|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =

Underwater Heritage: History and nature are merged in both, earth and sea.
However, Baia¿s interest is focused on tourism, not fully in the preservation of the site.
If this continues, with only investment on the tourism infrastructure without and Investment of Landscape Preservation+Heritage Conservation Baia’s days might be in a countdown already.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 40.8166634,14.068499726~Baia~Location of our Intensive Study Programme
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
*''Coast of Baia, is a dramatic landscape in terms of forces of nature, throughout the history. Seldom volcanic activities and frequent waves of the ocean (basically) have been shaped the coast today with a unique composition of relatively young and old physical matter. (Figure 1) . Due to immediate high ground associate with the coast of Baia defined by the waves of land, ‘coastal effect’ have been limited to a narrow ‘landstrip’ relative to a typical coast. And with the act of the rich humid wind, greenery have been covered the facade of those elevated landforms. And these walls are a combination of Caldera rims and Major,Minor Faults. So the drama will continue as above geomorphological terms describes themselves.
''
*''add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:yourcase_landscapeunits1.jpg|''Geomorphological Character_Reference: Aucelli, P., et al., Coastal landscape evolution of Naples (Southern Italy) since the Roman period from archaeological and geomorphological data at Palazzo degli Spiriti site, Quaternary International (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2017.12.040''
File:yourcase_landscapeunits2.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
*''settlements, infrastructure, agriculture, resource extraction, natural areas, energy production...''
*''description of evolution, status quo and driving forces, is the land use likely to change? Why is that? (approx 200 signs)''
*''add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:yourcase_landuse1.jpg|''add a caption''
File:yourcase_landscapeunits2.jpg|''add a caption''
File:yourcase_landscapeunit3.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
*''What are the major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network? Are these likely to change/disappear? Why is that?''
* ''You find my background material on green infrastructure in our [[Reading_List_Coastal_Landscapes|reading list]]''
*''add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:your case_green blue infrastructure1.jpg|''add a caption''
File:your case_green blue infrastructure2.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
* ''Who is driving changes in this landscape? Who is affected by those changes?
Baia is under control of different administrative sectors in different phases, for example decisions made by Campania region, province Napoli or Bacoli municipality has major or minor action on Baia and it’s locality. Both the Tourists and the inhabitants simultaneously affects and get affected by any change in policy. Uneven empowering of one sector may affect positively or negatively the future of this unique heritage site. UNESCO and UN Habitats may play a vital role in bringing balanced solution. Ministry of cultural Heritage and Archaeology department have power to let people know about the history and morphology of the site and how to protect it.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:Adminstry of Baia case study template.png|''Administrative position and different power holders in different phases responsible for acts and implementation in Baia and adjacent area.''|300px|left|
File:Power plan Baia case study template.png|''Plan showing the section line of the two areas of Baia. The image is taken from the Google satellite image.''
File:AA' section case study template.png|''Cross section of Baia port and closest tourism area, analyzing different actors and stakeholders in site''
File:BB' section case study template.png|''Cross section through Baia port and adjacent archaeological sites showing different actors and stakeholders relationship''

</gallery>

* ''Draw a stakeholder and/or power map: Who is affected highly but with low power? Who has high power but is not affected?''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:Power loop Baia case study template.png|''Different people in different phase is affecting each other by their power of making a decision. So the whole scenario is acting like a power loop.''
File:Power Pyramid Baia case study template.png|''A Pyramid showing the power distribution in terms of size and power variation. For example, the Tourists and inhabitants are the greater populations by size by lies on the bottom of the Power level.''

</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
*''Which places/elements hold cultural value and to whom?''
The territory of Bacoli was founded by the ancient Romans and it is an environmental landscape of exceptional historical value, today the remains of the cisterns of ''Cento Camerelle'', the ''Grotta of Dragonar''a and the cistern of ''Piscina Mirabilis'', which constitute the terminal tank of one of the main Roman aqueducts.

Another important historical heritage is the ''Archaeological Park of Baia'', organized on terraces called ''Terme of Baia''. The complex is presented as a series of residences consisting of separate architectural nucleus, organized on different levels of terracing and connected by stepped ramps.
Lying towards the sea is the "''Villa dell'ambulatio''" equipped with a series of terraces connected by a complex of stairs, the last of which leads to the "''Mercury sector''". The "''Temple of Sosandra''" is bordered by two parallel staircases. The entire complex originally had marble or black and white mosaic floors.

The lowering of the ground below sea level, due to bradyseism, occurred between the 7th and 8th centuries AD, submerged Baia. Among the most significant remains are some vaulted structures like the great ''Temple of Diana'', the ''Temple of Mercury'' and ''Temple of Venus'', it is in any case thermal structures and not places of worship, for which however the popular denomination has survived.

The ''Temple of Diana'' which originally defined a large room where vapors from the ground below were collected, was characterized by a colossal ogival dome, now half collapsed. The building was used for thermal purposes and was decorated with marble friezes depicting hunting scenes.

The ''Temple of Venus'' rises on the quay of the port of Baia, dated to the Hadrian age. The plant is circular on the inside and octagonal on the outside. It is believed that the monument was part of the thermal plant although today it is no longer possible to grasp this identity because of the modern road. It can be visited simply by locating it among the houses and approaching it.

The ''Temple of Mercury'' Also called "truglio" from its circular shape, the building was a frigidarium that is used for cold baths. From the descriptions made of it in the eighteenth century it appeared to be composed of six niches, four of which are semi-circular. The circular vault, equipped with a central lumen, was made with large flakes of tuff shaped like a wedge.

The ''Aragonese Castle'' rises in Baia, a hamlet of Bacoli, and is situated in an area of considerable strategic importance, it was erected on a 51 m promontory naturally defended by a high tuff cliff and by the deep depression given by the caldera of two called volcanoes " Fondi di Baia "with the addition of walls, ditches and drawbridges, the castle was practically impregnable. Its position allowed a very wide control of the area, preventing so much the approach of enemy fleets.
Due to its central position relative to the main archaeological sites of the Phlegraean Fields the castle of Baia was chosen as the site of the Archaeological Museum of the Phlegraean Fields.

Along the coast, there are religious monuments such as the Church of San Sossio, the Church of S. Maria del Riposo, the Church of S. Anna Gesù and Maria and the Church of San Gioacchino.

The particularity of the territorial morphology and the phenomenon of bradyseism make the area very interesting for tourists.

* ''You may add a map and some images, please also explain in your caption why these elements are valuable''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:your case_sacredspace1.jpg|''Fig.2 ''Terme of Baia''
File:your case_sacredspace2.jpg|''Fig.2 ''Aragonese Castle''
File:your case_sacredspace3.jpg|''Fig.3 ''Submerged archaeological park of Baia''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
*''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?''
The landscape is defined by two elements: The Archeological Park and The Aragonese Castle of Baia. The first-mentioned element includes the "Terme di Baia", an antique ensemble which functioned as a thermal resort. Due to its vicinity to Naples, a great urban attractor, Baia has been a secondary center of interest in the area. However, throughout history, it has gone from a small village to a fashionable thermal resort in Antic Roman Republic. Between 100 BC and 500 AD it was well-known for its hedonistic atmosphere and it was better-preferred over area as Pompeii, Capri or Herculaneum.

Aside from its historical and architectural value, The Castle of Baia enriches the landscape by its position - on an upper side of the land - highlighting the natural surroundings."

*''Has the landscape been painted or otherwise depicted, when and whom? Which elements are essential?''
In painting, Baia is related to the greek and roman mythology. An often pictured subject is the meeting of Apollo and Cumaean Sibyl near the bay of Baia. Cumaen Sibyl is the best known of the 10 sibyls – a “sibyl” is a prophetess, most of the times associated with a particular location. Even though she lived in a cave near the town of Cumae, close to the temple of Apollo, both of them are pictured near the bay of Baia.

Two painters who have approached this subject are Claude Lorraine - a baroque painter - and William Turner in his romantic manner. Each of them, in their own way, chose to paint the mythological story behind Baia. In the case of Turner, mythology itself is a common theme of Romanticism.

The Phlegraean (which includes Baia) area was a key subject for local and foreign painters since the 19th century. The italian painter, Giacinto Gigante has made many paintings inspired by the beautiful landscape of Baia.

*''Which narratives exist? Who has written about this landscape or depicted it in some way?''

'''The lost wonders of Baia were a common feature of Romantic poetry.''' It appears in John Keats's '''"Ode to May"''' and in the third stanza of Shelley's '''"Ode to the West Wind"'''. The vanished columns of the ancient town inundated by the sea is the central conceit of Konstantin Batyushkov's 1819 '''"You awake, oh Bayya, from the tomb..."''', "one of his last and finest poems".

The "princely" seaside resort of the empire appears in J. Meade Falkner's 1895 novel '''The Lost Stradivarius and Anatole France's''' 1902 '''"Procurator of Judea" (Le Procurateur de Judée)'''. In current fiction, it is the setting of '''Caroline Lawrence's Sirens of Surrentum'''; '''John Maddox Roberts's Under the Shadow of Vesuvius'''; '''Steven Saylor's 1992 Arms of Nemesis''', set during the Spartacus Rebellion; and '''Marguerite Yourcenar's Memoirs of Hadrian'''.

In the '''Ecce Romani series of Latin textbooks''', Baia is the location of the character Gaius Cornelius Calvus's summer villa.

A forgotten Baia tunnel complex features prominently in the '''UK series called Forbidden History''', whereby the presenter visits a supposed grotto of the Cumaean Sibyl.

Beside the cultural references, there are '''many tales of intrigue''' associated with Baia. Rumour has it that Cleopatra escaped in her boat from Baia after Julius Caesar was murdered in 44BC, while Julia Agrippina plotted her husband Claudius’ death at Baia so her son Nero could become emperor of Rome.

Mineral waters and a mild climate first attracted Rome’s nobility to Baia in the latter half of the 2nd Century BC, and the town was known to them as the Phlegraean (or ‘flaming’) Fields, so named because of the calderas that pockmark the region.
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Maps Parco archeologico.png|''Satellite view of the Archeological Park in Baia (source: Google Maps)''
File:William Turner.jpg|''"The Bay of Baiae, with Apollo and the Sibyl", William Turner, 1823 (source: Tate Modern)''
File:Anton Sminck Pitloo - Bacoli.jpg|''Baia Coast is well known residential area since the Roman Empire and inspired foreign painters as well.Painting by Anton Sminck Pitloo (source:https://ro.pinterest.com)''
File:Mdo-3039389.jpg|''Baia, 1850 by Giacinto Gigante (source: https://www.agefotostock.com)''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==
* ''You can summarize your findings with an DPSI(R) Model or a Spider Diagram''
* ''Link back to the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals Sustainable Development Goals]: Which goals are at risk?''
* ''What is your hypothesis for this landscape?''
* ''Visualise your hypothesis with one graphic/pict''
* ''Are there any existing initiatives taking action in this landscape? Do you have a critical perspective on that?''
* ''Add text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_your spider diagram or dpsir model.jpg|''explain your analysis briefly in the caption''
</gallery>

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_your hypothesis visual.jpg|''explain your hypthesis briefly in the caption''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==
* ''Reflect on at least three international policy documents in relation to their local landscape case''
* ''choose one international, one European and one national document''
* ''You can choose references from our [[Reading_List_Coastal_Landscapes|reading list]]''
* ''Scope: 250 words''

== A.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''
'''Visual appearance and landscape narrative'''

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiae#History

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl#The_caves_at_Cumae_and_Baiae

- http://act.unilink.it/baia-parco-archeologico-delle-terme-napoli/

- https://www.falsi-d-autore.it/marina-c-5426_5445/baia-di-napoli-p-1918.html

- https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae-56267963/

- https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/07/12/news/weekend_alle_terme_romane_di_baia_per_il_pozzuoli_faber_jazz_festival-201611726/?refresh_ce

- https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/300?lang=es

- http://www.freebacoli.net/2018/06/pozzuoli-faber-jazz-festival-i-concerti-itineranti-faranno-tappa-anche-a-baia-e-cuma/

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*''Based on the hypothesis derived from your previous landscape systems analysis you are now asked to define the goals for assessing the landscape. Your assessment is the basis for evaluating the landscape status.''
*''Which elements and phenomena need to be mapped, why and how?''
*''This a text contribution, max 250 words''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme2.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
* ''Give a summary of the major findings of your mapping process, what are the problems/potentials identified?''
* ''Draw a problems/potentials map''
* ''Set priorities for the most relevant issues''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* ''Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings''
* ''Did you encounter limitations'''
* ''200 words test contribution''

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''
'''Visual appearance and landscape narrative'''

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl?fbclid=IwAR1A5DrvtzWfXmrBqMrhvcKn5bqdB0y-ydmR4cRLM9Bixl2nqCNKT51kpUE#The_caves_at_Cumae_and_Baiae

- https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae-56267963/

- https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/07/12/news/weekend_alle_terme_romane_di_baia_per_il_pozzuoli_faber_jazz_festival-201611726/?refresh_ce

- https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/300?lang=es

- http://www.freebacoli.net/2018/06/pozzuoli-faber-jazz-festival-i-concerti-itineranti-faranno-tappa-anche-a-baia-e-cuma/

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiae

- https://www.mutualart.com

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2019]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Case Study D: Baia

2019-04-04T20:11:45Z

Antonietta.miraldi: /* Sacred spaces and heritage */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2019|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Workgroup Naples D: Baia''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Naples''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Rationale, Coastal Typology, Land use development, Green and Blue Infrastructure, Power map, Sacred Spaces and Heritage, Landscape Narrative''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Panaitescu A., Lungu D., Cairo M., Aquino L., Jayalath S., Miraldi A., Passaro A., Ali A.''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Baia Maps Limit.png|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =

Underwater Heritage: History and nature are merged in both, earth and sea.
However, Baia¿s interest is focused on tourism, not fully in the preservation of the site.
If this continues, with only investment on the tourism infrastructure without and Investment of Landscape Preservation+Heritage Conservation Baia’s days might be in a countdown already.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 40.8166634,14.068499726~Baia~Location of our Intensive Study Programme
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
*''Coast of Baia, is a dramatic landscape in terms of forces of nature, throughout the history. Seldom volcanic activities and frequent waves of the ocean (basically) have been shaped the coast today with a unique composition of relatively young and old physical matter. (Figure 1) . Due to immediate high ground associate with the coast of Baia defined by the waves of land, ‘coastal effect’ have been limited to a narrow ‘landstrip’ relative to a typical coast. And with the act of the rich humid wind, greenery have been covered the facade of those elevated landforms. And these walls are a combination of Caldera rims and Major,Minor Faults. So the drama will continue as above geomorphological terms describes themselves.
''
*''add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:yourcase_landscapeunits1.jpg|''Geomorphological Character_Reference: Aucelli, P., et al., Coastal landscape evolution of Naples (Southern Italy) since the Roman period from archaeological and geomorphological data at Palazzo degli Spiriti site, Quaternary International (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2017.12.040''
File:yourcase_landscapeunits2.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
*''settlements, infrastructure, agriculture, resource extraction, natural areas, energy production...''
*''description of evolution, status quo and driving forces, is the land use likely to change? Why is that? (approx 200 signs)''
*''add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:yourcase_landuse1.jpg|''add a caption''
File:yourcase_landscapeunits2.jpg|''add a caption''
File:yourcase_landscapeunit3.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
*''What are the major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network? Are these likely to change/disappear? Why is that?''
* ''You find my background material on green infrastructure in our [[Reading_List_Coastal_Landscapes|reading list]]''
*''add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:your case_green blue infrastructure1.jpg|''add a caption''
File:your case_green blue infrastructure2.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
* ''Who is driving changes in this landscape? Who is affected by those changes?
* ''Draw a stakeholder and/or power map: Who is affected highly but with low power? Who has high power but is not affected?''
<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_your powermap.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
*''Which places/elements hold cultural value and to whom?''
The territory of Bacoli was founded by the ancient Romans and it is an environmental landscape of exceptional historical value, today the remains of the cisterns of ''Cento Camerelle'', the ''Grotta of Dragonar''a and the cistern of ''Piscina Mirabilis'', which constitute the terminal tank of one of the main Roman aqueducts.

Another important historical heritage is the ''Archaeological Park of Baia'', organized on terraces called ''Terme of Baia''. The complex is presented as a series of residences consisting of separate architectural nucleus, organized on different levels of terracing and connected by stepped ramps.
Lying towards the sea is the "''Villa dell'ambulatio''" equipped with a series of terraces connected by a complex of stairs, the last of which leads to the "''Mercury sector''". The "''Temple of Sosandra''" is bordered by two parallel staircases. The entire complex originally had marble or black and white mosaic floors.

The lowering of the ground below sea level, due to bradyseism, occurred between the 7th and 8th centuries AD, submerged Baia. Among the most significant remains are some vaulted structures like the great ''Temple of Diana'', the ''Temple of Mercury'' and ''Temple of Venus'', it is in any case thermal structures and not places of worship, for which however the popular denomination has survived.

The ''Temple of Diana'' which originally defined a large room where vapors from the ground below were collected, was characterized by a colossal ogival dome, now half collapsed. The building was used for thermal purposes and was decorated with marble friezes depicting hunting scenes.

The ''Temple of Venus'' rises on the quay of the port of Baia, dated to the Hadrian age. The plant is circular on the inside and octagonal on the outside. It is believed that the monument was part of the thermal plant although today it is no longer possible to grasp this identity because of the modern road. It can be visited simply by locating it among the houses and approaching it.

The ''Temple of Mercury'' Also called "truglio" from its circular shape, the building was a frigidarium that is used for cold baths. From the descriptions made of it in the eighteenth century it appeared to be composed of six niches, four of which are semi-circular. The circular vault, equipped with a central lumen, was made with large flakes of tuff shaped like a wedge.

The ''Aragonese Castle'' rises in Baia, a hamlet of Bacoli, and is situated in an area of considerable strategic importance, it was erected on a 51 m promontory naturally defended by a high tuff cliff and by the deep depression given by the caldera of two called volcanoes " Fondi di Baia "with the addition of walls, ditches and drawbridges, the castle was practically impregnable. Its position allowed a very wide control of the area, preventing so much the approach of enemy fleets.
Due to its central position relative to the main archaeological sites of the Phlegraean Fields the castle of Baia was chosen as the site of the Archaeological Museum of the Phlegraean Fields.

Along the coast, there are religious monuments such as the Church of San Sossio, the Church of S. Maria del Riposo, the Church of S. Anna Gesù and Maria and the Church of San Gioacchino.

The particularity of the territorial morphology and the phenomenon of bradyseism make the area very interesting for tourists.

* ''You may add a map and some images, please also explain in your caption why these elements are valuable''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:your case_sacredspace1.jpg|''add a caption''
File:your case_sacredspace2.jpg|''add a caption''
File:your case_sacredspace3.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
*''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?''
The landscape is defined by two elements: The Archeological Park and The Aragonese Castle of Baia. The first-mentioned element includes the "Terme di Baia", an antique ensemble which functioned as a thermal resort. Due to its vicinity to Naples, a great urban attractor, Baia has been a secondary center of interest in the area. However, throughout history, it has gone from a small village to a fashionable thermal resort in Antic Roman Republic. Between 100 BC and 500 AD it was well-known for its hedonistic atmosphere and it was better-preferred over area as Pompeii, Capri or Herculaneum.

Aside from its historical and architectural value, The Castle of Baia enriches the landscape by its position - on an upper side of the land - highlighting the natural surroundings."

*''Has the landscape been painted or otherwise depicted, when and whom? Which elements are essential?''
In painting, Baia is related to the greek and roman mythology. An often pictured subject is the meeting of Apollo and Cumaean Sibyl near the bay of Baia. Cumaen Sibyl is the best known of the 10 sibyls – a “sibyl” is a prophetess, most of the times associated with a particular location. Even though she lived in a cave near the town of Cumae, close to the temple of Apollo, both of them are pictured near the bay of Baia.

Two painters who have approached this subject are Claude Lorraine - a baroque painter - and William Turner in his romantic manner. Each of them, in their own way, chose to paint the mythological story behind Baia. In the case of Turner, mythology itself is a common theme of Romanticism.

The Phlegraean (which includes Baia) area was a key subject for local and foreign painters since the 19th century. The italian painter, Giacinto Gigante has made many paintings inspired by the beautiful landscape of Baia.

*''Which narratives exist? Who has written about this landscape or depicted it in some way?''

'''The lost wonders of Baia were a common feature of Romantic poetry.''' It appears in John Keats's '''"Ode to May"''' and in the third stanza of Shelley's '''"Ode to the West Wind"'''. The vanished columns of the ancient town inundated by the sea is the central conceit of Konstantin Batyushkov's 1819 '''"You awake, oh Bayya, from the tomb..."''', "one of his last and finest poems".

The "princely" seaside resort of the empire appears in J. Meade Falkner's 1895 novel '''The Lost Stradivarius and Anatole France's''' 1902 '''"Procurator of Judea" (Le Procurateur de Judée)'''. In current fiction, it is the setting of '''Caroline Lawrence's Sirens of Surrentum'''; '''John Maddox Roberts's Under the Shadow of Vesuvius'''; '''Steven Saylor's 1992 Arms of Nemesis''', set during the Spartacus Rebellion; and '''Marguerite Yourcenar's Memoirs of Hadrian'''.

In the '''Ecce Romani series of Latin textbooks''', Baia is the location of the character Gaius Cornelius Calvus's summer villa.

A forgotten Baia tunnel complex features prominently in the '''UK series called Forbidden History''', whereby the presenter visits a supposed grotto of the Cumaean Sibyl.

Beside the cultural references, there are '''many tales of intrigue''' associated with Baia. Rumour has it that Cleopatra escaped in her boat from Baia after Julius Caesar was murdered in 44BC, while Julia Agrippina plotted her husband Claudius’ death at Baia so her son Nero could become emperor of Rome.

Mineral waters and a mild climate first attracted Rome’s nobility to Baia in the latter half of the 2nd Century BC, and the town was known to them as the Phlegraean (or ‘flaming’) Fields, so named because of the calderas that pockmark the region.
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Maps Parco archeologico.png|''Satellite view of the Archeological Park in Baia (source: Google Maps)''
File:William Turner.jpg|''"The Bay of Baiae, with Apollo and the Sibyl", William Turner, 1823 (source: Tate Modern)''
File:Anton Sminck Pitloo - Bacoli.jpg|''Baia Coast is well known residential area since the Roman Empire and inspired foreign painters as well.Painting by Anton Sminck Pitloo (source:https://ro.pinterest.com)''
File:Mdo-3039389.jpg|''Baia, 1850 by Giacinto Gigante (source: https://www.agefotostock.com)''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==
* ''You can summarize your findings with an DPSI(R) Model or a Spider Diagram''
* ''Link back to the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals Sustainable Development Goals]: Which goals are at risk?''
* ''What is your hypothesis for this landscape?''
* ''Visualise your hypothesis with one graphic/pict''
* ''Are there any existing initiatives taking action in this landscape? Do you have a critical perspective on that?''
* ''Add text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_your spider diagram or dpsir model.jpg|''explain your analysis briefly in the caption''
</gallery>

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_your hypothesis visual.jpg|''explain your hypthesis briefly in the caption''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==
* ''Reflect on at least three international policy documents in relation to their local landscape case''
* ''choose one international, one European and one national document''
* ''You can choose references from our [[Reading_List_Coastal_Landscapes|reading list]]''
* ''Scope: 250 words''

== A.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''
'''Visual appearance and landscape narrative'''

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiae#History

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl#The_caves_at_Cumae_and_Baiae

- http://act.unilink.it/baia-parco-archeologico-delle-terme-napoli/

- https://www.falsi-d-autore.it/marina-c-5426_5445/baia-di-napoli-p-1918.html

- https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae-56267963/

- https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/07/12/news/weekend_alle_terme_romane_di_baia_per_il_pozzuoli_faber_jazz_festival-201611726/?refresh_ce

- https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/300?lang=es

- http://www.freebacoli.net/2018/06/pozzuoli-faber-jazz-festival-i-concerti-itineranti-faranno-tappa-anche-a-baia-e-cuma/

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*''Based on the hypothesis derived from your previous landscape systems analysis you are now asked to define the goals for assessing the landscape. Your assessment is the basis for evaluating the landscape status.''
*''Which elements and phenomena need to be mapped, why and how?''
*''This a text contribution, max 250 words''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme2.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
* ''Give a summary of the major findings of your mapping process, what are the problems/potentials identified?''
* ''Draw a problems/potentials map''
* ''Set priorities for the most relevant issues''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* ''Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings''
* ''Did you encounter limitations'''
* ''200 words test contribution''

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''
'''Visual appearance and landscape narrative'''

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl?fbclid=IwAR1A5DrvtzWfXmrBqMrhvcKn5bqdB0y-ydmR4cRLM9Bixl2nqCNKT51kpUE#The_caves_at_Cumae_and_Baiae

- https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae-56267963/

- https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/07/12/news/weekend_alle_terme_romane_di_baia_per_il_pozzuoli_faber_jazz_festival-201611726/?refresh_ce

- https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/300?lang=es

- http://www.freebacoli.net/2018/06/pozzuoli-faber-jazz-festival-i-concerti-itineranti-faranno-tappa-anche-a-baia-e-cuma/

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiae

- https://www.mutualart.com

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2019]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Case Study D: Baia

2019-04-04T20:10:33Z

Antonietta.miraldi: /* Sacred spaces and heritage */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2019|working groups overview]]'''

<div id="BackToTop" class="noprint" style="background-color:#DDEFDD; position:fixed;
bottom:32px; left:2%; z-index:9999; padding:0; margin:0;"><span style="color:blue;
font-size:8pt; font-face:verdana,sans-serif; border:0.2em outset #ceebf7;
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[[#top| Back to the Top ]]</span></div>

{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Workgroup Naples D: Baia''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Naples''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Rationale, Coastal Typology, Land use development, Green and Blue Infrastructure, Power map, Sacred Spaces and Heritage, Landscape Narrative''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Panaitescu A., Lungu D., Cairo M., Aquino L., Jayalath S., Miraldi A., Passaro A., Ali A.''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Baia Maps Limit.png|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =

Underwater Heritage: History and nature are merged in both, earth and sea.
However, Baia¿s interest is focused on tourism, not fully in the preservation of the site.
If this continues, with only investment on the tourism infrastructure without and Investment of Landscape Preservation+Heritage Conservation Baia’s days might be in a countdown already.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 40.8166634,14.068499726~Baia~Location of our Intensive Study Programme
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
*''Coast of Baia, is a dramatic landscape in terms of forces of nature, throughout the history. Seldom volcanic activities and frequent waves of the ocean (basically) have been shaped the coast today with a unique composition of relatively young and old physical matter. (Figure 1) . Due to immediate high ground associate with the coast of Baia defined by the waves of land, ‘coastal effect’ have been limited to a narrow ‘landstrip’ relative to a typical coast. And with the act of the rich humid wind, greenery have been covered the facade of those elevated landforms. And these walls are a combination of Caldera rims and Major,Minor Faults. So the drama will continue as above geomorphological terms describes themselves.
''
*''add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:yourcase_landscapeunits1.jpg|''Geomorphological Character_Reference: Aucelli, P., et al., Coastal landscape evolution of Naples (Southern Italy) since the Roman period from archaeological and geomorphological data at Palazzo degli Spiriti site, Quaternary International (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2017.12.040''
File:yourcase_landscapeunits2.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
*''settlements, infrastructure, agriculture, resource extraction, natural areas, energy production...''
*''description of evolution, status quo and driving forces, is the land use likely to change? Why is that? (approx 200 signs)''
*''add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:yourcase_landuse1.jpg|''add a caption''
File:yourcase_landscapeunits2.jpg|''add a caption''
File:yourcase_landscapeunit3.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
*''What are the major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network? Are these likely to change/disappear? Why is that?''
* ''You find my background material on green infrastructure in our [[Reading_List_Coastal_Landscapes|reading list]]''
*''add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:your case_green blue infrastructure1.jpg|''add a caption''
File:your case_green blue infrastructure2.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
* ''Who is driving changes in this landscape? Who is affected by those changes?
* ''Draw a stakeholder and/or power map: Who is affected highly but with low power? Who has high power but is not affected?''
<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_your powermap.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
*''Which places/elements hold cultural value and to whom?''
The territory of Bacoli was founded by the ancient Romans and it is an environmental landscape of exceptional historical value, today the remains of the cisterns of ''Cento Camerelle'', the ''Grotta of Dragonar''a and the cistern of ''Piscina Mirabilis'', which constitute the terminal tank of one of the main Roman aqueducts.

Another important historical heritage is the ''Archaeological Park of Baia'', organized on terraces called ''Terme di Baia''. The complex is presented as a series of residences consisting of separate architectural nucleus, organized on different levels of terracing and connected by stepped ramps.
Lying towards the sea is the "''Villa dell'ambulatio''" equipped with a series of terraces connected by a complex of stairs, the last of which leads to the "''Mercury sector''". The "''Temple of Sosandra''" is bordered by two parallel staircases. The entire complex originally had marble or black and white mosaic floors.

The lowering of the ground below sea level, due to bradyseism, occurred between the 7th and 8th centuries AD, submerged Bay. Among the most significant remains are some vaulted structures like the great ''Temple of Diana'', the ''Temple of Mercury'' and ''Temple of Venus'', it is in any case thermal structures and not places of worship, for which however the popular denomination has survived.

The ''Temple of Diana'' which originally defined a large room where vapors from the ground below were collected, was characterized by a colossal ogival dome, now half collapsed. The building was used for thermal purposes and was decorated with marble friezes depicting hunting scenes.

The ''Temple of Venus'' rises on the quay of the port of Baia, dated to the Hadrian age. The plant is circular on the inside and octagonal on the outside. It is believed that the monument was part of the thermal plant although today it is no longer possible to grasp this identity because of the modern road. It can be visited simply by locating it among the houses and approaching it.

The ''Temple of Mercury'' Also called "truglio" from its circular shape, the building was a frigidarium that is used for cold baths. From the descriptions made of it in the eighteenth century it appeared to be composed of six niches, four of which are semi-circular. The circular vault, equipped with a central lumen, was made with large flakes of tuff shaped like a wedge.

The ''Aragonese Castle'' rises in Baia, a hamlet of Bacoli, and is situated in an area of considerable strategic importance, it was erected on a 51 m promontory naturally defended by a high tuff cliff and by the deep depression given by the caldera of two called volcanoes " Fondi di Baia "with the addition of walls, ditches and drawbridges, the castle was practically impregnable. Its position allowed a very wide control of the area, preventing so much the approach of enemy fleets.
Due to its central position relative to the main archaeological sites of the Phlegraean Fields the castle of Baia was chosen as the site of the Archaeological Museum of the Phlegraean Fields.

Along the coast, there are religious monuments such as the Church of San Sossio, the Church of S. Maria del Riposo, the Church of S. Anna Gesù and Maria and the Church of San Gioacchino.

The particularity of the territorial morphology and the phenomenon of bradyseism make the area very interesting for tourists.

* ''You may add a map and some images, please also explain in your caption why these elements are valuable''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:your case_sacredspace1.jpg|''add a caption''
File:your case_sacredspace2.jpg|''add a caption''
File:your case_sacredspace3.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
*''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?''
The landscape is defined by two elements: The Archeological Park and The Aragonese Castle of Baia. The first-mentioned element includes the "Terme di Baia", an antique ensemble which functioned as a thermal resort. Due to its vicinity to Naples, a great urban attractor, Baia has been a secondary center of interest in the area. However, throughout history, it has gone from a small village to a fashionable thermal resort in Antic Roman Republic. Between 100 BC and 500 AD it was well-known for its hedonistic atmosphere and it was better-preferred over area as Pompeii, Capri or Herculaneum.

Aside from its historical and architectural value, The Castle of Baia enriches the landscape by its position - on an upper side of the land - highlighting the natural surroundings."

*''Has the landscape been painted or otherwise depicted, when and whom? Which elements are essential?''
In painting, Baia is related to the greek and roman mythology. An often pictured subject is the meeting of Apollo and Cumaean Sibyl near the bay of Baia. Cumaen Sibyl is the best known of the 10 sibyls – a “sibyl” is a prophetess, most of the times associated with a particular location. Even though she lived in a cave near the town of Cumae, close to the temple of Apollo, both of them are pictured near the bay of Baia.

Two painters who have approached this subject are Claude Lorraine - a baroque painter - and William Turner in his romantic manner. Each of them, in their own way, chose to paint the mythological story behind Baia. In the case of Turner, mythology itself is a common theme of Romanticism.

The Phlegraean (which includes Baia) area was a key subject for local and foreign painters since the 19th century. The italian painter, Giacinto Gigante has made many paintings inspired by the beautiful landscape of Baia.

*''Which narratives exist? Who has written about this landscape or depicted it in some way?''

'''The lost wonders of Baia were a common feature of Romantic poetry.''' It appears in John Keats's '''"Ode to May"''' and in the third stanza of Shelley's '''"Ode to the West Wind"'''. The vanished columns of the ancient town inundated by the sea is the central conceit of Konstantin Batyushkov's 1819 '''"You awake, oh Bayya, from the tomb..."''', "one of his last and finest poems".

The "princely" seaside resort of the empire appears in J. Meade Falkner's 1895 novel '''The Lost Stradivarius and Anatole France's''' 1902 '''"Procurator of Judea" (Le Procurateur de Judée)'''. In current fiction, it is the setting of '''Caroline Lawrence's Sirens of Surrentum'''; '''John Maddox Roberts's Under the Shadow of Vesuvius'''; '''Steven Saylor's 1992 Arms of Nemesis''', set during the Spartacus Rebellion; and '''Marguerite Yourcenar's Memoirs of Hadrian'''.

In the '''Ecce Romani series of Latin textbooks''', Baia is the location of the character Gaius Cornelius Calvus's summer villa.

A forgotten Baia tunnel complex features prominently in the '''UK series called Forbidden History''', whereby the presenter visits a supposed grotto of the Cumaean Sibyl.

Beside the cultural references, there are '''many tales of intrigue''' associated with Baia. Rumour has it that Cleopatra escaped in her boat from Baia after Julius Caesar was murdered in 44BC, while Julia Agrippina plotted her husband Claudius’ death at Baia so her son Nero could become emperor of Rome.

Mineral waters and a mild climate first attracted Rome’s nobility to Baia in the latter half of the 2nd Century BC, and the town was known to them as the Phlegraean (or ‘flaming’) Fields, so named because of the calderas that pockmark the region.
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Maps Parco archeologico.png|''Satellite view of the Archeological Park in Baia (source: Google Maps)''
File:William Turner.jpg|''"The Bay of Baiae, with Apollo and the Sibyl", William Turner, 1823 (source: Tate Modern)''
File:Anton Sminck Pitloo - Bacoli.jpg|''Baia Coast is well known residential area since the Roman Empire and inspired foreign painters as well.Painting by Anton Sminck Pitloo (source:https://ro.pinterest.com)''
File:Mdo-3039389.jpg|''Baia, 1850 by Giacinto Gigante (source: https://www.agefotostock.com)''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==
* ''You can summarize your findings with an DPSI(R) Model or a Spider Diagram''
* ''Link back to the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals Sustainable Development Goals]: Which goals are at risk?''
* ''What is your hypothesis for this landscape?''
* ''Visualise your hypothesis with one graphic/pict''
* ''Are there any existing initiatives taking action in this landscape? Do you have a critical perspective on that?''
* ''Add text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_your spider diagram or dpsir model.jpg|''explain your analysis briefly in the caption''
</gallery>

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_your hypothesis visual.jpg|''explain your hypthesis briefly in the caption''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==
* ''Reflect on at least three international policy documents in relation to their local landscape case''
* ''choose one international, one European and one national document''
* ''You can choose references from our [[Reading_List_Coastal_Landscapes|reading list]]''
* ''Scope: 250 words''

== A.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''
'''Visual appearance and landscape narrative'''

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiae#History

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl#The_caves_at_Cumae_and_Baiae

- http://act.unilink.it/baia-parco-archeologico-delle-terme-napoli/

- https://www.falsi-d-autore.it/marina-c-5426_5445/baia-di-napoli-p-1918.html

- https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae-56267963/

- https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/07/12/news/weekend_alle_terme_romane_di_baia_per_il_pozzuoli_faber_jazz_festival-201611726/?refresh_ce

- https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/300?lang=es

- http://www.freebacoli.net/2018/06/pozzuoli-faber-jazz-festival-i-concerti-itineranti-faranno-tappa-anche-a-baia-e-cuma/

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*''Based on the hypothesis derived from your previous landscape systems analysis you are now asked to define the goals for assessing the landscape. Your assessment is the basis for evaluating the landscape status.''
*''Which elements and phenomena need to be mapped, why and how?''
*''This a text contribution, max 250 words''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme2.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
* ''Give a summary of the major findings of your mapping process, what are the problems/potentials identified?''
* ''Draw a problems/potentials map''
* ''Set priorities for the most relevant issues''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* ''Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings''
* ''Did you encounter limitations'''
* ''200 words test contribution''

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''
'''Visual appearance and landscape narrative'''

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl?fbclid=IwAR1A5DrvtzWfXmrBqMrhvcKn5bqdB0y-ydmR4cRLM9Bixl2nqCNKT51kpUE#The_caves_at_Cumae_and_Baiae

- https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-unsolved-mystery-of-the-tunnels-at-baiae-56267963/

- https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/07/12/news/weekend_alle_terme_romane_di_baia_per_il_pozzuoli_faber_jazz_festival-201611726/?refresh_ce

- https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/300?lang=es

- http://www.freebacoli.net/2018/06/pozzuoli-faber-jazz-festival-i-concerti-itineranti-faranno-tappa-anche-a-baia-e-cuma/

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiae

- https://www.mutualart.com

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

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[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2019]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]