Colandwiki - User contributions [en]

Glossary

2020-10-12T22:17:42Z

Arati.u: /* Implementation Process */

== Teaching ==

;Blended Learning
:The range of possibilities presented by combining Internet and digital media with established classroom forms that require the physical co‐presence of teacher and students.
Reference: [https://www.normfriesen.info/papers/Defining_Blended_Learning_NF.pdf Norm Friesen, August 2012 (accessed on the 10th of August on https://www.normfriesen.info/papers/Defining_Blended_Learning_NF.pdf)]

;Constructivism
''(learning theory)''
:This theory assumes that there is no objective way of representing reality. Instead, there are as many constructions of reality as there are people in the world. In a learning context this means: both learners and teachers are constantly constructing realities, meanings and concepts. There can be communication and exchange about these constructions but there is no final model that could be transferred from a sender to a receiver. A starting point is that the individual mind decides whether knowledge is viable or not. The precondition for viability is the possibility to connect new knowledge to existing mental concepts. Observation, differentiation and individual responsibility are thus crucial for the success of constructivist learning. In this context, the main role of the teacher is to offer opportunities for authentic encounter, diversity experience, discourse, communication and mutual awareness in order to facilitate and stimulate constructivist learning processes (Fetzer, 2013). The approach of interaction-based constructivism provides a practical model for specifying learning processes. There are three main phases of knowledge processing: reconstruction, construction and deconstruction.

;Competence
''(professional, horizontal)''
:A dynamic combination of attributes - with respect to knowledge and its application, to attitudes and responsibilities - that describe the LEARNING OUTCOMES of an educational programme, or how learners are able to perform at the end of an educational process. These consist of subject-area related competences (specific to a field of study) and generic competences (common to any degree course). The European Qualifications Framework describes competence in terms of responsibility and autonomy. It refers to the proven ability to use knowledge, skills and personal, social and/ or methodological abilities, in work or study situations and in professional and personal development.

;ISP
:Short full time course of one to four weeks concentrating on a particular topic. It may take place at another institution or in a summer school.

;ECTS
'''European Credit Transfer System'''
:A system for increasing the transparency of educational systems and facilitating the mobility of students across Europe through credit transfer. It is based on the general assumption that the global workload of an academic year of study is equal to 60 credits. The 60 credits are then allocated to course units to describe the proportion of the student workload required to achieve the related LEARNING OUTCOMES. Credit transfer is guaranteed by explicit agreements among the home institution, the host institution and the mobile student.

;SWOT Analysis
:Situation analysis in which internal strengths and weaknesses of an organization, and external opportunities and threats faced by it are closely examined to chart a strategy. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (see also PEST analysis).
Reference:http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/SWOT-analysis.html

;PEST Analysis
:A type of situation analysis in which political-legal (government stability, spending, taxation), economic (inflation, interest rates, unemployment), socio-cultural (demographics, education, income distribution), and technological (knowledge generation, conversion of discoveries into products, rates of obsolescence) factors are examined to chart an organization's long-term plans (see also SWOT analysis).
Reference:http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/PEST-analysis.html

;DPSIR
:A causal framework for describing the interactions between society and the environment: Human impact on the environment and vice versa because of the interdependence of the components. This framework has been adopted by the European Environment Agency. The components of this model are: Driving forces: e.g. industry, tourism, economic growth; Pressures: e.g. pollution, land-use change, population growth; States : e.g. water quality, soil quality, air quality, habitat, vegetation; Impacts : e.g. ill public health, habitat fragmentation, economic crisis, environmental damage, biodiversity loss; and Responses : e.g. taxes, environmental laws
Reference: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR accessed on the 10th of August 2020]

== Coastal Landscapes ==

;Coastal Landscapes
:“An area of sea, coastline and land, as perceived by people, whose character results from the actions and interactions of land with sea, by natural and/or human factors.” (seascape)

[https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html EU Water Framework Directive (European Commission, 23 October 2000)]

”(…) areas of continuous character under natural, cultural/social, and perceptual/aesthetic factors”
[https://www.coe.int/en/web/landscape/the-european-landscape-convention European Landscape Convention (Council of Europe, 2000).]

” coastal zones are the common natural and cultural heritage of the peoples living there and that they should be preserved and judiciously used for the benefit of present and future generations”
[https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2008/EN/COM-2008-527-F1-EN-MAIN-PART-1.PDF Protocol on integrated coastal zones. Management in the Mediterranean (Brussels, 2008)]

coastal areas (…) as ecosystems’ providers of significant resources for transport, food security, economic prosperity, ecosystem services and resilience”

[http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf New Urban Agenda, Habitat III (United Nations, 2017)]

;Rural Landscapes
”Rural landscapes are a vital component of the heritage of humanity. They are also one of the most common types of continuing cultural landscapes. There is a great diversity of rural landscapes around the world that represent cultures and cultural traditions… They provide multiple economic and social benefits, multifunctionality, cultural support and ecosystem services for human societies”.
”Rural landscapes are terrestrial and aquatic areas co-produced by human-nature interaction and within which renewable natural resources are produced, such as food and/or raw materials. At the same time rural areas have cultural meanings attributed to them by people and communities”.

[https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Secretariat/Annual_Reports/RA_2017_ICOMOS_EN_DP_bd_2.pdf (ICOMOS 2017a)].

”The rural landscape is a renewable resource, changing as a result of different production measures”

[https://mmm.fi/en/rural-areas/land-use-planning-in-rural-areas/rural-landscapes-and-landscape-management (Ministry of agriculture and forestry, Finland)]

”a spatial phenomenon that extends across regions, landscapes, natural areas, agricultural land, villages and other larger urban centres, pockets of industrialization and regional centres. It encompasses a diverse and complex economic and social fabric. It is the home of a great wealth of natural and cultural resources and traditions. It is becoming more important as a place for relaxation and leisure activities”.

Rural areas - our link to the land, European Commission, 1994 (Europe 2000+)

”Agriculture and forestry are the main caretakers of rural landscapes. Its continued usage in a well-adjusted way is a prerequisite for maintaining its environmental worth”.

Rural areas - our link to the land, European Commission, 1997

;Productive Landscapes

”Productive landscapes are part of a resilient urban matrix, a fundamental issue due to natural and human caused disasters, economic and ecological crises, etc. Integrating productivity in cities via landscape and planning tools and developing a sustainable infrastructure have a role in creating resilient cities. Urban agriculture is one of the major components of productive landscapes. Pioneering models of productive landscapes and urban agriculture go back to 19th century with the works of Ebenezer Howard, Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Right, and Ian McHarg”

[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287192976_Productive_landscapes_and_resilient_cities Akyol, M., Tuncay, H.E., 2013. ”Productive landscapes and resilient cities”, A|Z ITU Journal of Faculty of Architecture 10(2):133-147]

”Biodiverse production landscapes and seascapes that lie outside the protected area estate provide people with goods and services like food, pollination services, water, wood, energy and minerals. The use of natural resources in these landscapes and seascapes must be done sustainably in order to maintain biodiversity and the ecosystem goods and services it provides to society”.

https://www.thegef.org/topics/productive-landscapes-and-seascapes

”Continuous productive urban landscape (CPUL) is an urban design concept integrating food growing into the design of cities through joining together existing open space and disused sites into a linear landscape that connects to the countryside. The term was first used by Bohn & Viljoen Architects in 2004 at a time when making the connection between food and the city was unusual”

'Review of Foodprint symposium' in, VOLUME magazine blog, (July 2009)

;Blue and Green Infrastructure
”Green infrastructure is a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services such as water purification, air quality, space for recreation and climate mitigation and adaptation. This network of green (land) and blue (water) spaces can improve environmental conditions and therefore citizens' health and quality of life. It also supports a green economy, creates job opportunities and enhances biodiversity. The Natura 2000 network constitutes the backbone of the EU green infrastructure.

Green infrastructure planning is a successfully tested tool to provide environmental, economic and social benefits through natural solutions. In many cases, it can reduce dependence on 'grey' infrastructure that can be damaging to the environment and biodiversity, and often more expensive to build and maintain.
The European Commission has developed a Green Infrastructure Strategy. This strategy aims to ensure that the protection, restoration, creation and enhancement of green infrastructure become an integral part of spatial planning and territorial development whenever it offers a better alternative, or is complementary, to standard grey choices”.

https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/index_en.htm

”Blue infrastructure refers to water elements, like rivers, canals, ponds, wetlands, floodplains, water treatment facilities, etc. Green infrastructure refers to trees, lawns, hedgerows, parks, fields, forests, etc. These terms come from urban planning and land-use planning.Blue-Green Infrastructure can also specifically refer to an urban planning approach in which design of naturalistic or completely artificial infrastructures in the city is intended to allow the whole water cycle to occur within the city. This can improve the delivery of water-related ecosystem services (reducing pollution in the air, irrigating parks, providing local drinking water), as well as preventing harms like flooding and spread of contaminants (e.g. from cars)”.

[http://bioveins.eu/ Meredith Root-Bernstein, http://bioveins.eu/]

;Waterfront
”Waterfronts are defined by their nodal position between local and global scales. Scale is the processes of negotiation and compromise; it is contested and fought over, the temporary, the transient, sometimes fragile, sometimes stable outcome of political tension”

(Randles and Dicken, 2004, 2012, in ”Transforming Urban Waterfronts: Fixity and Flow” editors: Gene Desfor, Jennefer Laidley, Quentin Stevens, Dirk Schubert)

”Historically, waterfront developments have undergone various stages of development initiatives and become the most challenging tasks for planners and urban designers nowadays. It reflected a dynamic natural resources with special characteristics and regarded as the most important factors that influenced the growth and image of the cities and had a significant impact on urbanization and modernization of the most cities in the near future”.

Al-Shams, A. R., et al, ”Waterfront Development within the Urban Design and Public Space Framework in Malaysia”, in Asian Social Science; Vol. 9, No. 10; 2013

;Transect
A transect, in its origins (Von Humboldt 1790), is a geographical cross-section of a region used to reveal a sequence of environments. Originally, it was used to analyze natural ecologies, showing varying characteristics through different zones such as shores, wetlands, plains, and uplands. For human environments, such a cross-section can be used to identify a set of habitats that vary by their level and intensity of urban character, a continuum that ranges from rural to urban. In Transect planning, this range of environments is the basis for organizing the components of urbanization: building, lot, land use, street, and all of the other physical elements of the human habitat.

[https://www.amazon.com/SmartCode-Manual-v8-0-Andres-Duany/dp/0974502111 Andrés Duany et al., SmartCode & Manual, Miami: New Urban Publications, Inc., 2005]

The valley section is a term invented by Patrick Geddes and described in his book, “The valley section from hills to sea.” (New York City, 1923) The valley section depicts an ideal regional-urban condition, whereas the Notation of Life embodies concrete architectural proposals on how to realise that ideal condition. Geddes expresses in the valley region that Enlightenment theory of social evolution describes mankind’s development through the four stages of hunting, pastoral, and agriculture toward commercial societies. The valley section is a longitudinal section which begins high up in the mountains and then follows the course of a river down the mountains and through a plain toward its estuary at the coast.
[http://cityinenvironment.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-valley-section.html (https://bit.ly/2YWqQid, accessed on the 4th of July 2020)]

== Implementation Process ==

;Integrated Coastal Management
An integrated, participative territorial approach is required to ensure that the management of Europe’s coastal zones is environmentally and economically sustainable, as well as socially equitable and cohesive.
It aims at resolving the conflicting demands of society for products and services, taking into account both current and future interests. Major objectives are to:
* strengthen sectoral management by improving training, legislation and staffing;
* preserve the biological diversity of coastal ecosystems by preventing habitat destruction, pollution and over-exploitation; and
* promote the rational development and sustainable use of coastal resources.

;Integrated Planning
Integrated planning (as opposed to sectoral planning) is a process involving the drawing together of level and sector specific planning efforts which permits strategic decision-making and provides a synoptic view of resources and commitments. Integrated planning acts as a focal point for institutional initiatives and resource allocation. In the context of integrated (or comprehensive) planning, economic, social, ecological and cultural factors are jointly used and combined to guide land- and facility-use decisions towards sustainable territorial development.

;Landscape Planning
Landscape planning is an activity involving both public and private professionals, aiming at the creation, conservation, enhancement and restoration of landscapes at various scales, from greenways and public parks to large areas, such as forests, large wilderness areas and reclamation of degraded landscapes such as mines or landfills.
Landscape planning encompasses a variety of skills, such as landscape architecture and design, nature conservation, knowledge of plants, ecosystems, soil science, hydrology, cultural landscapes, etc. The provisions of the European Landscape Convention are important guidelines for the content and procedures of landscape planning.

;Landscape Policies
According to the European Landscape Convention, “landscape policy means an expression by the competent public authorities of general principles, strategies and guidelines that permit the taking of specific measures aimed at the protection, management and planning of landscapes”.
Under this general heading, various types of landscape policies can be identified:
* The European Landscape convention indicates that:
- “landscape protection means actions to conserve and maintain the significant or characteristic features of a landscape, justified by its heritage value derived from its natural configuration and/or from human activity;
- landscape management means action, from a perspective of sustainable development, to ensure the regular upkeep of a landscape, so as to guide and harmonise changes which are brought about by social, economic and environmental processes;
- landscape planning means strong forward-looking action to enhance, restore or create landscapes.”
* the Guiding Principles indicate that
- “Spatial development policy can contribute to protecting, managing and enhancing landscapes by adopting appropriate measures, in particular by organising better interactions between various sectoral policies with regard to their territorial impacts”. Various types of measures are likely to contribute to this aim, such as: the integration of landscape development into spatial planning as well as into sectoral policies, the examination and general assessment of landscapes, the implementation of integrated policies, the consideration of landscape development and protection in international programmes, in cross-border and transnational cooperation, the strengthening of awareness of people, private organisations and territorial authorities of the value of landscapes, the stronger integration of landscape development into training programmes.

;Participatory Planning
Participatory planning is a specific form of planning activities practiced by public authorities mainly at local level which makes it possible for the citizens to play a part in the planning process.
The most common form of participatory planning is consultation of the population on projects before their formal approval. More substantial and creative forms of public participation are also in use, such as workshops, public debates, etc. The Internet plays an ever growing part in participatory planning, either for the dissemination of information on planning projects or in the context of interactive communication systems.

;Physical Planning
Physical planning is strongly related to land-use planning, urban design, transport planning, landscape planning, building plans, etc. It addresses activities which immediately affect and programme the physical structure and environment of cities and neighbourhoods (as opposed to economic planning or social planning activities).

;Spatial Planning
Spatial planning refers to the methods used by the public sector to influence the distribution of people and activities in spaces at various scales as well as the location of the various infrastructures, recreation and nature areas.
Spatial planning activities are carried out at different administrative or governmental levels (local, regional, national), while activities of cooperation in this field are also implemented in cross-border, transnational and European contexts.

;Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment
The Strategic Impact Assessment does not refer to the likely impacts of individual projects (as in the case of the EIA), but to the likely environmental impacts of certain plans and programmes.
The SEA Directive (EU legislation), adopted in 2001, ensures that environmental consequences of certain plans and programmes are identified and assessed during their preparation and before their adoption. The public and environmental authorities can give their opinion and all results are integrated and taken into account in the course of the planning procedure. After the adoption of the plan or programme, the public is informed about the decision and the way in which it was made. In the case of likely transboundary significant effects, the affected Member State and its public are informed and have the possibility to make comments which are also integrated into the national decision-making process. SEA aims at contributing to more transparent planning by involving the public and by integrating environmental considerations and therefore to achieving the goal of sustainable development.
* from the GLOSSARY OF KEY EXPRESSIONS USED IN SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN EUROPE, Document presented at the 14th Session of the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Spatial/regional Planning, Lisbon (Portugal), 26-27 October 2006

== Vision ==

;Strategy
* A detailed plan for achieving success in situations such as war, politics, business, industry, or sport, or the skill of planning for such situations.
* A way of doing something or dealing with something.
* A long-range plan for achieving something or reaching a goal, or the skill of making such plans.
* The way in which a business, government, or other organization carefully plans its actions over a period of time to improve its position and achieve what it wants

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/strategy

* A method or plan chosen to bring about a desired future, such as achievement of a goal or solution to a problem.
* The art and science of planning and marshalling resources for their most efficient and effective use. The term is derived from the Greek word for generalship or leading an army. See also tactics.

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/strategy.html

;Strategic Planning
Strategic planning is a process undertaken by an organization to develop a plan for achievement of its overall long-term organizational goals.
What Is the Strategic Planning Process? - Model, Steps & Examples

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-the-strategic-planning-process-model-steps-examples.html

;Strategy Implementation
Strategy implementation consists of putting plans in place by formulating a strategy to achieve the organization's goals and objectives. It can also be described as the way a business might develop, use, and integrate the organizational hierarchy, systems, and culture to pursue strategies that will result in competitive advantage and improved performance. In the example, the organization's goal is increased sales and regaining its market position. The strategy will be specific actions that will realize the goals.
Strategy Implementation: Plan, Process & Examples

https://study.com/academy/lesson/strategy-implementation-plan-process-examples.html

;Monitoring
Supervising activities in progress to ensure they are on-course and on-schedule in meeting the objectives and performance targets.

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/monitoring.html
To watch and check a situation carefully for a period of time in order to discover something about it.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/monitoring

;Policy
A set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been agreed to officially by a group of people, a business organization, a government, or a political party.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/policy

Politics: (1) The basic principles by which a government is guided.
The declared objectives that a government or party seeks to achieve and preserve in the interest of the national community (see also public policy).

Management: The set of basic principles and associated guidelines, formulated and enforced by the governing body of an organization, to direct and limit its actions in pursuit of long-term goals (see also corporate policy).

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/policy.html

;Dissemination
The act of spreading news, information, ideas, etc. to a lot of people.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/dissemination

Broadcast of an idea or message on a large scale to make it reach a wide audience.

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/dissemination.html

;Stakeholder
A person, group or organization that has interest or concern in an organization.
Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the organization's actions, objectives and policies. Some examples of key stakeholders are creditors, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources.
Not all stakeholders are equal. A company's customers are entitled to fair trading practices but they are not entitled to the same consideration as the company's employees.

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/stakeholder.html

;Urban Design
:Definition

;Acupunture
:Definition

Glossary

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Glossary

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Glossary

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Glossary

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Arati.u: /* Implementation Process */

== Teaching ==

;Blended Learning
:The range of possibilities presented by combining Internet and digital media with established classroom forms that require the physical co‐presence of teacher and students.
Reference: [https://www.normfriesen.info/papers/Defining_Blended_Learning_NF.pdf Norm Friesen, August 2012 (accessed on the 10th of August on https://www.normfriesen.info/papers/Defining_Blended_Learning_NF.pdf)]

;Constructivism
''(learning theory)''
:This theory assumes that there is no objective way of representing reality. Instead, there are as many constructions of reality as there are people in the world. In a learning context this means: both learners and teachers are constantly constructing realities, meanings and concepts. There can be communication and exchange about these constructions but there is no final model that could be transferred from a sender to a receiver. A starting point is that the individual mind decides whether knowledge is viable or not. The precondition for viability is the possibility to connect new knowledge to existing mental concepts. Observation, differentiation and individual responsibility are thus crucial for the success of constructivist learning. In this context, the main role of the teacher is to offer opportunities for authentic encounter, diversity experience, discourse, communication and mutual awareness in order to facilitate and stimulate constructivist learning processes (Fetzer, 2013). The approach of interaction-based constructivism provides a practical model for specifying learning processes. There are three main phases of knowledge processing: reconstruction, construction and deconstruction.

;Competence
''(professional, horizontal)''
:A dynamic combination of attributes - with respect to knowledge and its application, to attitudes and responsibilities - that describe the LEARNING OUTCOMES of an educational programme, or how learners are able to perform at the end of an educational process. These consist of subject-area related competences (specific to a field of study) and generic competences (common to any degree course). The European Qualifications Framework describes competence in terms of responsibility and autonomy. It refers to the proven ability to use knowledge, skills and personal, social and/ or methodological abilities, in work or study situations and in professional and personal development.

;ISP
:Short full time course of one to four weeks concentrating on a particular topic. It may take place at another institution or in a summer school.

;ECTS
'''European Credit Transfer System'''
:A system for increasing the transparency of educational systems and facilitating the mobility of students across Europe through credit transfer. It is based on the general assumption that the global workload of an academic year of study is equal to 60 credits. The 60 credits are then allocated to course units to describe the proportion of the student workload required to achieve the related LEARNING OUTCOMES. Credit transfer is guaranteed by explicit agreements among the home institution, the host institution and the mobile student.

;SWOT Analysis
:Situation analysis in which internal strengths and weaknesses of an organization, and external opportunities and threats faced by it are closely examined to chart a strategy. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (see also PEST analysis).
Reference:http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/SWOT-analysis.html

;PEST Analysis
:A type of situation analysis in which political-legal (government stability, spending, taxation), economic (inflation, interest rates, unemployment), socio-cultural (demographics, education, income distribution), and technological (knowledge generation, conversion of discoveries into products, rates of obsolescence) factors are examined to chart an organization's long-term plans (see also SWOT analysis).
Reference:http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/PEST-analysis.html

;DPSIR
:A causal framework for describing the interactions between society and the environment: Human impact on the environment and vice versa because of the interdependence of the components. This framework has been adopted by the European Environment Agency. The components of this model are: Driving forces: e.g. industry, tourism, economic growth; Pressures: e.g. pollution, land-use change, population growth; States : e.g. water quality, soil quality, air quality, habitat, vegetation; Impacts : e.g. ill public health, habitat fragmentation, economic crisis, environmental damage, biodiversity loss; and Responses : e.g. taxes, environmental laws
Reference: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR accessed on the 10th of August 2020]

== Coastal Landscapes ==

;Coastal Landscapes
:“An area of sea, coastline and land, as perceived by people, whose character results from the actions and interactions of land with sea, by natural and/or human factors.” (seascape)

[https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html EU Water Framework Directive (European Commission, 23 October 2000)]

”(…) areas of continuous character under natural, cultural/social, and perceptual/aesthetic factors”
[https://www.coe.int/en/web/landscape/the-european-landscape-convention European Landscape Convention (Council of Europe, 2000).]

” coastal zones are the common natural and cultural heritage of the peoples living there and that they should be preserved and judiciously used for the benefit of present and future generations”
[https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2008/EN/COM-2008-527-F1-EN-MAIN-PART-1.PDF Protocol on integrated coastal zones. Management in the Mediterranean (Brussels, 2008)]

coastal areas (…) as ecosystems’ providers of significant resources for transport, food security, economic prosperity, ecosystem services and resilience”

[http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf New Urban Agenda, Habitat III (United Nations, 2017)]

;Rural Landscapes
”Rural landscapes are a vital component of the heritage of humanity. They are also one of the most common types of continuing cultural landscapes. There is a great diversity of rural landscapes around the world that represent cultures and cultural traditions… They provide multiple economic and social benefits, multifunctionality, cultural support and ecosystem services for human societies”.
”Rural landscapes are terrestrial and aquatic areas co-produced by human-nature interaction and within which renewable natural resources are produced, such as food and/or raw materials. At the same time rural areas have cultural meanings attributed to them by people and communities”.

[https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Secretariat/Annual_Reports/RA_2017_ICOMOS_EN_DP_bd_2.pdf (ICOMOS 2017a)].

”The rural landscape is a renewable resource, changing as a result of different production measures”

[https://mmm.fi/en/rural-areas/land-use-planning-in-rural-areas/rural-landscapes-and-landscape-management (Ministry of agriculture and forestry, Finland)]

”a spatial phenomenon that extends across regions, landscapes, natural areas, agricultural land, villages and other larger urban centres, pockets of industrialization and regional centres. It encompasses a diverse and complex economic and social fabric. It is the home of a great wealth of natural and cultural resources and traditions. It is becoming more important as a place for relaxation and leisure activities”.

Rural areas - our link to the land, European Commission, 1994 (Europe 2000+)

”Agriculture and forestry are the main caretakers of rural landscapes. Its continued usage in a well-adjusted way is a prerequisite for maintaining its environmental worth”.

Rural areas - our link to the land, European Commission, 1997

;Productive Landscapes

”Productive landscapes are part of a resilient urban matrix, a fundamental issue due to natural and human caused disasters, economic and ecological crises, etc. Integrating productivity in cities via landscape and planning tools and developing a sustainable infrastructure have a role in creating resilient cities. Urban agriculture is one of the major components of productive landscapes. Pioneering models of productive landscapes and urban agriculture go back to 19th century with the works of Ebenezer Howard, Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Right, and Ian McHarg”

[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287192976_Productive_landscapes_and_resilient_cities Akyol, M., Tuncay, H.E., 2013. ”Productive landscapes and resilient cities”, A|Z ITU Journal of Faculty of Architecture 10(2):133-147]

”Biodiverse production landscapes and seascapes that lie outside the protected area estate provide people with goods and services like food, pollination services, water, wood, energy and minerals. The use of natural resources in these landscapes and seascapes must be done sustainably in order to maintain biodiversity and the ecosystem goods and services it provides to society”.

https://www.thegef.org/topics/productive-landscapes-and-seascapes

”Continuous productive urban landscape (CPUL) is an urban design concept integrating food growing into the design of cities through joining together existing open space and disused sites into a linear landscape that connects to the countryside. The term was first used by Bohn & Viljoen Architects in 2004 at a time when making the connection between food and the city was unusual”

'Review of Foodprint symposium' in, VOLUME magazine blog, (July 2009)

;Blue and Green Infrastructure
”Green infrastructure is a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services such as water purification, air quality, space for recreation and climate mitigation and adaptation. This network of green (land) and blue (water) spaces can improve environmental conditions and therefore citizens' health and quality of life. It also supports a green economy, creates job opportunities and enhances biodiversity. The Natura 2000 network constitutes the backbone of the EU green infrastructure.

Green infrastructure planning is a successfully tested tool to provide environmental, economic and social benefits through natural solutions. In many cases, it can reduce dependence on 'grey' infrastructure that can be damaging to the environment and biodiversity, and often more expensive to build and maintain.
The European Commission has developed a Green Infrastructure Strategy. This strategy aims to ensure that the protection, restoration, creation and enhancement of green infrastructure become an integral part of spatial planning and territorial development whenever it offers a better alternative, or is complementary, to standard grey choices”.

https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/index_en.htm

”Blue infrastructure refers to water elements, like rivers, canals, ponds, wetlands, floodplains, water treatment facilities, etc. Green infrastructure refers to trees, lawns, hedgerows, parks, fields, forests, etc. These terms come from urban planning and land-use planning.Blue-Green Infrastructure can also specifically refer to an urban planning approach in which design of naturalistic or completely artificial infrastructures in the city is intended to allow the whole water cycle to occur within the city. This can improve the delivery of water-related ecosystem services (reducing pollution in the air, irrigating parks, providing local drinking water), as well as preventing harms like flooding and spread of contaminants (e.g. from cars)”.

[http://bioveins.eu/ Meredith Root-Bernstein, http://bioveins.eu/]

;Waterfront
”Waterfronts are defined by their nodal position between local and global scales. Scale is the processes of negotiation and compromise; it is contested and fought over, the temporary, the transient, sometimes fragile, sometimes stable outcome of political tension”

(Randles and Dicken, 2004, 2012, in ”Transforming Urban Waterfronts: Fixity and Flow” editors: Gene Desfor, Jennefer Laidley, Quentin Stevens, Dirk Schubert)

”Historically, waterfront developments have undergone various stages of development initiatives and become the most challenging tasks for planners and urban designers nowadays. It reflected a dynamic natural resources with special characteristics and regarded as the most important factors that influenced the growth and image of the cities and had a significant impact on urbanization and modernization of the most cities in the near future”.

Al-Shams, A. R., et al, ”Waterfront Development within the Urban Design and Public Space Framework in Malaysia”, in Asian Social Science; Vol. 9, No. 10; 2013

;Transect
A transect, in its origins (Von Humboldt 1790), is a geographical cross-section of a region used to reveal a sequence of environments. Originally, it was used to analyze natural ecologies, showing varying characteristics through different zones such as shores, wetlands, plains, and uplands. For human environments, such a cross-section can be used to identify a set of habitats that vary by their level and intensity of urban character, a continuum that ranges from rural to urban. In Transect planning, this range of environments is the basis for organizing the components of urbanization: building, lot, land use, street, and all of the other physical elements of the human habitat.

[https://www.amazon.com/SmartCode-Manual-v8-0-Andres-Duany/dp/0974502111 Andrés Duany et al., SmartCode & Manual, Miami: New Urban Publications, Inc., 2005]

The valley section is a term invented by Patrick Geddes and described in his book, “The valley section from hills to sea.” (New York City, 1923) The valley section depicts an ideal regional-urban condition, whereas the Notation of Life embodies concrete architectural proposals on how to realise that ideal condition. Geddes expresses in the valley region that Enlightenment theory of social evolution describes mankind’s development through the four stages of hunting, pastoral, and agriculture toward commercial societies. The valley section is a longitudinal section which begins high up in the mountains and then follows the course of a river down the mountains and through a plain toward its estuary at the coast.
[http://cityinenvironment.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-valley-section.html (https://bit.ly/2YWqQid, accessed on the 4th of July 2020)]

== Implementation Process ==

;Integrated Coastal Management
An integrated, participative territorial approach is required to ensure that the management of Europe’s coastal zones is environmentally and economically sustainable, as well as socially equitable and cohesive.
It aims at resolving the conflicting demands of society for products and services, taking into account both current and future interests. Major objectives are to:
* strengthen sectoral management by improving training, legislation and staffing;
* preserve the biological diversity of coastal ecosystems by preventing habitat destruction, pollution and over-exploitation; and
* promote the rational development and sustainable use of coastal resources.

;Integrated Planning
Integrated planning (as opposed to sectoral planning) is a process involving the drawing together of level and sector specific planning efforts which permits strategic decision-making and provides a synoptic view of resources and commitments. Integrated planning acts as a focal point for institutional initiatives and resource allocation. In the context of integrated (or comprehensive) planning, economic, social, ecological and cultural factors are jointly used and combined to guide land- and facility-use decisions towards sustainable territorial development.

;Landscape Planning
Landscape planning is an activity involving both public and private professionals, aiming at the creation, conservation, enhancement and restoration of landscapes at various scales, from greenways and public parks to large areas, such as forests, large wilderness areas and reclamation of degraded landscapes such as mines or landfills.
Landscape planning encompasses a variety of skills, such as landscape architecture and design, nature conservation, knowledge of plants, ecosystems, soil science, hydrology, cultural landscapes, etc. The provisions of the European Landscape Convention are important guidelines for the content and procedures of landscape planning.

;Landscape Policies
According to the European Landscape Convention, “landscape policy means an expression by the competent public authorities of general principles, strategies and guidelines that permit the taking of specific measures aimed at the protection, management and planning of landscapes”.
Under this general heading, various types of landscape policies can be identified:
* The European Landscape convention indicates that:
- “landscape protection means actions to conserve and maintain the significant or characteristic features of a landscape, justified by its heritage value derived from its natural configuration and/or from human activity;
- landscape management means action, from a perspective of sustainable development, to ensure the regular upkeep of a landscape, so as to guide and harmonise changes which are brought about by social, economic and environmental processes;
- landscape planning means strong forward-looking action to enhance, restore or create landscapes.”
* the Guiding Principles indicate that
- “Spatial development policy can contribute to protecting, managing and enhancing landscapes by adopting appropriate measures, in particular by organising better interactions between various sectoral policies with regard to their territorial impacts”. Various types of measures are likely to contribute to this aim, such as: the integration of landscape development into spatial planning as well as into sectoral policies, the examination and general assessment of landscapes, the implementation of integrated policies, the consideration of landscape development and protection in international programmes, in cross-border and transnational cooperation, the strengthening of awareness of people, private organisations and territorial authorities of the value of landscapes, the stronger integration of landscape development into training programmes.

;Participatory Planning
Participatory planning is a specific form of planning activities practiced by public authorities mainly at local level which makes it possible for the citizens to play a part in the planning process.
The most common form of participatory planning is consultation of the population on projects before their formal approval. More substantial and creative forms of public participation are also in use, such as workshops, public debates, etc. The Internet plays an ever growing part in participatory planning, either for the dissemination of information on planning projects or in the context of interactive communication systems.

;Physical Planning
Physical planning is strongly related to land-use planning, urban design, transport planning, landscape planning, building plans, etc. It addresses activities which immediately affect and programme the physical structure and environment of cities and neighbourhoods (as opposed to economic planning or social planning activities).

;Spatial Planning
Spatial planning refers to the methods used by the public sector to influence the distribution of people and activities in spaces at various scales as well as the location of the various infrastructures, recreation and nature areas.
Spatial planning activities are carried out at different administrative or governmental levels (local, regional, national), while activities of cooperation in this field are also implemented in cross-border, transnational and European contexts.

;Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment
The Strategic Impact Assessment does not refer to the likely impacts of individual projects (as in the case of the EIA), but to the likely environmental impacts of certain plans and programmes.
The SEA Directive (EU legislation), adopted in 2001, ensures that environmental consequences of certain plans and programmes are identified and assessed during their preparation and before their adoption. The public and environmental authorities can give their opinion and all results are integrated and taken into account in the course of the planning procedure. After the adoption of the plan or programme, the public is informed about the decision and the way in which it was made. In the case of likely transboundary significant effects, the affected Member State and its public are informed and have the possibility to make comments which are also integrated into the national decision-making process. SEA aims at contributing to more transparent planning by involving the public and by integrating environmental considerations and therefore to achieving the goal of sustainable development.
* from the GLOSSARY OF KEY EXPRESSIONS USED IN SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN EUROPE, Document presented at the 14th Session of the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Spatial/regional Planning, Lisbon (Portugal), 26-27 October 2006

== Vision ==

;Strategy
:Definition

;Strategic Planning
:Definition

;Strategy Implementation
:Definition

;Monitoring
:Definition

;Policy
:Definition

;Dissemination
:Definition

;Stakeholder
:Definition

;Urban Design
:Definition

Glossary

2020-10-12T22:06:46Z

Arati.u: /* Implementation Process */

== Teaching ==

;Blended Learning
:The range of possibilities presented by combining Internet and digital media with established classroom forms that require the physical co‐presence of teacher and students.
Reference: [https://www.normfriesen.info/papers/Defining_Blended_Learning_NF.pdf Norm Friesen, August 2012 (accessed on the 10th of August on https://www.normfriesen.info/papers/Defining_Blended_Learning_NF.pdf)]

;Constructivism
''(learning theory)''
:This theory assumes that there is no objective way of representing reality. Instead, there are as many constructions of reality as there are people in the world. In a learning context this means: both learners and teachers are constantly constructing realities, meanings and concepts. There can be communication and exchange about these constructions but there is no final model that could be transferred from a sender to a receiver. A starting point is that the individual mind decides whether knowledge is viable or not. The precondition for viability is the possibility to connect new knowledge to existing mental concepts. Observation, differentiation and individual responsibility are thus crucial for the success of constructivist learning. In this context, the main role of the teacher is to offer opportunities for authentic encounter, diversity experience, discourse, communication and mutual awareness in order to facilitate and stimulate constructivist learning processes (Fetzer, 2013). The approach of interaction-based constructivism provides a practical model for specifying learning processes. There are three main phases of knowledge processing: reconstruction, construction and deconstruction.

;Competence
''(professional, horizontal)''
:A dynamic combination of attributes - with respect to knowledge and its application, to attitudes and responsibilities - that describe the LEARNING OUTCOMES of an educational programme, or how learners are able to perform at the end of an educational process. These consist of subject-area related competences (specific to a field of study) and generic competences (common to any degree course). The European Qualifications Framework describes competence in terms of responsibility and autonomy. It refers to the proven ability to use knowledge, skills and personal, social and/ or methodological abilities, in work or study situations and in professional and personal development.

;ISP
:Short full time course of one to four weeks concentrating on a particular topic. It may take place at another institution or in a summer school.

;ECTS
'''European Credit Transfer System'''
:A system for increasing the transparency of educational systems and facilitating the mobility of students across Europe through credit transfer. It is based on the general assumption that the global workload of an academic year of study is equal to 60 credits. The 60 credits are then allocated to course units to describe the proportion of the student workload required to achieve the related LEARNING OUTCOMES. Credit transfer is guaranteed by explicit agreements among the home institution, the host institution and the mobile student.

;SWOT Analysis
:Situation analysis in which internal strengths and weaknesses of an organization, and external opportunities and threats faced by it are closely examined to chart a strategy. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (see also PEST analysis).
Reference:http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/SWOT-analysis.html

;PEST Analysis
:A type of situation analysis in which political-legal (government stability, spending, taxation), economic (inflation, interest rates, unemployment), socio-cultural (demographics, education, income distribution), and technological (knowledge generation, conversion of discoveries into products, rates of obsolescence) factors are examined to chart an organization's long-term plans (see also SWOT analysis).
Reference:http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/PEST-analysis.html

;DPSIR
:A causal framework for describing the interactions between society and the environment: Human impact on the environment and vice versa because of the interdependence of the components. This framework has been adopted by the European Environment Agency. The components of this model are: Driving forces: e.g. industry, tourism, economic growth; Pressures: e.g. pollution, land-use change, population growth; States : e.g. water quality, soil quality, air quality, habitat, vegetation; Impacts : e.g. ill public health, habitat fragmentation, economic crisis, environmental damage, biodiversity loss; and Responses : e.g. taxes, environmental laws
Reference: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPSIR accessed on the 10th of August 2020]

== Coastal Landscapes ==

;Coastal Landscapes
:“An area of sea, coastline and land, as perceived by people, whose character results from the actions and interactions of land with sea, by natural and/or human factors.” (seascape)

[https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html EU Water Framework Directive (European Commission, 23 October 2000)]

”(…) areas of continuous character under natural, cultural/social, and perceptual/aesthetic factors”
[https://www.coe.int/en/web/landscape/the-european-landscape-convention European Landscape Convention (Council of Europe, 2000).]

” coastal zones are the common natural and cultural heritage of the peoples living there and that they should be preserved and judiciously used for the benefit of present and future generations”
[https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2008/EN/COM-2008-527-F1-EN-MAIN-PART-1.PDF Protocol on integrated coastal zones. Management in the Mediterranean (Brussels, 2008)]

coastal areas (…) as ecosystems’ providers of significant resources for transport, food security, economic prosperity, ecosystem services and resilience”

[http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf New Urban Agenda, Habitat III (United Nations, 2017)]

;Rural Landscapes
”Rural landscapes are a vital component of the heritage of humanity. They are also one of the most common types of continuing cultural landscapes. There is a great diversity of rural landscapes around the world that represent cultures and cultural traditions… They provide multiple economic and social benefits, multifunctionality, cultural support and ecosystem services for human societies”.
”Rural landscapes are terrestrial and aquatic areas co-produced by human-nature interaction and within which renewable natural resources are produced, such as food and/or raw materials. At the same time rural areas have cultural meanings attributed to them by people and communities”.

[https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Secretariat/Annual_Reports/RA_2017_ICOMOS_EN_DP_bd_2.pdf (ICOMOS 2017a)].

”The rural landscape is a renewable resource, changing as a result of different production measures”

[https://mmm.fi/en/rural-areas/land-use-planning-in-rural-areas/rural-landscapes-and-landscape-management (Ministry of agriculture and forestry, Finland)]

”a spatial phenomenon that extends across regions, landscapes, natural areas, agricultural land, villages and other larger urban centres, pockets of industrialization and regional centres. It encompasses a diverse and complex economic and social fabric. It is the home of a great wealth of natural and cultural resources and traditions. It is becoming more important as a place for relaxation and leisure activities”.

Rural areas - our link to the land, European Commission, 1994 (Europe 2000+)

”Agriculture and forestry are the main caretakers of rural landscapes. Its continued usage in a well-adjusted way is a prerequisite for maintaining its environmental worth”.

Rural areas - our link to the land, European Commission, 1997

;Productive Landscapes

”Productive landscapes are part of a resilient urban matrix, a fundamental issue due to natural and human caused disasters, economic and ecological crises, etc. Integrating productivity in cities via landscape and planning tools and developing a sustainable infrastructure have a role in creating resilient cities. Urban agriculture is one of the major components of productive landscapes. Pioneering models of productive landscapes and urban agriculture go back to 19th century with the works of Ebenezer Howard, Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Right, and Ian McHarg”

[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287192976_Productive_landscapes_and_resilient_cities Akyol, M., Tuncay, H.E., 2013. ”Productive landscapes and resilient cities”, A|Z ITU Journal of Faculty of Architecture 10(2):133-147]

”Biodiverse production landscapes and seascapes that lie outside the protected area estate provide people with goods and services like food, pollination services, water, wood, energy and minerals. The use of natural resources in these landscapes and seascapes must be done sustainably in order to maintain biodiversity and the ecosystem goods and services it provides to society”.

https://www.thegef.org/topics/productive-landscapes-and-seascapes

”Continuous productive urban landscape (CPUL) is an urban design concept integrating food growing into the design of cities through joining together existing open space and disused sites into a linear landscape that connects to the countryside. The term was first used by Bohn & Viljoen Architects in 2004 at a time when making the connection between food and the city was unusual”

'Review of Foodprint symposium' in, VOLUME magazine blog, (July 2009)

;Blue and Green Infrastructure
”Green infrastructure is a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services such as water purification, air quality, space for recreation and climate mitigation and adaptation. This network of green (land) and blue (water) spaces can improve environmental conditions and therefore citizens' health and quality of life. It also supports a green economy, creates job opportunities and enhances biodiversity. The Natura 2000 network constitutes the backbone of the EU green infrastructure.

Green infrastructure planning is a successfully tested tool to provide environmental, economic and social benefits through natural solutions. In many cases, it can reduce dependence on 'grey' infrastructure that can be damaging to the environment and biodiversity, and often more expensive to build and maintain.
The European Commission has developed a Green Infrastructure Strategy. This strategy aims to ensure that the protection, restoration, creation and enhancement of green infrastructure become an integral part of spatial planning and territorial development whenever it offers a better alternative, or is complementary, to standard grey choices”.

https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/index_en.htm

”Blue infrastructure refers to water elements, like rivers, canals, ponds, wetlands, floodplains, water treatment facilities, etc. Green infrastructure refers to trees, lawns, hedgerows, parks, fields, forests, etc. These terms come from urban planning and land-use planning.Blue-Green Infrastructure can also specifically refer to an urban planning approach in which design of naturalistic or completely artificial infrastructures in the city is intended to allow the whole water cycle to occur within the city. This can improve the delivery of water-related ecosystem services (reducing pollution in the air, irrigating parks, providing local drinking water), as well as preventing harms like flooding and spread of contaminants (e.g. from cars)”.

[http://bioveins.eu/ Meredith Root-Bernstein, http://bioveins.eu/]

;Waterfront
”Waterfronts are defined by their nodal position between local and global scales. Scale is the processes of negotiation and compromise; it is contested and fought over, the temporary, the transient, sometimes fragile, sometimes stable outcome of political tension”

(Randles and Dicken, 2004, 2012, in ”Transforming Urban Waterfronts: Fixity and Flow” editors: Gene Desfor, Jennefer Laidley, Quentin Stevens, Dirk Schubert)

”Historically, waterfront developments have undergone various stages of development initiatives and become the most challenging tasks for planners and urban designers nowadays. It reflected a dynamic natural resources with special characteristics and regarded as the most important factors that influenced the growth and image of the cities and had a significant impact on urbanization and modernization of the most cities in the near future”.

Al-Shams, A. R., et al, ”Waterfront Development within the Urban Design and Public Space Framework in Malaysia”, in Asian Social Science; Vol. 9, No. 10; 2013

;Transect
A transect, in its origins (Von Humboldt 1790), is a geographical cross-section of a region used to reveal a sequence of environments. Originally, it was used to analyze natural ecologies, showing varying characteristics through different zones such as shores, wetlands, plains, and uplands. For human environments, such a cross-section can be used to identify a set of habitats that vary by their level and intensity of urban character, a continuum that ranges from rural to urban. In Transect planning, this range of environments is the basis for organizing the components of urbanization: building, lot, land use, street, and all of the other physical elements of the human habitat.

[https://www.amazon.com/SmartCode-Manual-v8-0-Andres-Duany/dp/0974502111 Andrés Duany et al., SmartCode & Manual, Miami: New Urban Publications, Inc., 2005]

The valley section is a term invented by Patrick Geddes and described in his book, “The valley section from hills to sea.” (New York City, 1923) The valley section depicts an ideal regional-urban condition, whereas the Notation of Life embodies concrete architectural proposals on how to realise that ideal condition. Geddes expresses in the valley region that Enlightenment theory of social evolution describes mankind’s development through the four stages of hunting, pastoral, and agriculture toward commercial societies. The valley section is a longitudinal section which begins high up in the mountains and then follows the course of a river down the mountains and through a plain toward its estuary at the coast.
[http://cityinenvironment.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-valley-section.html (https://bit.ly/2YWqQid, accessed on the 4th of July 2020)]

== Implementation Process ==

;Integrated Coastal Management
An integrated, participative territorial approach is required to ensure that the management of Europe’s coastal zones is environmentally and economically sustainable, as well as socially equitable and cohesive.
It aims at resolving the conflicting demands of society for products and services, taking into account both current and future interests. Major objectives are to:
* strengthen sectoral management by improving training, legislation and staffing;
* preserve the biological diversity of coastal ecosystems by preventing habitat destruction, pollution and over-exploitation; and
* promote the rational development and sustainable use of coastal resources.

;Integrated Planning
Integrated planning (as opposed to sectoral planning) is a process involving the drawing together of level and sector specific planning efforts which permits strategic decision-making and provides a synoptic view of resources and commitments. Integrated planning acts as a focal point for institutional initiatives and resource allocation. In the context of integrated (or comprehensive) planning, economic, social, ecological and cultural factors are jointly used and combined to guide land- and facility-use decisions towards sustainable territorial development.

;Landscape Planning
Landscape planning is an activity involving both public and private professionals, aiming at the creation, conservation, enhancement and restoration of landscapes at various scales, from greenways and public parks to large areas, such as forests, large wilderness areas and reclamation of degraded landscapes such as mines or landfills.
Landscape planning encompasses a variety of skills, such as landscape architecture and design, nature conservation, knowledge of plants, ecosystems, soil science, hydrology, cultural landscapes, etc. The provisions of the European Landscape Convention are important guidelines for the content and procedures of landscape planning.

;Landscape Policies
According to the European Landscape Convention, “landscape policy means an expression by the competent public authorities of general principles, strategies and guidelines that permit the taking of specific measures aimed at the protection, management and planning of landscapes”.
Under this general heading, various types of landscape policies can be identified:
● The European Landscape convention indicates that:
- “landscape protection means actions to conserve and maintain the significant or characteristic features of a landscape, justified by its heritage value derived from its natural configuration and/or from human activity;
- landscape management means action, from a perspective of sustainable development, to ensure the regular upkeep of a landscape, so as to guide and harmonise changes which are brought about by social, economic and environmental processes;
- landscape planning means strong forward-looking action to enhance, restore or create landscapes.”
● the Guiding Principles indicate that
- “Spatial development policy can contribute to protecting, managing and enhancing landscapes by adopting appropriate measures, in particular by organising better interactions between various sectoral policies with regard to their territorial impacts”. Various types of measures are likely to contribute to this aim, such as: the integration of landscape development into spatial planning as well as into sectoral policies, the examination and general assessment of landscapes, the implementation of integrated policies, the consideration of landscape development and protection in international programmes, in cross-border and transnational cooperation, the strengthening of awareness of people, private organisations and territorial authorities of the value of landscapes, the stronger integration of landscape development into training programmes.

;Participatory Planning
:Definition

;Physical Planning
:Definition

;Spatial Planning
:Definition

;Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment
:Definition

== Vision ==

;Strategy
:Definition

;Strategic Planning
:Definition

;Strategy Implementation
:Definition

;Monitoring
:Definition

;Policy
:Definition

;Dissemination
:Definition

;Stakeholder
:Definition

;Urban Design
:Definition

Glossary

2020-10-12T22:05:00Z

Arati.u: /* Coastal Landscapes */

Glossary

2020-10-12T22:04:21Z

Arati.u: /* Coastal Landscapes */

Glossary

2020-10-12T21:58:22Z

Arati.u: /* Coastal Landscapes */

Exploitation and follow-up

2020-10-12T21:10:05Z

Arati.u: Created page with "'''Exploitation and follow-up''' The project aims to develop a reviewed and tested online course useful to other teaching and academic contexts on coastal landscapes. The p..."

'''Exploitation and follow-up'''

The project aims to develop a reviewed and tested online course useful to other teaching and academic contexts on coastal landscapes. The project is structured in fixed lectures and assignments for the students with a specific attention to the phases and activities for all the attendees – either instructors, students, or external auditors. Similarly, the activities and schedules of the Intensive Study Program are organised to involve the local communities and stakeholders. The nature and content of the online course is purposely designed and integrated to the project to make its activities continue beyond its lifetime, particularly for the compulsory curricula in the Master’s Degrees in landscape and urban planning.

The online course can be integrated as part of landscape design and planning studios run by the university partners, preferably focusing on the design of green-blue infrastructures for European coastal territories. The network of partners will be reinforced by the follow-up activities sharing new projects, seminars and conferences developed online. All partners will sign a networking/cooperation agreement at the end of the project in order to ensure the continuous updating of the course content sharing their own specific activities on such topics. The network is open to new partners and it provides the opportunity for additional participants to join and develop new fields of teaching based on local experiences and case studies. In doing so, the partners will maintain the exchanges and discussions about the European coastal landscapes. The participants will keep providing innovative contexts and ideas as they are expected to step into the community involvement to realise the proposals of the courses.

It is important to sustain the mobility between the partners’ university locations in order to enforce the curricula on specific topics such as coastal areas. Moreover, excursions in the areas studied during the ISPs can be organised to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the coastal landscapes.
On the basis of the acquired expertise in workshops, it will be much easier to organise such activity in the future. This could be supported by ERASMUS mobility agreements among all university partners, to be finalised within the lifetime of the project. Eventually, following the positive experiences of the ISPs, the cooperation with the coastal municipalities should continue in the future as well. It is also expected that the municipality partners will be interested in keeping and enhancing the synergy of the university partners by providing further facilities, knowledge and data for future 'living lab' experiences.

Methodology

2020-10-12T21:08:55Z

Arati.u:

'''Methodology
'''

'''KEY ACTORS and TARGET AUDIENCE'''

In terms of the present Erasmus+ Programme, the target groups are both internal and external.
Internal target audiences are:

# IN1 - Teaching staff of all faculties to be actively involved in the teaching activities, in consideration of integrated planning and design methods in their teaching.
# IN2 - Registered students who actively join the activities. Their feedback will be useful for improving the didactic methodology.
# IN3 - University principals, deans/international coordinators/e-teaching staff/centres for academic instruction - to be informed about the developments at all stages of the project, about the module’s methods and structure in order to enhance transfer of good-practise within the institution.

External target audiences (outside the organisations) are:

# OUT1 - National/international teachers from various domains. Motive: raise awareness for the theme, enhance curricular development, support continuing education in the field of ICT-based instruction/learning.
# OUT2 - National/international learners from various domains. Motive: encourage their participation in the online parts of the course in order to enhance the development of knowledge and skills.
# OUT3 - The wider general public. Motive: enhance public discourse on integrated planning and design for coastal landscapes and the urban-land interface, encourage participation in open access learning activities.
# OUT4 - Local and regional authorities: enhance public discourse on integrated planning and design for coastal landscapes and the urban-land interface as relevant driving force for environmental protection, social cohesion and sustainable growth.
# OUT5 - National/international networks as dissemination hubs such as thematic educational networks and European associations. Motive: raise awareness for project activities and its intellectual products. Amongst others, we will cooperate closely with the European Landscape Network that brings together various actors for the implementation of the European Landscape Convention: Civilscape (network of NGOs), Uniscape (network of universities), ENELC (public and regional authorities). Other important target networks are: ECLAS (the European Council of Landscape Architecture Schools), AESOP (the Association of European Schools of Planning), IFLA-Europe (the European branch of the International Federation of Landscape Architects) and, of course, the project partner ISOCARP (the International Society of City and Regional Planners), which has a wide outreach.
# OUT6 - National/international professionals. Motive: updating knowledge, spreading and sharing ideas, and feedback regarding the intellectual outputs.

'''HOW, WHAT, HOW, WHEN '''

The present Erasmus project is composed of two main didactic activities:
# Online course, hosted on a dedicated web platform.
# Intensive workshops on site (Intensive Study Programme – ISP).
In both these activities, students and staff members are actively involved.
Given the presence of so many partners and students of different cultures, the first phase is the so-called “internal dissemination” to let the partners have a common understanding about the project and to agree on the main strategic activities. The internal dissemination plan should be drafted foreseeing the expected project results, targeting the groups for dedicated activities and tasks, scheduling an efficient calendar, and sharing information about the available resources – both human and financial.

'''DISSEMINATION ACTIONS:'''

'''ACTION no. 1: Staff meetings'''

WHO: IN1 - Teaching staff of all faculties to be actively involved in the teaching activities

WHAT: setting didactic objectives and methodologies, supporting lectures

HOW: local staff meetings, on-site inspections, web platform for online courses

WHEN: at the beginning of each module.

Referring to the internal target audience IN1 - Teaching staff of all faculties to be actively involved in the teaching activities, the planned actions are:
* Staff meetings in the study areas of the Intensive workshops (ISPs), in order to raise awareness for the theme, coordinating didactic activities, the contents of the lessons, the topics of the workshops and the expected results. Such coordination is necessary to deliver clear communication to the students. Also, it is expected to collect reflections, best practices and other materials for the online course.
* Online staff meetings to coordinate the Erasmus+ planned activities, to monitor their development and to evaluate their advances. These meetings are arranged periodically to provide frequent exchange of information and ideas among the staff.
* Exchange of information and documents on a dedicated web platform, in order to set a virtual space to dwell all together despite the physical distance between the various academic venues.

Figure C.15

'''ACTION no. 2: Selection of the course participants'''

WHO: OUT 2 - National/international learners from various domains; OUT 6 - National/international professionals

WHAT: didactic content, online course

HOW: virtual classrooms, wiki and specific online learning management systems

WHEN: at the beginning of each module

Referring to the external audience OUT 2 - National/international learners from various domains, the relevant tools of innovative didactic methods are: virtual classrooms, wikis, and the learning management system. The dissemination should encourage their participation in the online course in order to enhance the development of knowledge and skills. The top priority is disseminating the online part of the module. It is not an open online course for an indefinite number of participants (i.e. 200+ active participants), because the size of the learning groups must be limited according to the characteristics of this learning process, which are: interaction, feedback and peer reviews. However, the online course is also available to the external audience OUT 6 - National and international professionals can attend the lessons as auditors in order to learn a design methodology and improve their professional skills. For instance, professional bodies and associations can encourage the participation of their members in the online course in several ways, i.e. direct notices, website advertisements, grants for training credits to professionals who fulfil the planned activities (continuing professional development plans). The availability of the course will be communicated through various channels such as: project newsletter, press releases in multiple languages sent through the institutions’ distribution lists and the strategic use of social media addressing the related interest groups.

Each academic partner should announce the call for participation to the didactic module directly to its students, also informing the landscape schools regarding the content of the project, in order to widen the internal participation in the online activities. In fact, the aspect of curricular integration is a key factor to enhance the overall programme. This can be implemented with the international mobility part of the blended learning activities (ISPs). Due to the budget, the participation in international mobility should be competitive, by opting for a selection process with specific criteria, to be clearly communicated to the interested subjects since their first registration for the online course. Another advantage of introducing an online course within the academic curricula lies in its flexibility. The learning activities can either be embedded in a blended learning activity or they can be done completely online. Finally, as to be ready for further use, the constant updating of the online contents guarantee a stable basis for continuing the activities beyond the project’s lifetime.

Figure C.16

'''ACTION no. 3: Course participant network'''

WHO: IN1 - Teaching staff; IN2 - Registered students actively participating in the teaching activities; OUT 2 - National/international learners from various domains; OUT 3 - The wider general public

WHAT: learning materials produced for the modules

HOW: wiki, social network

WHEN: at the end of each module

It is of primary importance to develop a network of the course participants, as to sustain and disseminate the community experience gained during the blended learning activities. This community can be organised via social networks (i.e. Facebook). It contributes to the post-funding continuity of the course as well. Erasmus+ has an open access requirement for all materials developed by its projects. Open educational platforms are effective means to ensure free public access to intellectual outputs, tangible deliverables, scientific results and didactic methodologies. Wiki is an example of a collaborative web platform to build shared knowledge and to highlight the outcomes of Erasmus+ projects. In fact, the program participants easily upload their materials and the contents can be updated at any time. Such a platform, however, requires a full respect of the copyright and sharing laws on the web. The learning materials produced for each module will be made available under the creative commons license (Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike). In addition to their further development, other educators will be able to reuse the materials and adapt them to their specific contexts. As known, experiences play a big role in best strategies. Learning from your own and other experiences supports the achievements of better results. Reports, drawings, images and videos from international learning activities will be available for download from the project website and they will also be found via social media.

Figure C.17

'''ACTION no. 4: Enrolment of the local community and stakeholders both in the online course and the ISP (Intensive Study Programme) on site'''

WHO: OUT 4 - Local and regional authorities; OUT 3 - The wider general public; OUT 6 - National/International planners and designers

WHAT: objectives, methodologies and planning results of each module and ISP results

HOW: local meetings, discussion, participation, journals, web, social media

WHEN: before the beginning, during and after each ISP

At a second stage, dissemination must overpass the limits of teachers and learners and it should be oriented towards tailored stakeholders, calling for interaction and cooperation between the research institutions and other institutions such as the mass media, schools, art institutions, communities with various beliefs and voluntary associations. The ISP learning and research activities include the active involvement of a large range of local and regional stakeholders (community members - local population, entrepreneurs; local and regional authorities; representatives of local and regional public social and cultural institutions; local and regional private companies; local and regional NGOs; local and regional professionals and researchers) in order to ensure both a proper knowledge on the study area issues and development aims and their ongoing participation and feedback for defining and outlining the projects and development proposals of the students. Each partner is responsible for informing the relevant national stakeholders about the project activities via its distribution channels and for calling them to direct meetings (including mutual presentations and debates) with the students and teachers attending the ISP. This also includes informing the local and regional authorities. The ISP activities start with detailed presentations of the local and regional public and private representatives, including authorities, institutions, professionals, researchers and companies, on the national coastal area and the specific study area while further meetings and debates take place with the local community and other stakeholders. Also, especially during the ISPs, the project has the chance to develop a wide communication campaign, through newspapers, local mass media, seminars and meetings about the activities carried on both in the workshop and the programme as a whole. The project partners hosting the ISP ought to prepare a written manual describing the aims, contents, schedule, activities, academic participants (students and teachers), local stakeholders. At the end of the ISP, the hosting partner provides a booklet documenting the activities and their impacts on the local community. The format of the booklet has to be composed by the partners, with the coordination of the dissemination responsible. Among the advantages of claiming the stakeholders’ participation in the ISP’s preliminary phase of design and planning, there is a positive impact on the project outcomes. Unnecessary changes during later development stages are reduced; furthermore, early knowledge about the end-users leads to higher customer satisfaction regarding the design functions, usage and customers’ expectations.

Figure C.18

'''ACTION no. 5: Disseminating experiences/advances/results to the local community and external project partners'''

WHO: OUT 4 - Local and regional authorities; OUT 3 - The wider general public; OUT 5 - National/international networks as dissemination hubs; OUT 6 - National/International professionals

WHAT: results of each module and ISP results

HOW: journals, books, web, social media, workshops, debates, thematic events

WHEN: At the end of each intensive workshop; In-between each stage of the project

The intensive study programme (ISP) focuses on a specific study area chosen by each university partner responsible for organising such activity (host partner). Local communities are strongly interested in these programmes and their design outputs. All involved stakeholders live in the study area and they expect effective solutions to the criticalities and problems analysed during the workshops. To meet such expectations, the dissemination must include a post-ISP phase with the publication of the workshop design proposals. The ISPs booklets should contain the description of the study area, the workshop activities and its results. The hosting partner has the responsibility of composing the booklet also by involving the local stakeholders. Moreover, the activities ought to be published on local newspapers and broadcasting tv/radio. The dissemination is carried on the project’s website and the social media, as part of the ongoing process of documentation. Also, the host partner uses the ISP outputs to directly disseminate them to the local and regional community and authorities, and to the local and regional professionals, through organising thematic events, workshops and debates with the occasion of international celebrations in the field (such as the World Town Planning Day) and of specific local and regional issues of planning the coastal areas to be discussed for further planning and development. The ISP output may be used as initial planning and development proposals and models for directing the public and professional consultations in the planning and decision-making process of involved communities and urban spaces in the coastal areas. Additional workshops may be organised within the host institution in order to link the students with the local and regional professionals for knowledge, skills and competences exchange and for further debating and enhancing the sustainable development of national coastal areas while working with the ISP outputs as a starting point and as a discussion framework.

Figure C.19

'''ACTION no. 6: Disseminating experiences/advances/results to the scientific community'''

WHO: IN3 - University principals, deans/international coordinators/e-teaching staff/centres for academic instruction; OUT 1 - National/international teachers from various domains; OUT 5 - National/international networks as dissemination hubs i.e. thematic educational networks and European associations

WHAT: results of each module and ISP

HOW: text, posters, presentations, national and international conferences, proceedings and scientific journals

WHEN: during and at the end of the project

The scientific community is informed about the developments of all the stages of the project, particularly about the methods and structure of the online courses and the workshops (ISPs), as to enhance transfer of good practises within the institutions. To achieve this goal, the dissemination is pursued with publications – scientific books and journals – and academic meetings such as conferences and seminars. These are completed by mutual workshops and debates with national professionals and networks, and NGOs’ representatives for further translating into practice the project achievements through the participation of the academia members to the European and national policy making processes.
The scientific dissemination is also useful to provide the partner institutions involved in the programme with ongoing feedback. As known, building expertise is a constant and never-ending process benefitting from discussions and critique. It cannot be excluded, for instance, that similar experiences might have been carried on by other institutions, hence the exchange of ideas with colleagues can result in a process of implementation of the planned activities.

Figure C.20

Methodology

2020-10-12T20:55:07Z

Arati.u: Created page with "'''Methodology ''' '''KEY ACTORS and TARGET AUDIENCE''' In terms of the present Erasmus+ Programme, the target groups are both internal and external. Internal target audie..."

Objectives: preliminary actions and dissemination plan

2020-10-12T20:42:41Z

Arati.u: Created page with "'''Objectives: preliminary actions and dissemination plan ''' The project needs to define which partner is responsible for the dissemination activity, with the task of design..."

'''Objectives: preliminary actions and dissemination plan
'''

The project needs to define which partner is responsible for the dissemination activity, with the task of designing the plan and reports at different stages. Before starting the plan, there are some preliminary actions i.e. the design of the project’s logo – agreed with the partners - and the website conception to publish the activities. Together with the logo, the project needs to develop templates, schemes, sheets and other tools useful for the communication of the contents and activities for the whole funding period. Moreover, the project needs visibility on social media (Facebook, Instagram, etc.) to spread off to the audience, especially the youth.
These preliminary activities are assigned to specific partners in the early phase due to their key role in making the project effective. This kind of project is based on webinar and online training, consequently large part of the internal communication will be carried on through a digital platform. Before starting the project, the partner responsible for the dissemination and the coordinator will choose the app for the preliminary online meetings, preferably the same used for the teaching activities. Subsequently, a drafted dissemination plan is essential in the proposal stage to indicate which activities are carried out during the project lifetime and how to exchange among the various key actors. Although one partner is responsible for the project dissemination, the other partners are involved for its implementation. Each partner has a role in the project and a responsibility to disseminate in his/her own country and university. Among such activities, there is information to students, teachers and professionals in launching the course, plus selecting students to attend the online course and the intensive study program. Moreover, each partner should locally organise meetings for internal and external target audiences, conferences and seminars on the contents and reports at any stage the project. The dissemination plan includes the, contents, phases, motivations, means, channels, evaluation and monitoring of the dissemination activities (see following paragraphs). The dissemination and exploitation of results aim to maximise the effect of developed activities on the immediate participants to the project but, above all, they are intended to provide a methodological framework for those partners that, for years to come, are willing to carry out similar projects in the field of educational innovation, together with partnerships between institutions and internationalisation.

Figure C.14

Definitions

2020-10-12T20:40:57Z

Arati.u:

'''Definitions
'''

'''Dissemination'''

An innovative concept beyond the well-established report of academic results, traditionally published in books, academic journals and meetings (conferences and workshops). Research dissemination is a communicating and interacting planned process that involves several target audiences. A target audience is a group of people, whom to address to messages, results, strategies and methodologies. Each group is labelled by specific attributes. Activities and messages must be tailored to audience features. A dissemination plan provides information on results, programs and initiatives to key actors.

Although dissemination and exploitation are distinct concepts, they are closely interrelated.

'''Exploitation'''

The use of results for commercial purposes or in public policy making. Its main aim is to convince individual end-users to adopt and apply the results of the project and its initiatives, so that the outcomes are used beyond the lifetime of the project.

Definitions

2020-10-12T20:38:30Z

Arati.u: Created page with "'''Definitions ''' ''Dissemination'' Dissemination is an innovative concept beyond the well-established report of academic results, traditionally published in books, academic..."

'''Definitions
'''

''Dissemination''
Dissemination is an innovative concept beyond the well-established report of academic results, traditionally published in books, academic journals and meetings (conferences and workshops). Research dissemination is a communicating and interacting planned process that involves several target audiences. A target audience is a group of people, whom to address to messages, results, strategies and methodologies. Each group is labelled by specific attributes. Activities and messages must be tailored to audience features. A dissemination plan provides information on results, programs and initiatives to key actors.

Dissemination

2020-10-12T20:36:13Z

Arati.u:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Dissemination and exploitation of results are integral parts of the Erasmus+ project. Making others aware of it contributes to raising the profile of the organisations involved in Erasmus+ Programmes, and it enables the wider community to benefit from the EU funded project outputs in terms of implementing education and training. Being dissemination activities of various types and topics, it is important to consider which kind of dissemination activities are fitted to the main goal of the present educational programme.
|}

[[Definitions]]

[[Objectives: preliminary actions and dissemination plan]]

[[Methodology]]

[[Exploitation and follow-up]]

Dissemination

2020-10-12T20:31:16Z

Arati.u: Created page with "'''Dissemination of project results ''' Dissemination and exploitation of results are integral parts of the Erasmus+ project. Making others aware of it contributes to raising..."

'''Dissemination of project results
'''

Dissemination and exploitation of results are integral parts of the Erasmus+ project. Making others aware of it contributes to raising the profile of the organisations involved in Erasmus+ Programmes, and it enables the wider community to benefit from the EU funded project outputs in terms of implementing education and training. Being dissemination activities of various types and topics, it is important to consider which kind of dissemination activities are fitted to the main goal of the present educational programme.

Methods for teaching integrated planning and design

2020-10-12T20:25:17Z

Arati.u: /* Further Reading */

''Methods for teaching integrated planning and design''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Executive Summary Step 1'''
|-
| Example
|-
| Example
|-
|
|}

[[The constructivist learning theory]]

[[The integrated planning and design framework]]

[[Blended learning in academic education]]

Exam, assessment and grading

2020-10-12T17:34:09Z

Arati.u: /* Exam, assessment and grading */

== Exam, assessment and grading ==

As detailed in Part B, the CO-LAND online seminar introduces students to the sensitive nature of coastal landscapes and their vital relevance to society, economy and the environment. Planners and designers learn how to manage these territories sustainably. CO-LAND course participants develop a profound understanding of the specific character of coastal landscapes. Students learn which driving forces are influencing the landscape system and which impact types are most relevant for planning and design responses. This includes the global and European dimension since coastal landscapes are receiving increased attention worldwide '''(see figure C.2 Assignment A)'''. Participants learn about various approaches to landscape assessment in order to articulate the challenges and potentials of a coastal landscape. They have the opportunity to define and test assessment models and derive relevant knowledge for planning and design '''(see figure C.2 Assignment B)'''. The last phase of the course introduces different approaches to strategy building, planning and design in the context of coastal landscapes. On this basis, the course participants are able to draft a strategy and a master plan for a coastal area, taking economic, ecological and social aspects, and current policies into account.

As described in Section 7.3, the examination assignments in the CO-LAND OS consists of elaborating a case study on the basis of the template provided. This template is structured analogous to the course contents with respect to the synchronously held lectures:

# Landscape System Analysis
# Landscape Evaluation and Assessment
# Strategy and Master Plan
# Process Reflection

Part of the examination is also an oral online presentation after each thematic section of the seminar, i.e., held on the 4th (Unit A.4), 8th (Unit B.4) and 12th day of the course (Unit C.4). Each team member is required to speak and present one slide or more. Approximately four peer groups are formed and together with the teachers and tutors, the peer groups also form the presentation audience. The presentation is moderated and discussed within the peer groups, evaluated by the teachers and tutors using a feedback form without grading '''(see Annex: Feedback Form)''', and the result is reported back to the working group in a timely manner. At the end of the seminar, the international teams also need to reflect on their collaboration process and document their findings in the template '''(see figure C.2 Assignment D)'''.

The completed case study provided using the wiki template is evaluated and graded according to the following criteria:
* Comprehensiveness and depth of the research in general (in particular assignment A);
* Methodological conclusiveness and clarity (in particular assignment B);
* Consistency in the formulation of strategy and objectives as well as persuasiveness and creativity in spatial (landscape) vision and implementation ideas (in particular assignment C);
* Profoundness and seriousness in the process (assignment D);
* Competence in textual and graphic expression, visual appearance of graphics and maps;
* Scientific quality of the elaboration, source work, citation method etc.

Students who actively take part in both the online seminar and the intensive study programme (ISP) workshop have the opportunity to take the graded assignment there. In this case, the focus is on strategic and spatial planning and the assessment criteria differ slightly.

Exam, assessment and grading

2020-10-12T17:32:09Z

Arati.u: /* Exam, assessment and grading */

== Exam, assessment and grading ==

As detailed in Part B, the CO-LAND online seminar introduces students to the sensitive nature of coastal landscapes and their vital relevance to society, economy and the environment. Planners and designers learn how to manage these territories sustainably. CO-LAND course participants develop a profound understanding of the specific character of coastal landscapes. Students learn which driving forces are influencing the landscape system and which impact types are most relevant for planning and design responses. This includes the global and European dimension since coastal landscapes are receiving increased attention worldwide '''(see figure C.2 Assignment A)[[AssignmentA.jpeg]]'''. Participants learn about various approaches to landscape assessment in order to articulate the challenges and potentials of a coastal landscape. They have the opportunity to define and test assessment models and derive relevant knowledge for planning and design '''(see figure C.2 Assignment B)'''. The last phase of the course introduces different approaches to strategy building, planning and design in the context of coastal landscapes. On this basis, the course participants are able to draft a strategy and a master plan for a coastal area, taking economic, ecological and social aspects, and current policies into account.

As described in Section 7.3, the examination assignments in the CO-LAND OS consists of elaborating a case study on the basis of the template provided. This template is structured analogous to the course contents with respect to the synchronously held lectures:

# Landscape System Analysis
# Landscape Evaluation and Assessment
# Strategy and Master Plan
# Process Reflection

Part of the examination is also an oral online presentation after each thematic section of the seminar, i.e., held on the 4th (Unit A.4), 8th (Unit B.4) and 12th day of the course (Unit C.4). Each team member is required to speak and present one slide or more. Approximately four peer groups are formed and together with the teachers and tutors, the peer groups also form the presentation audience. The presentation is moderated and discussed within the peer groups, evaluated by the teachers and tutors using a feedback form without grading '''(see Annex: Feedback Form)''', and the result is reported back to the working group in a timely manner. At the end of the seminar, the international teams also need to reflect on their collaboration process and document their findings in the template '''(see figure C.2 Assignment D)'''.

The completed case study provided using the wiki template is evaluated and graded according to the following criteria:
* Comprehensiveness and depth of the research in general (in particular assignment A);
* Methodological conclusiveness and clarity (in particular assignment B);
* Consistency in the formulation of strategy and objectives as well as persuasiveness and creativity in spatial (landscape) vision and implementation ideas (in particular assignment C);
* Profoundness and seriousness in the process (assignment D);
* Competence in textual and graphic expression, visual appearance of graphics and maps;
* Scientific quality of the elaboration, source work, citation method etc.

Students who actively take part in both the online seminar and the intensive study programme (ISP) workshop have the opportunity to take the graded assignment there. In this case, the focus is on strategic and spatial planning and the assessment criteria differ slightly.

Exam, assessment and grading

2020-10-12T17:31:32Z

Arati.u: /* Exam, assessment and grading */

== Exam, assessment and grading ==

As detailed in Part B, the CO-LAND online seminar introduces students to the sensitive nature of coastal landscapes and their vital relevance to society, economy and the environment. Planners and designers learn how to manage these territories sustainably. CO-LAND course participants develop a profound understanding of the specific character of coastal landscapes. Students learn which driving forces are influencing the landscape system and which impact types are most relevant for planning and design responses. This includes the global and European dimension since coastal landscapes are receiving increased attention worldwide '''(see figure C.2 Assignment A)[[file:AssignmentA.jpeg]]'''. Participants learn about various approaches to landscape assessment in order to articulate the challenges and potentials of a coastal landscape. They have the opportunity to define and test assessment models and derive relevant knowledge for planning and design '''(see figure C.2 Assignment B)'''. The last phase of the course introduces different approaches to strategy building, planning and design in the context of coastal landscapes. On this basis, the course participants are able to draft a strategy and a master plan for a coastal area, taking economic, ecological and social aspects, and current policies into account.

As described in Section 7.3, the examination assignments in the CO-LAND OS consists of elaborating a case study on the basis of the template provided. This template is structured analogous to the course contents with respect to the synchronously held lectures:

# Landscape System Analysis
# Landscape Evaluation and Assessment
# Strategy and Master Plan
# Process Reflection

Part of the examination is also an oral online presentation after each thematic section of the seminar, i.e., held on the 4th (Unit A.4), 8th (Unit B.4) and 12th day of the course (Unit C.4). Each team member is required to speak and present one slide or more. Approximately four peer groups are formed and together with the teachers and tutors, the peer groups also form the presentation audience. The presentation is moderated and discussed within the peer groups, evaluated by the teachers and tutors using a feedback form without grading '''(see Annex: Feedback Form)''', and the result is reported back to the working group in a timely manner. At the end of the seminar, the international teams also need to reflect on their collaboration process and document their findings in the template '''(see figure C.2 Assignment D)'''.

The completed case study provided using the wiki template is evaluated and graded according to the following criteria:
* Comprehensiveness and depth of the research in general (in particular assignment A);
* Methodological conclusiveness and clarity (in particular assignment B);
* Consistency in the formulation of strategy and objectives as well as persuasiveness and creativity in spatial (landscape) vision and implementation ideas (in particular assignment C);
* Profoundness and seriousness in the process (assignment D);
* Competence in textual and graphic expression, visual appearance of graphics and maps;
* Scientific quality of the elaboration, source work, citation method etc.

Students who actively take part in both the online seminar and the intensive study programme (ISP) workshop have the opportunity to take the graded assignment there. In this case, the focus is on strategic and spatial planning and the assessment criteria differ slightly.

Glossary

2020-10-12T15:01:51Z

Arati.u: /* Teaching */

Blended learning in academic education

2020-10-12T14:57:02Z

Arati.u: /* Further Reading */

Blended learning in academic education

* Key takeaway points

There are differences in the process and the objectives between on-line and on-site educational activities. The methods of each activity have particular advantages and limitations, which makes them most efficient when applied in combination. The CO-LAND consortium has now gathered three years of experience running the online seminars, which were concluded with on-site training (for a smaller group of participants) and it is now possible to draw some conclusions from this experience.
The great advantage of an online course is that it can be accessible for a wide range and number of students and interested public. The knowledge can be spread across borders and also throughout different professional groups. The access and range are both very important since the development of approaches for coastal landscape planning involves a variety of cross-border situations as well as demands cross-disciplinary expertise. The online training, therefore, provides the possibility to meet all these conditions.
There are, though, also limitations, which confront online course organisers, teachers and students. While on-line training can provide the opportunity for receiving expert knowledge through lectures, to gather and analyse site-specific information available on-line, and to gain experience in online workgroups, it is not possible to get the full range of information and personal experience-impression of the site. Also, some processes like stakeholder or community involvement are hard if not impossible to organise within the frame of online training. In addition, the organisation of a student group, working together and communicating online can be challenging in terms of self-organisation, difference in time-management routines and language barriers.

On-site workshops are an excellent opportunity for intensive and thorough work with the planning area, enabling students a deep contact with the site, stakeholders and community. Students develop proposals based not just on area analysis begun in the previous online training phases but also based on their impressions, observations, narratives of the locals and in-depth interviews and conversations with the stakeholders and local experts. This direct connection with the site is crucial for developing solutions in design and planning of a coastal area. The greatest limitation of an on-site workshop format is that it can be accessible only to a limited number of students. Also, the on-site seminar has a limited timeframe, therefore participants are bound to strict deadlines for both analysis and design proposals. Therefore the on-site workshop format is very intensive and demands a full-time involvement for both students and teachers.

Thus, based on the three-year experience of CO-LAND educational activities, including three online courses and four on-site workshops in different European coastal areas, we conclude that these activities work best on a combination of both on-line and on-site courses. Online courses are most suitable for spreading the knowledge and expertise through online educational activities for an almost unlimited number of listeners and a large number and wide range of participants. This format is optimal for general site analysis as well as the discussion of the problems in an international and interdisciplinary context. The on-site course is a format for careful and thorough site analysis and design, based on the direct connection with the area, stakeholders and community. Therefore, the on-site course should be a logical continuation of processes and results of an online course.

Blended learning in academic education

2020-10-12T14:56:50Z

Arati.u:

The integrated planning and design framework

2020-10-12T14:53:26Z

Arati.u:

''Geodesign is design with geography''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Planning and design need to be integrated in a well structured framework
|}

In his ‘Framework for theory applicable for the education of landscape architects’ (Steinitz 1990: pp.136), Carl Steinitz has described a six-level framework of core questions guiding the planning and design process. Though this framework is regarding landscape architecture, it is also applicable to the related planning disciplines involved in the CO-LAND project. Even if the model is presented linearly, Steinitz points out that in practice, there would be a continuous reflection process with implications from one phase to another, even in a non-linear way. The framework is very useful for communicating, designing and guiding interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary settings, such as the CO-LAND learning process. Iteration, feedback and collaboration are embedded in this overall scheme.

The following illustration shows how the different questions and planning phases are interrelated and further depicts the role of stakeholders and community in this context.

[[File:GeodesignFramework.jpg|frameless|Geodesign Framework (Steinitz 2012)]]

=== Further Reading ===
* [http://lj.uwpress.org/content/9/2/136.full.pdf+html Steinitz, C. (1990), A Framework for Theory Applicable to the Education of Landscape Architects (and Other Environmental Design Professionals), Landscape Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, CELA/University of Minnesota, pp. 136-143.]
* [http://geodesignwiki.com/tiki-index.php?page=Steinitz+Framework+for+Geodesign Steinitz Framework for Geodesign, Geodesign Wiki]
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273709340_Waterfront_Development_within_the_Urban_Design_and_Public_Space_Framework_in_Malaysia Al-Shams, A. R., et al, ”Waterfront Development within the Urban Design and Public Space Framework in Malaysia”, in Asian Social Science; Vol. 9, No. 10; 2013]

Preparing the course and the virtual learning environment

2020-10-12T13:24:59Z

Arati.u:

''Preparing the course and the virtual learning environment''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''The course preparation includes the following steps:
'''
|-
| Determine the scope (according to ECTS) and the curricular integration into the study programmes of the partner universities
|-
| Determine a time and date schedule taking into account the semester plans of the partner universities
|-
| Identify and set up suitable online platforms and conference or meeting systems for implementation
|-
| Set the evaluation mode
|-
| Define the information flows, in particular the registration cost announcement
|-
| Set the enrolment and login mode
|-
|}

[[File:Online developing seminar coland schematic schedule.png|thumb|The CO-LAND schematic schedule (dates exemplary)]]

To ensure easy curricular integration, the CO-LAND online seminar corresponds to a typical university module and has a scope of 5 credits according to the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS). This is equivalent to a total student workload of about 125 hours. Depending on the assignment, the on-site workshop, the ISP (see chap. 8), may or may not be included in this workload.

The seminar consists of twelve weekly synchronous 90-minutes sessions of lectures, that take place on a specific day for 1.5 hours during a period of about three months.

Along with these synchronous sessions, learners get together in virtual teams and work on group assignments. For this purpose, there are asynchronously usable materials and tools available such as reading materials, collaborative group workspace, and tools for concept mapping, storyboarding and other diverse active and passive learning tools.

The following key elements are needed to prepare the virtual learning environment:

* A virtual classroom for synchronous lectures and meetings of small groups up to large audiences, interactive exercises and presentations of working group results, i.e., a videoconferencing system that allows recording of lectures for asynchronous use, retrospective viewing or review
* An online learning platform to organize and coordinate the course, to communicate information and feedback, to provide learning materials for asynchronous study such as literature, lecture recordings, maps, etc., to submit assignments; partial access restrictions for copyright reasons must be possible
* A knowledge management (and transfer) system as a platform for the collaborative elaboration of assignments, case studies, etc., and to provide the knowledge as an open source without access restrictions
* Different online tools and media for dissemination activities such as a project or course website, social media accounts etc.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Element !! Function !! CO-LAND !! Alternatives
|-
| Virtual classroom || synchronous lectures and meetings, interactive exercises and presentations || [https://www.adobe.com/products/adobeconnect.html# Adobe connect], [https://zoom.us/ Zoom] (3rd cycle) || [https://meet.google.com/ Meet], [https://www.conf.dfn.de/ DFNconf], [https://www.gotomeeting.com/ GoToMeeting]
|-
| Online learning platform || asynchronous learning (recordings), course material, communication, organisation, coordination || [https://ilias.hfwu.de/ilias.php?ref_id=19547&cmd=frameset&cmdClass=ilrepositorygui&cmdNode=7q&baseClass=ilRepositoryGUI ILIAS] with an open and a password-protected team area || [https://moodle.hswt.de/ Moodle]
|-
| Knowledge transfer and management platform || collaboration, working groups outcomes, open source knowledge transfer || [https://colandwiki.hfwu.de/index.php?title=Main_Page CO-LAND Wiki], providing working templates || [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content-Management-System CMS], e.g. Typo3
|-
| Diverse online media || Dissemination and promotion || [https://www.coland.eu/ Website], [https://www.linkedin.com/company/co-land/about/ LinkedIn], [https://www.facebook.com/CoLandEU Facebook], Twitter || Instagram
|-
|}

''Table: The CO-LAND virtual learning environment
''

The main three elements, virtual classroom, online learning platform and knowledge transfer system (Wiki), are complementary with each other, e.g., a lecture recording is provided on the online learning platform for students to prepare for an online live video conference or lecture. During the video conference, the students discuss and reflect on the content of the lecture. Afterwards, the students apply the new knowledge as part of an assignment. They then present using the Wiki template of the Wiki and submit it to the online platform, where they will also receive feedback.

Of course, some basic hardware requirements are also essential, such as a good web camera and even more, good headsets for all participants. External headsets often cause interferences with internal microphones and driver issues. Therefore, it is critical to remind all participants to test their headsets and microphone beforehand.

If lecture recordings and other video material is published, users can choose from various so-called codecs, i.e., software that compresses digital video. Please note that there is a strong relationship between the quality of the video and the amount of data. A good codec, for example, is the .mp4-format.

Another important aspect in this context is to clarify the data protection requirements for video recordings, e.g., anonymisation of participant names, etc. Most video conference systems have this option anyway.

Finally, accessibility and barrier-free use of all sources have increased in importance. Many universities now require the consideration of accessibility when designing online materials. An example of improved accessibility is an additional acoustic text describing an image or a video to support participants with visual impairment.

The next step is the announcement and dissemination of the teaching offer. The activities and information channels should reach both students and professionals, appropriately at different levels including:

# at the local level of the university partners, where they publish and present their activities to the students;
# at the national level, where the project partners publish their outstanding activities and information to the public; and
# at the European level, where the consortium publishes through website announcements and social media which play a crucial role to reach external attention.

The dissemination should encourage the participation of a wide number and range of national and international learners from various backgrounds to enhance their knowledge and expertise about contemporary approaches to coastal landscape planning and design. Professional bodies and associations can support this through direct notices to their members, by advertising on their websites and issuing grants for continuing professional development. Within the CO-LAND consortium, for example, the two NGOs, the International Society of City and Regional Planners ([https://isocarp.org/ ISOCARP]) and the LE:NOTRE Landscape Institute, take on this role.

Depending on the respective target group, open online lectures with 200 participants or more can be offered or workshops with small groups that allow interaction, conversation and feedback. In this context, it is essential to inform the potential audience about the availability of the course, registration conditions and deadlines.

All dissemination activities are based on the dissemination plan. For further details about all CO-LAND dissemination activities, see chapter 10.
The final preparation step is the enrolment and registration procedure depending on the [[Target_groups]]. Participation in the online seminar is free and open to students at any institution as well as the public. Participation is possible in either [[Active participation]] or [[Passive participation]] mode.

Add:
Figure C3: The CO-LAND virtual learning environment (scheme)
Figure C4: The CO-LAND virtual classroom (screenshot)

Preparing the course and the virtual learning environment

2020-10-12T13:09:26Z

Arati.u:

''Preparing the course and the virtual learning environment''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''The course preparation includes the following steps:
'''
|-
| Determine the scope (according to ECTS) and the curricular integration into the study programmes of the partner universities
|-
| Determine a time and date schedule taking into account the semester plans of the partner universities
|-
| Identify and set up suitable online platforms and conference or meeting systems for implementation
|-
| Set the evaluation mode
|-
| Define the information flows, in particular the registration cost announcement
|-
| Set the enrolment and login mode
|-
|}

[[File:Online developing seminar coland schematic schedule.png|thumb|The CO-LAND schematic schedule (dates exemplary)]]

To ensure easy curricular integration, the CO-LAND online seminar corresponds to a typical university module and has a scope of 5 credits according to the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS). This is equivalent to a total student workload of about 125 hours. Depending on the assignment, the on-site workshop, the ISP (see chap. 8), may or may not be included in this workload.

The seminar consists of twelve weekly synchronous 90-minutes sessions of lectures, that take place on a specific day for 1.5 hours during a period of about three months.

Along with these synchronous sessions, learners get together in virtual teams and work on group assignments. For this purpose, there are asynchronously usable materials and tools available such as reading materials, collaborative group workspace, and tools for concept mapping, storyboarding and other diverse active and passive learning tools.

The following key elements are needed to prepare the virtual learning environment:

* A virtual classroom for synchronous lectures and meetings of small groups up to large audiences, interactive exercises and presentations of working group results, i.e., a videoconferencing system that allows recording of lectures for asynchronous use, retrospective viewing or review
* An online learning platform to organize and coordinate the course, to communicate information and feedback, to provide learning materials for asynchronous study such as literature, lecture recordings, maps, etc., to submit assignments; partial access restrictions for copyright reasons must be possible
* A knowledge management (and transfer) system as a platform for the collaborative elaboration of assignments, case studies, etc., and to provide the knowledge as an open source without access restrictions
* Different online tools and media for dissemination activities such as a project or course website, social media accounts etc.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Element !! Function !! CO-LAND !! Alternatives
|-
| Virtual classroom || synchronous lectures and meetings, interactive exercises and presentations || [https://www.adobe.com/products/adobeconnect.html# Adobe connect], [https://zoom.us/ Zoom] (3rd cycle) || [https://meet.google.com/ Meet], [https://www.conf.dfn.de/ DFNconf], [https://www.gotomeeting.com/ GoToMeeting]
|-
| Online learning platform || asynchronous learning (recordings), course material, communication, organisation, coordination || [https://ilias.hfwu.de/ilias.php?ref_id=19547&cmd=frameset&cmdClass=ilrepositorygui&cmdNode=7q&baseClass=ilRepositoryGUI ILIAS] with an open and a password-protected team area || [https://moodle.hswt.de/ Moodle]
|-
| Knowledge transfer and management platform || collaboration, working groups outcomes, open source knowledge transfer || [https://colandwiki.hfwu.de/index.php?title=Main_Page CO-LAND Wiki], providing working templates || [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content-Management-System CMS], e.g. Typo3
|-
| Diverse online media || Dissemination and promotion || Website, LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter || Instagram
|-
|}

''Table: The CO-LAND virtual learning environment
''

The main three elements, virtual classroom, online learning platform and knowledge transfer system (Wiki), are complementary with each other, e.g., a lecture recording is provided on the online learning platform for students to prepare for an online live video conference or lecture. During the video conference, the students discuss and reflect on the content of the lecture. Afterwards, the students apply the new knowledge as part of an assignment. They then present using the Wiki template of the Wiki and submit it to the online platform, where they will also receive feedback.

Of course, some basic hardware requirements are also essential, such as a good web camera and even more, good headsets for all participants. External headsets often cause interferences with internal microphones and driver issues. Therefore, it is critical to remind all participants to test their headsets and microphone beforehand.

If lecture recordings and other video material is published, users can choose from various so-called codecs, i.e., software that compresses digital video. Please note that there is a strong relationship between the quality of the video and the amount of data. A good codec, for example, is the .mp4-format.

Another important aspect in this context is to clarify the data protection requirements for video recordings, e.g., anonymisation of participant names, etc. Most video conference systems have this option anyway.

Finally, accessibility and barrier-free use of all sources have increased in importance. Many universities now require the consideration of accessibility when designing online materials. An example of improved accessibility is an additional acoustic text describing an image or a video to support participants with visual impairment.

The next step is the announcement and dissemination of the teaching offer. The activities and information channels should reach both students and professionals, appropriately at different levels including:

# at the local level of the university partners, where they publish and present their activities to the students;
# at the national level, where the project partners publish their outstanding activities and information to the public; and
# at the European level, where the consortium publishes through website announcements and social media which play a crucial role to reach external attention.

The dissemination should encourage the participation of a wide number and range of national and international learners from various backgrounds to enhance their knowledge and expertise about contemporary approaches to coastal landscape planning and design. Professional bodies and associations can support this through direct notices to their members, by advertising on their websites and issuing grants for continuing professional development. Within the CO-LAND consortium, for example, the two NGOs, the International Society of City and Regional Planners ([https://isocarp.org/ ISOCARP]) and the LE:NOTRE Landscape Institute, take on this role.

Depending on the respective target group, open online lectures with 200 participants or more can be offered or workshops with small groups that allow interaction, conversation and feedback. In this context, it is essential to inform the potential audience about the availability of the course, registration conditions and deadlines.

All dissemination activities are based on the dissemination plan. For further details about all CO-LAND dissemination activities, see chapter 10.
The final preparation step is the enrolment and registration procedure depending on the [[Target_groups]]. Participation in the online seminar is free and open to students at any institution as well as the public. Participation is possible in either [[Active participation]] or [[Passive participation]] mode.

Add:
Figure C3: The CO-LAND virtual learning environment (scheme)
Figure C4: The CO-LAND virtual classroom (screenshot)

Glossary

2020-10-12T12:27:04Z

Arati.u: /* Coastal Landscapes */

Glossary

2020-10-12T12:24:38Z

Arati.u: /* Teaching */

COLAND Case Study 2020 - Bray-Dunes

2020-04-08T21:42:03Z

Arati.u: /* C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2020|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Hauts-de-France''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bray-Dunes''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''France''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Transboundary area, Coastal landscape, Nature and Heritage preservation, Tourism attraction''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Wasiliki Moreno, Arati Uttur, Raphaela Roming, Ho Ching Leung, Anna Fernanda Volken, Anca Strugariu''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Bray-Dunes.jpg |400px]]
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| ||style="background:Lavender"|
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= Rationale =
The first keyword is dynamic, in terms of the protected landform and high biodiversity. In Bray-Dunes right adjacent to the Belgian border there is 250 hectares National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand classified in 1974 to protect the dunes of Flanders. The landform possesses high biodiversity of plant species and is home to many land animal and underwater species.

The second key word is memories, reflecting the historical significance of Bray-Dunes. Bray-Dunes was a significant site during World War II, and it is the site of many casualties during the period of Dunkirk evacuation. The physical ruins such as the wrecked Operation Dynamo ships on the Beach at Zuydcoote shape the sentimental atmosphere and give the place significant historical values.

The third word is recreation. Located at the Opal Coast near Belgian border, the seaside of Bray-Dunes offers a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports like sand yachting and speed sailing, making it a popular holiday spots.

Our hypothesis for Bray-Dunes is that Coastal exploration since 20th century is invading the natural ecology and landscape of the coast, together with the increased chance of flooding brought by climate change. Nature dynamics and cultural memories of Bray-Dunes will be destroyed without legit policies on coastal protection.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 51.099574827611775,2.5787597335926993~case study boundary west; 51.05017698110531,2.5653701461903555~Case study boundary south; 51.064419324157655,2.460313383495043~Case study boundary east}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
The coast of Bray-Dunes is a part of the Dunes de Flandre, a 15-kilometre dune field of fine sandy beach that stretches from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes. Within the long-stretching dune field, the coastal landscape is characterised by the carved sea ridge dunes and mega-parabolic dunes, with intervals of both high and humid dune slacks and low fossil dunes that started to stack up since 3,000 BC.

The sandbanks and dunes are formed by transportation of fine sediment landward by coastal wind and waves, and further on stabilized with vegetation such as native dune grass. This forms primary dunes which situated closer to the coast and significantly affected by waves, salt spray and erosion, and secondary dunes which are located further inland and not often directly exposed to marine influences but more prone to urban intrusion.

Coastal landscape further to the south of Bray-Dunes is characterised by polders, the maritime plains with their network of canals, which are patches of low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments of dikes.

Currently the rapid urbanisation, water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders have resulted in the overgrowth of dune landscape by scrub.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 1.jpg|15-km coast of Dunes de Flandre stretching from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 2.jpg|Sandbanks and primary dunes near the coast
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 3.png|Diagram showing the formation of sand dunes
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
The landuse does not change (almost nil) between 2006 to 2018. To support this is a second landuse map from a second source that shows the change from 1965 (!) to 2014. so the change has been gradual over 50 years.The first map shows main landuse is from urban fabric(red) non arable land (light yellow) ; moors and heathland (light green); tidal flats (light purple).

However, there are several municipal camping areas (marked with red dots) there are many private tourism companies offering bike tours across Dunkirk-BrayDunes-DePanne and there are walking trails in the two natural reserve areas - De la Dune and Marchand. So this indicates that the area is focusing on a lot of tourism related activities. However, there are only two hotels that show up in google maps - and a few airbnbs. In Dunkirk, sand sailing is a dominant sport. I did not find much information about how much it is active in Bray Dunes. Also, there are a few Interreg projects happening here as Bray Dunes is on the border - but the websites are in french. So I have not translated and read them yet.The land south from the railroad that connects Dunkirk , Bray Dunes and De Panne - infact along the whole strip that all case studies are being done - is below sea level and stands the danger of flooding if the sea level rises by 50 cm.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:LANDUSE_01.jpg|''Copernicus maps 2006 to 2018. ''
File:LANDUSE_02.jpg|''Landuse maps 1965 to 2014. ''
File:LANDUSE_03.jpg|''Bike trail between Dunkirk and Bray Dunes “circuit de la dune Marchand” with municipal camping sites (in red). ''
File:LANDUSE_04.jpg|''Bike Trails between De Panne and Bray Dunes - OSM. ''
File:LANDUSE_05.jpg|''“Le Dunes de Flandre” bike trails between Dunkirk, Bray Dunes and De Panne. ''
File:LANDUSE_06.jpg|''Marchand Natural Reserve, Bray Dunes. ''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
The blue infrastructure is first represented by the sea, of course, but in this area there are also the presence of wetlands (they continue after the Belgium border - in De Panne waters) and a canal between communes.

In the green infrastructure the two most common elements are grasslands between the urban area and the international border, and crop fields in the border with the other French commune - Ghyvelde.

Relevant in the area is the National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand, a natural and diverse environment in constant evolution. The reserve is exceptional on an ecological level, however also very fragile: repeated tramplings threaten the species of varied flora, birds and amphibians. (Also a Protected area Natura 2000)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Blue_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''North Sea, a canal following the commune border and wetlands in the sea line''
File:Green_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''Predominance of natural grassland around the urban area and crops near the commune border''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
Environmental partners and scientists can affect in the planning and management of a sustainable coastal landscape, the most affected groups include: community, land owners, marine occupations.

Media, Government-authorities and maritime need to be kept satisfied.

Industry and education require the least effort, while key players are: Regulators, investors, NPOs-NGOs, Tourists and cross border cooperations.
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Stakeholders1.jpg|''Stakeholders of Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===

The site holds onto powerful sacred spaces and heritage. Places and elements, such as the historical features (like cemetery, bunkers, monuments, memorials, ruins), have symbolic meaning and can be found as landmarks along the area. However, maybe the most representative element is the natural one, highlighted by the dunes. The site has two nature reserves: National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand which was classified in 1974 and Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet that has a wild dune massif of 250 hectares protected.

On the other hand, the site, viewed from the European Environment Agency’s perspective, The Natura 2000, consists of a network of protected areas covering valuable and threatened species and habitats - a different kind of heritage, one that involves biodiversity and ecosystems.

Regarding the architecture of Bray-Dunes, the villas of the nineteenth century are noticeable, recalling the flourishing age of the resort. Bray-Dunes was also marked by both World Wars, including the Operation Dynamo between May and June 1940. These kinds of elements, sacred places and heritage, hold important cultural value and meaning for the community, as well as for tourists, encouraging and presenting a piece of history.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map.png|''Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map''
File:(2) One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes.png|''One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes''
File:(3) Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance.png|''Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===

Landscape character is defined as the distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape. It is these patterns that give each locality its 'sense of place', making one landscape different from another. In defining the combinations of components which make each landscape unique, landscape character is a way of thinking about landscape more holistically and objectively, rather than focusing on scenic beauty and subjective responses. Landscapes have evolved over time as a result of both natural and cultural processes.

As mentioned, the site was significant during the World Wars, so many stories and writings are regarding this topic.

We discovered a book, "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer, published in 2012. According to the book, indeed WW1 bunkers were built in the region between Bray-Dunes and De Panne, on both sides of the border. In fact, some remaining bunkers on the French side of the border could actually be Belgian bunkers (or at least built under Belgian command).

Despite the historical features, the site is also well appreciated for its aesthetics, so many painters found their inspiration among the area.

In terms of events and festivities, the city of Bray-Dunes, very attached to its culture, offers a great cultural season throughout the year. Regularly, concerts, shows, plays or tales readings are organized for residents. The municipal library often organizes fun and interesting exhibitions. In September, the city opened a portion of its monuments to the public with the European Heritage Days. From late September to early October it is possible to have fun at the fair with rides, an opportunity to spend some time in a charming carnival.

Sport is no exception to Bray-Dunes with the organization of 6h rosalies on the beach in September and the championship coastal archers in the same period. Regularly, guided tours nature of the different dunes of the city are offered by the Tourist Office Bray-Dunes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Map from the book “Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918” by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer.jpg|''Map from the book "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer''
File:(2) The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan.png|''The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan''
File:(3) “Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre.png|''“Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre''
File:(4) “Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara''
File:(5) “Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of your landscape system analysis and your development targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="400px" perrow="5">
File:DPSIR Bray Dunes.png |''Landscape system analysis - DPSIR Model Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

DRIVERS: The Bray dunes are characterized by their natural and cultural heritage. This makes this place very interesting for tourism and related businesses. Therefore, this sector can be determined as the first driving force. Due to their direct influence by the sea the predicted climate change that causes a sea level rise is the second driving force.

PRESSURES: As a result of the focus and the enlargement of the tourism, the place expects greater use and changes in current uses. Recreation and tourist attractions like sailing in the dunes or bike / walking paths can create future pressures. Due to disturbances in this sensitive natural area and installations for tourists the place can also experience a loss of flora and fauna as well as historical heritage. And also because of the climate change a rise in sea level is expected which can be seen as a huge pressure on the site.

STATE: Currently the Bray dunes can be described as an interesting and really valuable site with a lot of natural and cultural heritage. But Water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders already caused an overgrowth of the dune landscape by scrub.

IMPACTS: Based on the analyzed influencing factors and changes at the location, the following effects can be expected: A loss of biodiversity (flora & fauna) and cultural heritage, Flooding and an extensive tourism related infrastructure.

RESPONSES: Environmental policies have to come into operation so the protected areas can remain in good condition and we can keep the biodiversity and cultural heritage in the future. Therefore, the paths and trails in the area should be predetermined so there is no trampling in the area that could cause further damage. Public awareness has to be raised so people get to know the value of the place which will then hopefully minimize the problem of garbage and waste.

<gallery caption=" " widths="800px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Scenarios.jpg|''Landscape system analysis - Hypothesis''
</gallery>

The extreme scenario represents the climate change forces creating a huge flooding problem. The assumptions for the area indicates that in a sea level rise of 50cm many places, including inhabited settlements, are in risk of flooding. Even though this is only a theoretical simulation, the land is partly under sea level and may need to adapt to climate change, particularly the possible rise in sea level.

The sustainable scenario, shown on the right side, with the new green zone design plans shows the changes after a 20-50 years period. Nothing changes much (as nothing changed much the last 50 years) except from greener areas and more tourism. In the current planning documents, the environment is a very important part.

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

'''National Document: Climate Policy in Hauts-de-France'''

The Hauts-de-France area was characterized by the prominence of heavy industries and an economy based on coal mining, steel production and textile manufacturing. Today only 19% of the population is still working for the industry sector and coal mining was slowly fully replaced by nuclear energy. Currently, nuclear power accounts for 80% of the electricity production in the region but for only 15% of the overall energy consumption, while renewable energy consumption is low compared to the national average (3.7% against 19% in France).

Hauts-de-France intensified its efforts to combat climate change with the adoption of an innovative regional plan bringing together climate, air and energy issues. A 20-year partnership with ADEME (French Environment and Energy Agency) helped the region develop the required expertise and capacity to create and implement impactful projects. With greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita reaching 30% higher levels than the French average and mainly attributed to the industry sector, there is a strong opportunity for Hauts-de-France to develop strategies to reduce emissions.

Climate regional strategy – SRADDT (Stratégie régionale climat) sets an overarching target to divide GHG emissions by 4 by 2050. This strategy is in line with the national commitments embedded in the legislation “Grenelle 2” from 2010. The plan is organized around 4 pillars:

- Improvements of way of life and production methods;

- Continuation of the energy transition;

- Integration of mitigation and adaptation actions in territorial planning; and

- Enhanced governance and participation of local actors.

'''European Document: The European Water Framework and The Marine Strategy Framework Directives'''

The European Water Framework (WFD) and Marine Strategy Framework (MSFD) Directives both require EU Member States to take the necessary measures to achieve a good coastal and oceanic environmental status by 2020.

The aim of the European Union's ambitious Marine Strategy Framework Directive is to protect more effectively the marine environment across Europe. It came into force in June 2008 and was transposed into each member's state national legislation by mid 2010. It is the first EU legislative instrument related to the protection of marine biodiversity and aims to protect the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend.

In France, the Directive was transposed into law in the Environment Code (articles L. 219-9 to L. 219-18 and R. 219-2 to R. 219-17). Through Action Plans for the Marine Environment (PAMM), it is applied to areas of continental Europe under French sovereignty or jurisdiction, subdivided into four marine sub-regions: the English Channel-North Sea, the Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay and the Western Mediterranean Sea.

In addition, in France, IFREMER (a French institute that undertakes research and expert assessments to advance knowledge on the oceans and their resources, monitor the marine environment and foster the sustainable development of maritime activities) is one of the national agencies in charge of implementing such measures.

The Copernicus is a marine environment monitoring service offered by the European Commision, providing products and services for all marine applications with the following benefits:

- Free and sustained information provision;

- Provision of merged satellite information along with in situ information;

- Ready to use, global coverage, expertised ocean colour satellite products.

Francis Gohin from IFREMER has stated that "the Copernicus Marine Service Ocean Colour data are central for the MSFD, as it allows us to improve coherence in eutrophication assessments based on chlorophyll, using satellite-derived chlorophyll provided by CMEMS". In conjunction with the Marine Protected Areas Agency (AAMP), IFREMER takes on the role of scientific and technical coordinator on behalf of the Ministry in charge of the environment on the different aspects of the Directive.

The MFSD pursues three main goals:

- To ensure the protection and the conservation of marine ecosystems and prevent their deterioration. In areas of high deterioration, ecosystem functioning must be restored.

- To prevent and progressively eliminate pollution.

- To contain the pressure of human activities (fishing, use of diverse services, etc.) on the marine environment within levels compatible with the achievement of good environmental status. Ecosystems must have the capacity to react to various natural and human-induced changes while enabling the sustainable use of the marine environment for future generations (e.g. Common Fisheries Policy).

'''International document: Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning'''

The document represents the result of a long process to distil lessons from a wide range of partners and stakeholders as to what provides for effective city-level climate action planning and a set of globally applicable principles.
This publication is really relevant for providing a framework that cities can use, in order to more effectively play their role in reducing gas emissions and building climate resilience, by being more ambitious in their climate action planning.

The driving principles for city climate action planning are that the planning should be:

1. Ambitious; 2. Inclusive; 3. Fair; 4. Comprehensive and integrated; 5. Relevant; 6. Actionable; 7. Evidence based and 8. Transparent.

The document at present stage of "version 1.0" intends to stay open to continuous improvement through knowledge gained from on-going practices. The Guiding Principles are aimed at city-level actors as local stakeholders, governing bodies and experts. Its resilience provides necessary support for locals as well as platforms for collaboration and documentation from active partners.

Apart from addressing the basic requirement of financial support from local government, the crucial role of public participation is given high value in the effective working of the climate action planning. The other main role would be from core stakeholders such as NGOs, experts and active organisations to constitute the actual leadership and working of the planning process.

A general outline for the planning process has been outlined as a process chart that could be used as a guide by cities and then adapted according to the goals that will drive towards the relevant local objectives such as “health, safety, food security, housing, biodiversity, air quality, land use, access to basic urban services, poverty reduction, local economic development and job creation”. The outline also gives guidance on maintaining transparency and continuous evaluation of the process. This would also include the timelines, distribution of responsibilities and maintaining costs.

The climate action plans would direct cities towards stand-alone plans or get integrated into long-term planning processes of the cities.
While the Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning urges cities to adopt the guidelines vigorously, the benefits are already visible from cities who have undertaken these measures for climate change action.

== A.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0615/2.5126&layers=C

BASIC INFORMATION:
* https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Nature/Les-Dunes-de-Flandre-nature-reserve
* https://www.france-voyage.com/tourism/bray-dunes-1146.htm
* https://ch.oui.sncf/fr/article/les-dunes-de-flandre
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_UNITELITTORAL/PAR_TPL_IDENTIFIANT/101/125-les-paysages-fiche.htm
* https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas
* https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9serve_naturelle_nationale_de_la_dune_Marchand#/media/Fichier:P%C3%A9rim%C3%A8tre_RNN_Dune_Marchand_rnn19.png
* http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/dune-marchand
* https://www.google.com/search?q=bray+dunes+camping+municipal&npsic=0&rflfq=1&rlha=0&rllag=51077997,2538343,1019&tbm=lcl&ved=2ahUKEwjp4pWf8trnAhUSilwKHY6bDw0QtgN6BAgLEAQ&tbs=lrf:!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:4&rldoc=1#rldoc=1&rlfi=hd:;si:,51.080248504007805,2.582632035253937;mv:[[51.102674420897195,2.6052913370117494],[51.03093797609536,2.413717240332062],null,[51.066820095899374,2.5095042886719057],13]
* http://sentierdunord.free.fr/Circuit%20de%20la%20dune%20marchand%20zuydcoote.html
* http://escapadenature-sansvoiture.fr/les-escapades-nature-sans-voiture/dunes-flandre
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391365
* http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20014/planning/1006/landscape_character_assessment
* https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=195244

IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/
* https://www.flickr.com/
* https://www.dunkerque-tourisme.fr/
* https://www.artmajeur.com/
* https://www.mutualart.com/
* https://thenounproject.com/
* https://www.cleanpng.com/

READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm
* https://www.msp-platform.eu/practices/french-national-maritime-and-coastline-strategies
* https://www.copernicus.eu/en/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive
* https://www.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2018-11/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive.pdf
* http://msp.ioc-unesco.org/world-applications/europe/france/
* https://wwz.ifremer.fr/en/Public-policy-support/Water-Biodiversity/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.aires-marines.com/International/European-relations/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.dcsmm-d4.fr/la-directive-cadre-strategie-pour-le-milieu-marin-dcsmm?lang=en
* https://www.theclimategroup.org/sites/default/files/etp_partnerprofile_hauts-de-france.pdf

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==

'''Goals'''

→ Have a general overview of both green and blue infrastructure and the relevance of these elements for the identity of the place. Going back to our analysis, we also understood the importance of public awareness to protect natural and cultural heritage and we want to understand better how the green infrastructure relates to the sea and how the character of these elements.

→ Evaluate the accessibility of the commune, focusing on bike and pedestrian paths and how they relate to the natural components. We currently have an overview of bike paths, but want to understand all the accessibility and connectivity of the commune.

→ Visualize the attractiveness of Bray Dunes, the focal interest points, what makes people go there and what could be better. Understanding how tourism can be enhanced clearly seems to be an important goal: however, the scale of the location cannot be forgotten.

'''Themes'''

→ Green / blue infrastructure

→ Accessibility

→ Attractiveness

Having tourism (and related business) as the most significant driving force, we chose these themes considering their relevance to the activity. At the same time, the protection of the green and blue infrastructure, besides necessary to tourism, is also imperative to avoid the extreme scenario.

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:BrayDunes_Green&BlueInfrastructure.jpg| '''Green & Blue Infrastructure:''' ''Bray-Dunes is located in the centre of the natural area of the "Dune flamandes". The municipality borders on the nature reserve: “Nature Reserve de la Dune Marchand” in the west and the “Dune du Perroquet” in the east. Further to the west the dune area "Dune Dewulf" can be found which is also a protected area. The predominant dune landscapes are characterized by their great diversity in flora and fauna. Another nature reserve which is of great value to the region: the “Dune Fossile de Ghyvelde” is located in a three kilometer distance from the coastline. This landscape developed around 5000 years ago by the North Sea on the coastline at the time. The landscape in the surrounding of Bray Dunes is characterized not only by the predominant dunes and the sea coast but also by agricultural use. The fields are clearly marked in light yellow. The following sequence of natural spaces is characteristic of the Dune flamandes: Coastline - dune - agricultural zone - infrastructure (roads and channel) - natural landscape. Forest areas only play a subordinate role in the region and can hardly be found. The two most prominent elements of blue infrastructure in this area are the North Sea which limits the entire west side of the area and the "Canal de Furnes". The coastline along the Dunes flamandes is characterized by a strip of marine wetlands. The "Canal de Furnes" runs parallel to the coastline at a distance of 2-3 kilometers. “Canal de Furnes” is the French name for the section of the Nieuspoort-Dunkirk Canal that runs in France. The Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal connects the Belgian coastal town of Nieuwpoort with the French port of Dunkirk. In addition, smaller rivers and streams such as the "Petit Mardyck" and "Grand Mardyck" run in the study area. Smaller lakes and ponds are also close to the canal, mostly found in the agricultural zone.''
File:Access_transport_map_02.png|'''Accessibility & Transport:''' ''It is interesting to notice that although Bray Dunes lies between two major cities - Dunkirk and De Panne, it stays heavily neglected in terms of ease of accessibility. The train line that connects De Panne to Dunkirk has no train stations in Bray Dunes. To arrive to Bray Dunes via public transport, one would have to take a train till De Panne, and then arrive by bus via highway D60. Highway D601 connects Dunkirk and Veurne and then onward to Nieuwpoort. There are very few public transport buses that actually make a halt in Bray Dunes, unless one takes a bus from any of the private transport companies. Another major observation is the lack of dedicated bike paths. There are major "regional" and "local" bike routes that are a part of bike trails going across Belgium and France while connecting Dunkirk to De Panne, as highlighted in our previous presentation on land use development - however, none of the eco-trails come to make a stop in Bray Dunes. As seen in this map, the bike paths from De Panne stop at the border and/or go around Bray Dunes without entering this area. The positive aspect is that the protected dune areas have a very good network of pedestrian trails that give us a good potential for development and could be expanded to become bike trails.''
File:BrayDunes_map3.jpg|'''Cultural & Natural Attractions:''' ''The unique location of Bray-Dunes on the Opal Coast, bordering France and Belgium, offers the place both cultural and nature attractions. Culturally the place is a significant site for WWII with war monuments, landmarks and ruins along the coastline, stretching from Bray-Dunes all the way to Dunkirk. The geographical location of Bray-Dunes also offer a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports such as sand yachting and speed sailing. In terms of natural attractions, Dunes de Flandres (the long-stretching fine sand beach) is a wonderful creation of nature. Relaxing hikes into the two nature reserves are also options to enjoy the tranquil and picturesque dune landscape. Along the coast there are also villas, seaside resorts, hotels and some cheaper options Airbnb for tourists’ short-term stay. Camping sites are also available. Most attractions and stay options took the advantage of the coastal landscape and are concentrated mostly along coast.''

</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==

Based on previous analysis we had to evaluate the outcomes. In order to characterize the results, to identify the potentials and the risks of the area, we used the SWOT analysis.
With the SWOT method we could explore the internal and the external factors that may influence our work and developed a fuller awareness of the situation.

'''Problems'''

→ The site has two nature reserves, “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland”, with rich fauna and flora, after mapping the green spaces it turned out there is no connection between the natural areas.

→ Accessibility: lack of bike paths, also there is no train station in Bray Dunes (the closest stations are in Dunkirk and De Panne).

'''Potentials'''

→ There is a powerful potential to increase the recreational function.

→ The natural areas could act as educational sites because of the variety of species.

'''Priorities and targets'''

→ Green belt creation in three large areas of Bray-Dunes coasts to connect the fragmented ecological areas between the Nature Reserves.

→ “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland” preservation and management. Inscriptions throughout the nature reserves informing about history, culture and environmental values.

→ Provision and management of better connectivity with educational and recreational features along bicycle and pedestrian paths.

→ Transportation development: train station in the area and more bike paths.

→ Better attractions for young professionals and tourists. Recreational opportunities that will attract visitors from both De Panne and Dunkirk to visit Bray-Dunes, like community gardens.

→ There is a high pressure of urbanization among the area, this could be an opportunity, as well as a risk at the same time - building new housing could develop the area, but it could disturb the nature reserves too.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks f.png|''SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==

'''Readings'''

→ Landscape character assessment (LCA) is defined as the process of identifying and describing variation in character of the landscape. In our process we used LCA documents to identify and explain the unique combination of elements and features that make our site distinctive by mapping and describing character types and areas. Landscape character assessment also shows how the landscape is perceived, experienced and valued by people.

→ Seascape character assessment (SCA) has emerged as a method for assessing, characterising, mapping and describing seascape character. Seascape is defined by Natural England in its position statement on All Landscapes Matter in 2010 as: “An area of sea, coastline and land, as perceived by people, whose character results from the actions and interactions of land with sea, by natural and/or human factors”.

→ Coastal character assessment (CCA) informs and guides coastal and marine planning, and individual development proposals, by informing landscape/seascape and visual impact assessments. As Bray Dunes is a coastal landscape, it was relevant to read about this assessment, it made us realise that the coast itself is complex and represents more than its physical characteristics.

→ Belgium and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 the main challenges identified for Belgium for the implementation of EU environmental policy and law were to:
* improve air quality, in particular nitrogen dioxide levels, by reducing traffic congestion;
* continue to address water pollution coming from urban wastewater and agricultural sources;
* manage the Natura 2000 network towards favourable conservation status for all species and habitats.

→ France and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 identified the following main challenges as regards the implementation of EU environmental policy and law in France:
* improving air quality by taking forward-looking, rapid and effective action to reach EU-based air pollution limit values;
* taking the necessary measures to improve water quality, particularly reducing nitrate pollution;
* effectively protecting biodiversity by enforcing the applicable law to ensure the protection of habitats and species.

→ The Marine Protection assessment from the Environmental Implementation Review for France 2019, gave us insights about which goals have been achieved and what would be the next priority actions:
* Provide information about measures to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES), establish more measures that have a direct impact on pressures.
* Ensure reporting of the different elements under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

→ Finally, the biodiversity protection describes also priority actions in order to improve the challenges in the area:
* Assess the Natura 2000 implementation and management.
* Support sustainable partnerships for biodiversity protection, sustainable development, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
* Protect habitats and species affected by or dependent on agricultural management.

'''Limitations'''

→ The most of the readings seem to be addressed to De Panne (on the Belgian side) and Dunkirk (on the French side), attracting a lot more interest, as they are considered areas with great strategic, economical and social importance. As a result, development plans are directed around Bray-Dunes, leaving a very significant natural ecological area, which contributes widely to the ecological coastal balance in the area, lacking attention and strategic management planning.

→ Urban infrastructure creation may impact negatively the ecology, but will promote the economy and connectivity critically.

== B.5 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
CONTENT - BLUE AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/172/28-dune-du-perroquet-59_nord.htm
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/213/28-dune-fossile-59_nord.htm
* http://www.water-ways.net/d/info/frankreich/nord_aa_canal_de_calais_de_Bergues_de_Furnes_de_bourbourg_de_la_colme.php
CONTENT - ACCESS AND TRANSPORT:
* https://www.google.de/maps/search/bray+dunes+train+station/@51.0541114,2.4680149,12z?hl=en
IMAGE SOURCES - CULTURAL AND NATURAL ATTRACTIONS:
* [https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139%20/ https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139 / ]
* [https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand%20/ https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand /]
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/73290459@N07/25434107707/
DEVELOPMENT PLANS:
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_fr_en.pdf
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_be_en.pdf
* https://www.gov.uk/guidance/landscape-and-seascape-character-assessments
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/691184/landscape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396177/seascape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/Guidance%20Note%20-%20Coastal%20Character%20Assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape/coastal-character-assessment ''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==

Our main goals are:

'''→ PRESERVE NATURE RESERVES'''

'''→ IMPROVE CONNECTIVITY'''

'''→ ENHANCE ATTRACTIVITY'''

We selected 4 goals from the Sustainable Development Goals as related to our Project based on our strategic plan and the targets from previous phase:

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Capture_Goals - 1.PNG |''The goals relate to our main themes: Green/blue infrastructure, Accessibility and Attractiveness. We want to promote partnerships to develop the area economically, but we see the protection of the Nature Reserves as a high important target; therefore making Bray Dunnes a sustainable community is a clear goal.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND_Group_3_Presentation_3_-_Planning_and_Design (1).jpg|''Our project title, the vision and the strategic planning based on the evaluation findings and the whole process.''
</gallery>

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:ConceptBrayDunes.jpg|'''Spatial vision translate:''' '' In an attempt to express visually, our vision for Bray-Dunes, we developed a conceptual representation that includes the most important issues we wanted to address. The first goal includes the ecological fragmentation between the two Nature Reserves the area contains. The plan is to connect those fragmented areas through strategies that support the green belt creation and provide recreational and educational pedestrian and bike paths, enhancing at the same time the area to its trans-boundary extension. Ecological quality preservation for this diverse ecosystem and flood prevention through pumps and floodgates in the blue infrastructure are also suggested, while sustainable models for economic growth in the area are explained in the partnership and governance part extensively. Maybe a very important observation was the fact that the area does not have a train station. The railway though passes through Bray-Dunes and the old station building is used as a media library. Our suggestion is the reopening of the station as a mixed use building, which will attract tourists/young professionals and ease the transportation between De Panne and Dunkirk, two very financially developed cities. Finally new attractions are suggested on the economic growth tendency area, which is extended mostly on the beach.'' '' The non-spatial factors that also play an important role in these interventions come from the partnerships that we propose to build in our governance model. These internal and external partnerships would ensure the sensitive conservation of the dunes through awareness programs in various activities, while promoting sustainable local businesses to boost the economy''
File:transect_lines_bray_dunes.jpg|''Location of the Transects''
File:Transect1 BrayDunes.png|'''The Transect 1''' ''represents the terrain of Bray-Dunes parallel to the coast and the special location of the place on the border to Belgium becomes visible.According to this representation of the place it can be seen that the commune Bray-Dunes is surrounded by two valuable dune landscapes (nature reserves) but these landscapes are interrupted by the urban development of Bray-Dunes' and different campsites. By forming green belts, these areas will be connected again in the future. Different interventions within the green and the urban areas are applied to the site to reach the goal of Bray Dunes becoming a green commune.''

File:Transect 2 BrayDunes.png|'''The Transect 2''' ''shows a sequence of different spatial situations in the Bray Dunes area.This illustration is important in order to understand the connections between the coast, the dune landscapes, the city of Bray Dunes, agricultural land, the canal and the highway. The connection between the green areas and the inclusion of the existing agricultural areas is shown and also the importance of connecting to the public transport network (train stop).''

File:Intervention111.jpg|'''1. Intervention:''' ''Transportation improvement through reopening of the old train station.''
File:Intervention222.jpg|'''2. Intervention:''' ''Visualization of the Nature Reserve with the implementation of green belts, bike paths and informative inscriptions.''
File:Intervention333.jpg|'''3. Intervention:''' ''Coast line area, suggestions of beautification and attractiveness increase.''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*'''Governance Model'''
In the search for a new governance model that could lift this small corner of France and also create a cross border dialogue, we found inspiration from on-going Interreg projects.Two of these projects share the same eco-sensitive and education goals as ours and also the project partner locations are as close as Dunkirk and De Panne. From the BIOGOV Interreg Europe (biodiversity in governance) and from The Interreg Annual meeting 2018 from European Commission, new models of governance were discovered, which as you can see, we have adapted here to work in the case of Bray Dunes. Apart from the development of Policies and transparency the attractive features of this model would be capacity and trust building while ensuring sustainable solutions that will pull up the local small businesses.

*'''Who needs to act and how'''
We decided that the stakeholders need to be from a micro and macro level to pull Bray Dunes into cross border dialogue while keeping the sensitive ecology and also the economy from being overrun. So the internal stakeholders belong to Bray Dunes while the external stakeholders consist of partners at various levels who would collaborate in a strategic and transparent manner.
The key external partners would be larger education institutions, the Interreg partners and the tourism departments. For example, the educational partners bring learning groups from the outside when we conduct the educational tours in our nature conservation areas that you see in our intervention visualisations. These for example, would be run by the local schools and Bray Dunes tourism office for internal capacity and economy building while taking the expertise of Interreg partners , called DEMO and Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux who share our goal of awareness creation and knowledge sharing through various eco-friendly events like music concerts and local businesses.
Similar partnerships are developed in every intervention area to ensure sensitivity and sustainability at the same time.

*'''Timeline'''
After deciding who needs to act and how, we briefly explained step by step how to implement our concept through a process model, the timeline of the project. The timelapse consists of three years duration from the first to the second phase and in two years between the second and the third. This way, we are allowing the authorities to progress gradually and carefully from one stage to the next. The start of every phase should undergo an evaluation to consider any required adaptations based on real-time scenarios.
The implementation process requires the action of various actors and stakeholders together. None of them should be neglected or forgotten during this process because each one has its own part along the procedure.
The general framework should be given by the government and authorities with their laws, while collaborating with environmental partners for guidelines, and the public, especially residents who should be consulted, informed and integrated.

*'''Resources and Assets to build on'''
The dunes which are protected by the two nature reserves are definitely the biggest assets of Bray Dunes. In our endeavour to conserve the sensitive ecology that is home to several rare species within, we make minimal spatial interventions and bank on the non-spatial resources to introduce a system of collaborative partnerships that work together towards programs, activities, events and small businesses that educate visitors and residents alike, while presenting them an enjoyable experience of the area.

'''LIFE + Nature project FLANDRE''' is a broad reaching, Franco-Belgian partnership to preserve the natural heritage, from Dunkirk to Westende. Flemish And North French Dunes Restoration is a joint project of the Agency for nature and forests of the Flemish Government, the Conservatoire de l’Espace Littoral et des Rivages lacustres and the Département du Nord for the coastal dunes between Dunkerque (France) and Westende (Belgium) - including also the cross-border sites, such as Bray-Dunes and De Panne and is co-financed by the European Union.

'''DEMO''' and '''Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux''' are cross border projects belonging to the 2014 - 2020 INTERREG V-A Belgium - France. DEMO focuses on promotion of tangible and intangible heritage as an essential linchpin for tourism, which generates significant economic spin-offs in different sectors of activity. Similar to our own goals, DEMO also believes that local development cannot be considered without taking the social and environmental challenges into account, with a view to sustainable development. Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux intends to limit flooding in the cross-border area of the polders by improving drainage during floods. To achieve this, it is necessary to temporarily allow the evacuation of the waters from the Nieuwpoort to Dunkirk/Furnes Canal channel (which also runs through Bray Dunes), both towards France and towards Belgium. Two new structures will be built - emergency pumping station on the “Speievaart” and a floodgate between the Furnes Canal and the Exutoire Canal on the site of the 4 Locks at Dunkirk. In parallel with this work, residents and stakeholders in the Franco-Flemish territory will be made aware of the risk of flooding, the foreseeable consequences of climate change and the need for a common approach to deal with this problem. It would be essential to join hands with governments of Dunkirk and De Panne to ensure that Bray Dunes is not just a territory falling in the span of these projects, but also one that deserves equal recognition and involvement. In addition to these partnerships we need local active involvement that makes this "system" a whole. The tourism and education sectors both inside and outside Bray Dunes along with the local small businesses are essential to tie the finer strings of this chain into a sustainable working mechanism. Finally the Interreg, EU and Natura 2000 measures and polices are used as anchors and benchmarks to ensure the standards and working methodology of this "biodiverse" governing system.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-01.jpg|''A "biodiverse" Governance Model''
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-02.jpg|''Sustainable Governance: Who acts and How''
File:Process model.png|''Process model. Timeline of the project.''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cf/c5/d0/cfc5d0880997255e4ee06d908e6c2e74.jpg
* https://www.alltrails.com/de/france/hauts-de-france/bray-dunes
* https://www.alltrails.com/members/anne-molderez/photos
* https://www.cleanpng.com/free/kiss.html
* https://i0.wp.com/www.transparency-one.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UN-SDGs-overview.png?resize=800%2C418&ssl=1
* https://thenounproject.com/
READINGS:
* https://www.interregeurope.eu/biogov/
* https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/conferences/etc2018/plenary_session_2_moray_gilland.pdf
* http://www.mageteaux.eu/fr/projet
* https://demo-europe.eu/fr/page-daccueil/
* https://www.natuurenbos.be/projecten/west-vlaanderen/life-project-flandre/flandre/life-nature-project-flandre-english

= D. Process Reflection =

The outcomes of our study:

→ Positive internal evaluation of our results.

→ The order and process of the sessions and the project phases were coherent to understand the location and develop the strategies.

→ Long distance project requires extra effort and eventual assumptions.

→ Better understanding of coastal landscapes, mainly the potentials they have and possibilities they offer.

→ The connection people have with coastal areas highlight the importance of preserving them.

Limitations we faced:

→ Lack of exact knowledge of the site.

→ Lack of enough sources for a long distance project.

What we have learnt from each other:

→ Task distribution with intermediary talks worked really well.

→ Having different backgrounds results in good discussions.

What we would do differently:

→ The partnerships and governance part would be useful to be explored in an earlier phase.

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2020]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

File:Transect lines bray dunes.jpg

2020-04-08T21:41:01Z

Arati.u:

COLAND Case Study 2020 - Bray-Dunes

2020-04-08T21:38:20Z

Arati.u: /* C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2020|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
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| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Hauts-de-France''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bray-Dunes''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''France''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Transboundary area, Coastal landscape, Nature and Heritage preservation, Tourism attraction''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Wasiliki Moreno, Arati Uttur, Raphaela Roming, Ho Ching Leung, Anna Fernanda Volken, Anca Strugariu''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Bray-Dunes.jpg |400px]]
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= Rationale =
The first keyword is dynamic, in terms of the protected landform and high biodiversity. In Bray-Dunes right adjacent to the Belgian border there is 250 hectares National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand classified in 1974 to protect the dunes of Flanders. The landform possesses high biodiversity of plant species and is home to many land animal and underwater species.

The second key word is memories, reflecting the historical significance of Bray-Dunes. Bray-Dunes was a significant site during World War II, and it is the site of many casualties during the period of Dunkirk evacuation. The physical ruins such as the wrecked Operation Dynamo ships on the Beach at Zuydcoote shape the sentimental atmosphere and give the place significant historical values.

The third word is recreation. Located at the Opal Coast near Belgian border, the seaside of Bray-Dunes offers a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports like sand yachting and speed sailing, making it a popular holiday spots.

Our hypothesis for Bray-Dunes is that Coastal exploration since 20th century is invading the natural ecology and landscape of the coast, together with the increased chance of flooding brought by climate change. Nature dynamics and cultural memories of Bray-Dunes will be destroyed without legit policies on coastal protection.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 51.099574827611775,2.5787597335926993~case study boundary west; 51.05017698110531,2.5653701461903555~Case study boundary south; 51.064419324157655,2.460313383495043~Case study boundary east}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
The coast of Bray-Dunes is a part of the Dunes de Flandre, a 15-kilometre dune field of fine sandy beach that stretches from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes. Within the long-stretching dune field, the coastal landscape is characterised by the carved sea ridge dunes and mega-parabolic dunes, with intervals of both high and humid dune slacks and low fossil dunes that started to stack up since 3,000 BC.

The sandbanks and dunes are formed by transportation of fine sediment landward by coastal wind and waves, and further on stabilized with vegetation such as native dune grass. This forms primary dunes which situated closer to the coast and significantly affected by waves, salt spray and erosion, and secondary dunes which are located further inland and not often directly exposed to marine influences but more prone to urban intrusion.

Coastal landscape further to the south of Bray-Dunes is characterised by polders, the maritime plains with their network of canals, which are patches of low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments of dikes.

Currently the rapid urbanisation, water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders have resulted in the overgrowth of dune landscape by scrub.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 1.jpg|15-km coast of Dunes de Flandre stretching from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 2.jpg|Sandbanks and primary dunes near the coast
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 3.png|Diagram showing the formation of sand dunes
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
The landuse does not change (almost nil) between 2006 to 2018. To support this is a second landuse map from a second source that shows the change from 1965 (!) to 2014. so the change has been gradual over 50 years.The first map shows main landuse is from urban fabric(red) non arable land (light yellow) ; moors and heathland (light green); tidal flats (light purple).

However, there are several municipal camping areas (marked with red dots) there are many private tourism companies offering bike tours across Dunkirk-BrayDunes-DePanne and there are walking trails in the two natural reserve areas - De la Dune and Marchand. So this indicates that the area is focusing on a lot of tourism related activities. However, there are only two hotels that show up in google maps - and a few airbnbs. In Dunkirk, sand sailing is a dominant sport. I did not find much information about how much it is active in Bray Dunes. Also, there are a few Interreg projects happening here as Bray Dunes is on the border - but the websites are in french. So I have not translated and read them yet.The land south from the railroad that connects Dunkirk , Bray Dunes and De Panne - infact along the whole strip that all case studies are being done - is below sea level and stands the danger of flooding if the sea level rises by 50 cm.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:LANDUSE_01.jpg|''Copernicus maps 2006 to 2018. ''
File:LANDUSE_02.jpg|''Landuse maps 1965 to 2014. ''
File:LANDUSE_03.jpg|''Bike trail between Dunkirk and Bray Dunes “circuit de la dune Marchand” with municipal camping sites (in red). ''
File:LANDUSE_04.jpg|''Bike Trails between De Panne and Bray Dunes - OSM. ''
File:LANDUSE_05.jpg|''“Le Dunes de Flandre” bike trails between Dunkirk, Bray Dunes and De Panne. ''
File:LANDUSE_06.jpg|''Marchand Natural Reserve, Bray Dunes. ''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
The blue infrastructure is first represented by the sea, of course, but in this area there are also the presence of wetlands (they continue after the Belgium border - in De Panne waters) and a canal between communes.

In the green infrastructure the two most common elements are grasslands between the urban area and the international border, and crop fields in the border with the other French commune - Ghyvelde.

Relevant in the area is the National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand, a natural and diverse environment in constant evolution. The reserve is exceptional on an ecological level, however also very fragile: repeated tramplings threaten the species of varied flora, birds and amphibians. (Also a Protected area Natura 2000)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Blue_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''North Sea, a canal following the commune border and wetlands in the sea line''
File:Green_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''Predominance of natural grassland around the urban area and crops near the commune border''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
Environmental partners and scientists can affect in the planning and management of a sustainable coastal landscape, the most affected groups include: community, land owners, marine occupations.

Media, Government-authorities and maritime need to be kept satisfied.

Industry and education require the least effort, while key players are: Regulators, investors, NPOs-NGOs, Tourists and cross border cooperations.
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Stakeholders1.jpg|''Stakeholders of Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===

The site holds onto powerful sacred spaces and heritage. Places and elements, such as the historical features (like cemetery, bunkers, monuments, memorials, ruins), have symbolic meaning and can be found as landmarks along the area. However, maybe the most representative element is the natural one, highlighted by the dunes. The site has two nature reserves: National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand which was classified in 1974 and Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet that has a wild dune massif of 250 hectares protected.

On the other hand, the site, viewed from the European Environment Agency’s perspective, The Natura 2000, consists of a network of protected areas covering valuable and threatened species and habitats - a different kind of heritage, one that involves biodiversity and ecosystems.

Regarding the architecture of Bray-Dunes, the villas of the nineteenth century are noticeable, recalling the flourishing age of the resort. Bray-Dunes was also marked by both World Wars, including the Operation Dynamo between May and June 1940. These kinds of elements, sacred places and heritage, hold important cultural value and meaning for the community, as well as for tourists, encouraging and presenting a piece of history.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map.png|''Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map''
File:(2) One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes.png|''One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes''
File:(3) Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance.png|''Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===

Landscape character is defined as the distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape. It is these patterns that give each locality its 'sense of place', making one landscape different from another. In defining the combinations of components which make each landscape unique, landscape character is a way of thinking about landscape more holistically and objectively, rather than focusing on scenic beauty and subjective responses. Landscapes have evolved over time as a result of both natural and cultural processes.

As mentioned, the site was significant during the World Wars, so many stories and writings are regarding this topic.

We discovered a book, "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer, published in 2012. According to the book, indeed WW1 bunkers were built in the region between Bray-Dunes and De Panne, on both sides of the border. In fact, some remaining bunkers on the French side of the border could actually be Belgian bunkers (or at least built under Belgian command).

Despite the historical features, the site is also well appreciated for its aesthetics, so many painters found their inspiration among the area.

In terms of events and festivities, the city of Bray-Dunes, very attached to its culture, offers a great cultural season throughout the year. Regularly, concerts, shows, plays or tales readings are organized for residents. The municipal library often organizes fun and interesting exhibitions. In September, the city opened a portion of its monuments to the public with the European Heritage Days. From late September to early October it is possible to have fun at the fair with rides, an opportunity to spend some time in a charming carnival.

Sport is no exception to Bray-Dunes with the organization of 6h rosalies on the beach in September and the championship coastal archers in the same period. Regularly, guided tours nature of the different dunes of the city are offered by the Tourist Office Bray-Dunes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Map from the book “Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918” by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer.jpg|''Map from the book "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer''
File:(2) The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan.png|''The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan''
File:(3) “Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre.png|''“Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre''
File:(4) “Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara''
File:(5) “Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of your landscape system analysis and your development targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="400px" perrow="5">
File:DPSIR Bray Dunes.png |''Landscape system analysis - DPSIR Model Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

DRIVERS: The Bray dunes are characterized by their natural and cultural heritage. This makes this place very interesting for tourism and related businesses. Therefore, this sector can be determined as the first driving force. Due to their direct influence by the sea the predicted climate change that causes a sea level rise is the second driving force.

PRESSURES: As a result of the focus and the enlargement of the tourism, the place expects greater use and changes in current uses. Recreation and tourist attractions like sailing in the dunes or bike / walking paths can create future pressures. Due to disturbances in this sensitive natural area and installations for tourists the place can also experience a loss of flora and fauna as well as historical heritage. And also because of the climate change a rise in sea level is expected which can be seen as a huge pressure on the site.

STATE: Currently the Bray dunes can be described as an interesting and really valuable site with a lot of natural and cultural heritage. But Water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders already caused an overgrowth of the dune landscape by scrub.

IMPACTS: Based on the analyzed influencing factors and changes at the location, the following effects can be expected: A loss of biodiversity (flora & fauna) and cultural heritage, Flooding and an extensive tourism related infrastructure.

RESPONSES: Environmental policies have to come into operation so the protected areas can remain in good condition and we can keep the biodiversity and cultural heritage in the future. Therefore, the paths and trails in the area should be predetermined so there is no trampling in the area that could cause further damage. Public awareness has to be raised so people get to know the value of the place which will then hopefully minimize the problem of garbage and waste.

<gallery caption=" " widths="800px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Scenarios.jpg|''Landscape system analysis - Hypothesis''
</gallery>

The extreme scenario represents the climate change forces creating a huge flooding problem. The assumptions for the area indicates that in a sea level rise of 50cm many places, including inhabited settlements, are in risk of flooding. Even though this is only a theoretical simulation, the land is partly under sea level and may need to adapt to climate change, particularly the possible rise in sea level.

The sustainable scenario, shown on the right side, with the new green zone design plans shows the changes after a 20-50 years period. Nothing changes much (as nothing changed much the last 50 years) except from greener areas and more tourism. In the current planning documents, the environment is a very important part.

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

'''National Document: Climate Policy in Hauts-de-France'''

The Hauts-de-France area was characterized by the prominence of heavy industries and an economy based on coal mining, steel production and textile manufacturing. Today only 19% of the population is still working for the industry sector and coal mining was slowly fully replaced by nuclear energy. Currently, nuclear power accounts for 80% of the electricity production in the region but for only 15% of the overall energy consumption, while renewable energy consumption is low compared to the national average (3.7% against 19% in France).

Hauts-de-France intensified its efforts to combat climate change with the adoption of an innovative regional plan bringing together climate, air and energy issues. A 20-year partnership with ADEME (French Environment and Energy Agency) helped the region develop the required expertise and capacity to create and implement impactful projects. With greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita reaching 30% higher levels than the French average and mainly attributed to the industry sector, there is a strong opportunity for Hauts-de-France to develop strategies to reduce emissions.

Climate regional strategy – SRADDT (Stratégie régionale climat) sets an overarching target to divide GHG emissions by 4 by 2050. This strategy is in line with the national commitments embedded in the legislation “Grenelle 2” from 2010. The plan is organized around 4 pillars:

- Improvements of way of life and production methods;

- Continuation of the energy transition;

- Integration of mitigation and adaptation actions in territorial planning; and

- Enhanced governance and participation of local actors.

'''European Document: The European Water Framework and The Marine Strategy Framework Directives'''

The European Water Framework (WFD) and Marine Strategy Framework (MSFD) Directives both require EU Member States to take the necessary measures to achieve a good coastal and oceanic environmental status by 2020.

The aim of the European Union's ambitious Marine Strategy Framework Directive is to protect more effectively the marine environment across Europe. It came into force in June 2008 and was transposed into each member's state national legislation by mid 2010. It is the first EU legislative instrument related to the protection of marine biodiversity and aims to protect the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend.

In France, the Directive was transposed into law in the Environment Code (articles L. 219-9 to L. 219-18 and R. 219-2 to R. 219-17). Through Action Plans for the Marine Environment (PAMM), it is applied to areas of continental Europe under French sovereignty or jurisdiction, subdivided into four marine sub-regions: the English Channel-North Sea, the Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay and the Western Mediterranean Sea.

In addition, in France, IFREMER (a French institute that undertakes research and expert assessments to advance knowledge on the oceans and their resources, monitor the marine environment and foster the sustainable development of maritime activities) is one of the national agencies in charge of implementing such measures.

The Copernicus is a marine environment monitoring service offered by the European Commision, providing products and services for all marine applications with the following benefits:

- Free and sustained information provision;

- Provision of merged satellite information along with in situ information;

- Ready to use, global coverage, expertised ocean colour satellite products.

Francis Gohin from IFREMER has stated that "the Copernicus Marine Service Ocean Colour data are central for the MSFD, as it allows us to improve coherence in eutrophication assessments based on chlorophyll, using satellite-derived chlorophyll provided by CMEMS". In conjunction with the Marine Protected Areas Agency (AAMP), IFREMER takes on the role of scientific and technical coordinator on behalf of the Ministry in charge of the environment on the different aspects of the Directive.

The MFSD pursues three main goals:

- To ensure the protection and the conservation of marine ecosystems and prevent their deterioration. In areas of high deterioration, ecosystem functioning must be restored.

- To prevent and progressively eliminate pollution.

- To contain the pressure of human activities (fishing, use of diverse services, etc.) on the marine environment within levels compatible with the achievement of good environmental status. Ecosystems must have the capacity to react to various natural and human-induced changes while enabling the sustainable use of the marine environment for future generations (e.g. Common Fisheries Policy).

'''International document: Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning'''

The document represents the result of a long process to distil lessons from a wide range of partners and stakeholders as to what provides for effective city-level climate action planning and a set of globally applicable principles.
This publication is really relevant for providing a framework that cities can use, in order to more effectively play their role in reducing gas emissions and building climate resilience, by being more ambitious in their climate action planning.

The driving principles for city climate action planning are that the planning should be:

1. Ambitious; 2. Inclusive; 3. Fair; 4. Comprehensive and integrated; 5. Relevant; 6. Actionable; 7. Evidence based and 8. Transparent.

The document at present stage of "version 1.0" intends to stay open to continuous improvement through knowledge gained from on-going practices. The Guiding Principles are aimed at city-level actors as local stakeholders, governing bodies and experts. Its resilience provides necessary support for locals as well as platforms for collaboration and documentation from active partners.

Apart from addressing the basic requirement of financial support from local government, the crucial role of public participation is given high value in the effective working of the climate action planning. The other main role would be from core stakeholders such as NGOs, experts and active organisations to constitute the actual leadership and working of the planning process.

A general outline for the planning process has been outlined as a process chart that could be used as a guide by cities and then adapted according to the goals that will drive towards the relevant local objectives such as “health, safety, food security, housing, biodiversity, air quality, land use, access to basic urban services, poverty reduction, local economic development and job creation”. The outline also gives guidance on maintaining transparency and continuous evaluation of the process. This would also include the timelines, distribution of responsibilities and maintaining costs.

The climate action plans would direct cities towards stand-alone plans or get integrated into long-term planning processes of the cities.
While the Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning urges cities to adopt the guidelines vigorously, the benefits are already visible from cities who have undertaken these measures for climate change action.

== A.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0615/2.5126&layers=C

BASIC INFORMATION:
* https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Nature/Les-Dunes-de-Flandre-nature-reserve
* https://www.france-voyage.com/tourism/bray-dunes-1146.htm
* https://ch.oui.sncf/fr/article/les-dunes-de-flandre
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_UNITELITTORAL/PAR_TPL_IDENTIFIANT/101/125-les-paysages-fiche.htm
* https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas
* https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9serve_naturelle_nationale_de_la_dune_Marchand#/media/Fichier:P%C3%A9rim%C3%A8tre_RNN_Dune_Marchand_rnn19.png
* http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/dune-marchand
* https://www.google.com/search?q=bray+dunes+camping+municipal&npsic=0&rflfq=1&rlha=0&rllag=51077997,2538343,1019&tbm=lcl&ved=2ahUKEwjp4pWf8trnAhUSilwKHY6bDw0QtgN6BAgLEAQ&tbs=lrf:!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:4&rldoc=1#rldoc=1&rlfi=hd:;si:,51.080248504007805,2.582632035253937;mv:[[51.102674420897195,2.6052913370117494],[51.03093797609536,2.413717240332062],null,[51.066820095899374,2.5095042886719057],13]
* http://sentierdunord.free.fr/Circuit%20de%20la%20dune%20marchand%20zuydcoote.html
* http://escapadenature-sansvoiture.fr/les-escapades-nature-sans-voiture/dunes-flandre
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391365
* http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20014/planning/1006/landscape_character_assessment
* https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=195244

IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/
* https://www.flickr.com/
* https://www.dunkerque-tourisme.fr/
* https://www.artmajeur.com/
* https://www.mutualart.com/
* https://thenounproject.com/
* https://www.cleanpng.com/

READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm
* https://www.msp-platform.eu/practices/french-national-maritime-and-coastline-strategies
* https://www.copernicus.eu/en/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive
* https://www.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2018-11/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive.pdf
* http://msp.ioc-unesco.org/world-applications/europe/france/
* https://wwz.ifremer.fr/en/Public-policy-support/Water-Biodiversity/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.aires-marines.com/International/European-relations/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.dcsmm-d4.fr/la-directive-cadre-strategie-pour-le-milieu-marin-dcsmm?lang=en
* https://www.theclimategroup.org/sites/default/files/etp_partnerprofile_hauts-de-france.pdf

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==

'''Goals'''

→ Have a general overview of both green and blue infrastructure and the relevance of these elements for the identity of the place. Going back to our analysis, we also understood the importance of public awareness to protect natural and cultural heritage and we want to understand better how the green infrastructure relates to the sea and how the character of these elements.

→ Evaluate the accessibility of the commune, focusing on bike and pedestrian paths and how they relate to the natural components. We currently have an overview of bike paths, but want to understand all the accessibility and connectivity of the commune.

→ Visualize the attractiveness of Bray Dunes, the focal interest points, what makes people go there and what could be better. Understanding how tourism can be enhanced clearly seems to be an important goal: however, the scale of the location cannot be forgotten.

'''Themes'''

→ Green / blue infrastructure

→ Accessibility

→ Attractiveness

Having tourism (and related business) as the most significant driving force, we chose these themes considering their relevance to the activity. At the same time, the protection of the green and blue infrastructure, besides necessary to tourism, is also imperative to avoid the extreme scenario.

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:BrayDunes_Green&BlueInfrastructure.jpg| '''Green & Blue Infrastructure:''' ''Bray-Dunes is located in the centre of the natural area of the "Dune flamandes". The municipality borders on the nature reserve: “Nature Reserve de la Dune Marchand” in the west and the “Dune du Perroquet” in the east. Further to the west the dune area "Dune Dewulf" can be found which is also a protected area. The predominant dune landscapes are characterized by their great diversity in flora and fauna. Another nature reserve which is of great value to the region: the “Dune Fossile de Ghyvelde” is located in a three kilometer distance from the coastline. This landscape developed around 5000 years ago by the North Sea on the coastline at the time. The landscape in the surrounding of Bray Dunes is characterized not only by the predominant dunes and the sea coast but also by agricultural use. The fields are clearly marked in light yellow. The following sequence of natural spaces is characteristic of the Dune flamandes: Coastline - dune - agricultural zone - infrastructure (roads and channel) - natural landscape. Forest areas only play a subordinate role in the region and can hardly be found. The two most prominent elements of blue infrastructure in this area are the North Sea which limits the entire west side of the area and the "Canal de Furnes". The coastline along the Dunes flamandes is characterized by a strip of marine wetlands. The "Canal de Furnes" runs parallel to the coastline at a distance of 2-3 kilometers. “Canal de Furnes” is the French name for the section of the Nieuspoort-Dunkirk Canal that runs in France. The Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal connects the Belgian coastal town of Nieuwpoort with the French port of Dunkirk. In addition, smaller rivers and streams such as the "Petit Mardyck" and "Grand Mardyck" run in the study area. Smaller lakes and ponds are also close to the canal, mostly found in the agricultural zone.''
File:Access_transport_map_02.png|'''Accessibility & Transport:''' ''It is interesting to notice that although Bray Dunes lies between two major cities - Dunkirk and De Panne, it stays heavily neglected in terms of ease of accessibility. The train line that connects De Panne to Dunkirk has no train stations in Bray Dunes. To arrive to Bray Dunes via public transport, one would have to take a train till De Panne, and then arrive by bus via highway D60. Highway D601 connects Dunkirk and Veurne and then onward to Nieuwpoort. There are very few public transport buses that actually make a halt in Bray Dunes, unless one takes a bus from any of the private transport companies. Another major observation is the lack of dedicated bike paths. There are major "regional" and "local" bike routes that are a part of bike trails going across Belgium and France while connecting Dunkirk to De Panne, as highlighted in our previous presentation on land use development - however, none of the eco-trails come to make a stop in Bray Dunes. As seen in this map, the bike paths from De Panne stop at the border and/or go around Bray Dunes without entering this area. The positive aspect is that the protected dune areas have a very good network of pedestrian trails that give us a good potential for development and could be expanded to become bike trails.''
File:BrayDunes_map3.jpg|'''Cultural & Natural Attractions:''' ''The unique location of Bray-Dunes on the Opal Coast, bordering France and Belgium, offers the place both cultural and nature attractions. Culturally the place is a significant site for WWII with war monuments, landmarks and ruins along the coastline, stretching from Bray-Dunes all the way to Dunkirk. The geographical location of Bray-Dunes also offer a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports such as sand yachting and speed sailing. In terms of natural attractions, Dunes de Flandres (the long-stretching fine sand beach) is a wonderful creation of nature. Relaxing hikes into the two nature reserves are also options to enjoy the tranquil and picturesque dune landscape. Along the coast there are also villas, seaside resorts, hotels and some cheaper options Airbnb for tourists’ short-term stay. Camping sites are also available. Most attractions and stay options took the advantage of the coastal landscape and are concentrated mostly along coast.''

</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==

Based on previous analysis we had to evaluate the outcomes. In order to characterize the results, to identify the potentials and the risks of the area, we used the SWOT analysis.
With the SWOT method we could explore the internal and the external factors that may influence our work and developed a fuller awareness of the situation.

'''Problems'''

→ The site has two nature reserves, “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland”, with rich fauna and flora, after mapping the green spaces it turned out there is no connection between the natural areas.

→ Accessibility: lack of bike paths, also there is no train station in Bray Dunes (the closest stations are in Dunkirk and De Panne).

'''Potentials'''

→ There is a powerful potential to increase the recreational function.

→ The natural areas could act as educational sites because of the variety of species.

'''Priorities and targets'''

→ Green belt creation in three large areas of Bray-Dunes coasts to connect the fragmented ecological areas between the Nature Reserves.

→ “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland” preservation and management. Inscriptions throughout the nature reserves informing about history, culture and environmental values.

→ Provision and management of better connectivity with educational and recreational features along bicycle and pedestrian paths.

→ Transportation development: train station in the area and more bike paths.

→ Better attractions for young professionals and tourists. Recreational opportunities that will attract visitors from both De Panne and Dunkirk to visit Bray-Dunes, like community gardens.

→ There is a high pressure of urbanization among the area, this could be an opportunity, as well as a risk at the same time - building new housing could develop the area, but it could disturb the nature reserves too.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks f.png|''SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==

'''Readings'''

→ Landscape character assessment (LCA) is defined as the process of identifying and describing variation in character of the landscape. In our process we used LCA documents to identify and explain the unique combination of elements and features that make our site distinctive by mapping and describing character types and areas. Landscape character assessment also shows how the landscape is perceived, experienced and valued by people.

→ Seascape character assessment (SCA) has emerged as a method for assessing, characterising, mapping and describing seascape character. Seascape is defined by Natural England in its position statement on All Landscapes Matter in 2010 as: “An area of sea, coastline and land, as perceived by people, whose character results from the actions and interactions of land with sea, by natural and/or human factors”.

→ Coastal character assessment (CCA) informs and guides coastal and marine planning, and individual development proposals, by informing landscape/seascape and visual impact assessments. As Bray Dunes is a coastal landscape, it was relevant to read about this assessment, it made us realise that the coast itself is complex and represents more than its physical characteristics.

→ Belgium and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 the main challenges identified for Belgium for the implementation of EU environmental policy and law were to:
* improve air quality, in particular nitrogen dioxide levels, by reducing traffic congestion;
* continue to address water pollution coming from urban wastewater and agricultural sources;
* manage the Natura 2000 network towards favourable conservation status for all species and habitats.

→ France and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 identified the following main challenges as regards the implementation of EU environmental policy and law in France:
* improving air quality by taking forward-looking, rapid and effective action to reach EU-based air pollution limit values;
* taking the necessary measures to improve water quality, particularly reducing nitrate pollution;
* effectively protecting biodiversity by enforcing the applicable law to ensure the protection of habitats and species.

→ The Marine Protection assessment from the Environmental Implementation Review for France 2019, gave us insights about which goals have been achieved and what would be the next priority actions:
* Provide information about measures to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES), establish more measures that have a direct impact on pressures.
* Ensure reporting of the different elements under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

→ Finally, the biodiversity protection describes also priority actions in order to improve the challenges in the area:
* Assess the Natura 2000 implementation and management.
* Support sustainable partnerships for biodiversity protection, sustainable development, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
* Protect habitats and species affected by or dependent on agricultural management.

'''Limitations'''

→ The most of the readings seem to be addressed to De Panne (on the Belgian side) and Dunkirk (on the French side), attracting a lot more interest, as they are considered areas with great strategic, economical and social importance. As a result, development plans are directed around Bray-Dunes, leaving a very significant natural ecological area, which contributes widely to the ecological coastal balance in the area, lacking attention and strategic management planning.

→ Urban infrastructure creation may impact negatively the ecology, but will promote the economy and connectivity critically.

== B.5 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
CONTENT - BLUE AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/172/28-dune-du-perroquet-59_nord.htm
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/213/28-dune-fossile-59_nord.htm
* http://www.water-ways.net/d/info/frankreich/nord_aa_canal_de_calais_de_Bergues_de_Furnes_de_bourbourg_de_la_colme.php
CONTENT - ACCESS AND TRANSPORT:
* https://www.google.de/maps/search/bray+dunes+train+station/@51.0541114,2.4680149,12z?hl=en
IMAGE SOURCES - CULTURAL AND NATURAL ATTRACTIONS:
* [https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139%20/ https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139 / ]
* [https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand%20/ https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand /]
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/73290459@N07/25434107707/
DEVELOPMENT PLANS:
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_fr_en.pdf
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_be_en.pdf
* https://www.gov.uk/guidance/landscape-and-seascape-character-assessments
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/691184/landscape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396177/seascape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/Guidance%20Note%20-%20Coastal%20Character%20Assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape/coastal-character-assessment ''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==

Our main goals are:

'''→ PRESERVE NATURE RESERVES'''

'''→ IMPROVE CONNECTIVITY'''

'''→ ENHANCE ATTRACTIVITY'''

We selected 4 goals from the Sustainable Development Goals as related to our Project based on our strategic plan and the targets from previous phase:

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Capture_Goals - 1.PNG |''The goals relate to our main themes: Green/blue infrastructure, Accessibility and Attractiveness. We want to promote partnerships to develop the area economically, but we see the protection of the Nature Reserves as a high important target; therefore making Bray Dunnes a sustainable community is a clear goal.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND_Group_3_Presentation_3_-_Planning_and_Design (1).jpg|''Our project title, the vision and the strategic planning based on the evaluation findings and the whole process.''
</gallery>

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:ConceptBrayDunes.jpg|'''Spatial vision translate:''' '' In an attempt to express visually, our vision for Bray-Dunes, we developed a conceptual representation that includes the most important issues we wanted to address. The first goal includes the ecological fragmentation between the two Nature Reserves the area contains. The plan is to connect those fragmented areas through strategies that support the green belt creation and provide recreational and educational pedestrian and bike paths, enhancing at the same time the area to its trans-boundary extension. Ecological quality preservation for this diverse ecosystem and flood prevention through pumps and floodgates in the blue infrastructure are also suggested, while sustainable models for economic growth in the area are explained in the partnership and governance part extensively. Maybe a very important observation was the fact that the area does not have a train station. The railway though passes through Bray-Dunes and the old station building is used as a media library. Our suggestion is the reopening of the station as a mixed use building, which will attract tourists/young professionals and ease the transportation between De Panne and Dunkirk, two very financially developed cities. Finally new attractions are suggested on the economic growth tendency area, which is extended mostly on the beach.'' '' The non-spatial factors that also play an important role in these interventions come from the partnerships that we propose to build in our governance model. These internal and external partnerships would ensure the sensitive conservation of the dunes through awareness programs in various activities, while promoting sustainable local businesses to boost the economy''
File:Base Map Transect Bray Dunes.png|''Location of the Transects''
File:Transect1 BrayDunes.png|'''The Transect 1''' ''represents the terrain of Bray-Dunes parallel to the coast and the special location of the place on the border to Belgium becomes visible.According to this representation of the place it can be seen that the commune Bray-Dunes is surrounded by two valuable dune landscapes (nature reserves) but these landscapes are interrupted by the urban development of Bray-Dunes' and different campsites. By forming green belts, these areas will be connected again in the future. Different interventions within the green and the urban areas are applied to the site to reach the goal of Bray Dunes becoming a green commune.''

File:Transect 2 BrayDunes.png|'''The Transect 2''' ''shows a sequence of different spatial situations in the Bray Dunes area.This illustration is important in order to understand the connections between the coast, the dune landscapes, the city of Bray Dunes, agricultural land, the canal and the highway. The connection between the green areas and the inclusion of the existing agricultural areas is shown and also the importance of connecting to the public transport network (train stop).''

File:Intervention111.jpg|'''1. Intervention:''' ''Transportation improvement through reopening of the old train station.''
File:Intervention222.jpg|'''2. Intervention:''' ''Visualization of the Nature Reserve with the implementation of green belts, bike paths and informative inscriptions.''
File:Intervention333.jpg|'''3. Intervention:''' ''Coast line area, suggestions of beautification and attractiveness increase.''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*'''Governance Model'''
In the search for a new governance model that could lift this small corner of France and also create a cross border dialogue, we found inspiration from on-going Interreg projects.Two of these projects share the same eco-sensitive and education goals as ours and also the project partner locations are as close as Dunkirk and De Panne. From the BIOGOV Interreg Europe (biodiversity in governance) and from The Interreg Annual meeting 2018 from European Commission, new models of governance were discovered, which as you can see, we have adapted here to work in the case of Bray Dunes. Apart from the development of Policies and transparency the attractive features of this model would be capacity and trust building while ensuring sustainable solutions that will pull up the local small businesses.

*'''Who needs to act and how'''
We decided that the stakeholders need to be from a micro and macro level to pull Bray Dunes into cross border dialogue while keeping the sensitive ecology and also the economy from being overrun. So the internal stakeholders belong to Bray Dunes while the external stakeholders consist of partners at various levels who would collaborate in a strategic and transparent manner.
The key external partners would be larger education institutions, the Interreg partners and the tourism departments. For example, the educational partners bring learning groups from the outside when we conduct the educational tours in our nature conservation areas that you see in our intervention visualisations. These for example, would be run by the local schools and Bray Dunes tourism office for internal capacity and economy building while taking the expertise of Interreg partners , called DEMO and Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux who share our goal of awareness creation and knowledge sharing through various eco-friendly events like music concerts and local businesses.
Similar partnerships are developed in every intervention area to ensure sensitivity and sustainability at the same time.

*'''Timeline'''
After deciding who needs to act and how, we briefly explained step by step how to implement our concept through a process model, the timeline of the project. The timelapse consists of three years duration from the first to the second phase and in two years between the second and the third. This way, we are allowing the authorities to progress gradually and carefully from one stage to the next. The start of every phase should undergo an evaluation to consider any required adaptations based on real-time scenarios.
The implementation process requires the action of various actors and stakeholders together. None of them should be neglected or forgotten during this process because each one has its own part along the procedure.
The general framework should be given by the government and authorities with their laws, while collaborating with environmental partners for guidelines, and the public, especially residents who should be consulted, informed and integrated.

*'''Resources and Assets to build on'''
The dunes which are protected by the two nature reserves are definitely the biggest assets of Bray Dunes. In our endeavour to conserve the sensitive ecology that is home to several rare species within, we make minimal spatial interventions and bank on the non-spatial resources to introduce a system of collaborative partnerships that work together towards programs, activities, events and small businesses that educate visitors and residents alike, while presenting them an enjoyable experience of the area.

'''LIFE + Nature project FLANDRE''' is a broad reaching, Franco-Belgian partnership to preserve the natural heritage, from Dunkirk to Westende. Flemish And North French Dunes Restoration is a joint project of the Agency for nature and forests of the Flemish Government, the Conservatoire de l’Espace Littoral et des Rivages lacustres and the Département du Nord for the coastal dunes between Dunkerque (France) and Westende (Belgium) - including also the cross-border sites, such as Bray-Dunes and De Panne and is co-financed by the European Union.

'''DEMO''' and '''Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux''' are cross border projects belonging to the 2014 - 2020 INTERREG V-A Belgium - France. DEMO focuses on promotion of tangible and intangible heritage as an essential linchpin for tourism, which generates significant economic spin-offs in different sectors of activity. Similar to our own goals, DEMO also believes that local development cannot be considered without taking the social and environmental challenges into account, with a view to sustainable development. Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux intends to limit flooding in the cross-border area of the polders by improving drainage during floods. To achieve this, it is necessary to temporarily allow the evacuation of the waters from the Nieuwpoort to Dunkirk/Furnes Canal channel (which also runs through Bray Dunes), both towards France and towards Belgium. Two new structures will be built - emergency pumping station on the “Speievaart” and a floodgate between the Furnes Canal and the Exutoire Canal on the site of the 4 Locks at Dunkirk. In parallel with this work, residents and stakeholders in the Franco-Flemish territory will be made aware of the risk of flooding, the foreseeable consequences of climate change and the need for a common approach to deal with this problem. It would be essential to join hands with governments of Dunkirk and De Panne to ensure that Bray Dunes is not just a territory falling in the span of these projects, but also one that deserves equal recognition and involvement. In addition to these partnerships we need local active involvement that makes this "system" a whole. The tourism and education sectors both inside and outside Bray Dunes along with the local small businesses are essential to tie the finer strings of this chain into a sustainable working mechanism. Finally the Interreg, EU and Natura 2000 measures and polices are used as anchors and benchmarks to ensure the standards and working methodology of this "biodiverse" governing system.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-01.jpg|''A "biodiverse" Governance Model''
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-02.jpg|''Sustainable Governance: Who acts and How''
File:Process model.png|''Process model. Timeline of the project.''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cf/c5/d0/cfc5d0880997255e4ee06d908e6c2e74.jpg
* https://www.alltrails.com/de/france/hauts-de-france/bray-dunes
* https://www.alltrails.com/members/anne-molderez/photos
* https://www.cleanpng.com/free/kiss.html
* https://i0.wp.com/www.transparency-one.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UN-SDGs-overview.png?resize=800%2C418&ssl=1
* https://thenounproject.com/
READINGS:
* https://www.interregeurope.eu/biogov/
* https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/conferences/etc2018/plenary_session_2_moray_gilland.pdf
* http://www.mageteaux.eu/fr/projet
* https://demo-europe.eu/fr/page-daccueil/
* https://www.natuurenbos.be/projecten/west-vlaanderen/life-project-flandre/flandre/life-nature-project-flandre-english

= D. Process Reflection =

The outcomes of our study:

→ Positive internal evaluation of our results.

→ The order and process of the sessions and the project phases were coherent to understand the location and develop the strategies.

→ Long distance project requires extra effort and eventual assumptions.

→ Better understanding of coastal landscapes, mainly the potentials they have and possibilities they offer.

→ The connection people have with coastal areas highlight the importance of preserving them.

Limitations we faced:

→ Lack of exact knowledge of the site.

→ Lack of enough sources for a long distance project.

What we have learnt from each other:

→ Task distribution with intermediary talks worked really well.

→ Having different backgrounds results in good discussions.

What we would do differently:

→ The partnerships and governance part would be useful to be explored in an earlier phase.

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2020]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

File:Base Map Transect Bray Dunes.png

2020-04-08T21:34:14Z

Arati.u: Arati.u uploaded a new version of File:Base Map Transect Bray Dunes.png

COLAND Case Study 2020 - Bray-Dunes

2020-04-08T08:13:58Z

Arati.u: /* C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2020|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Hauts-de-France''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bray-Dunes''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''France''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Transboundary area, Coastal landscape, Nature and Heritage preservation, Tourism attraction''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Wasiliki Moreno, Arati Uttur, Raphaela Roming, Ho Ching Leung, Anna Fernanda Volken, Anca Strugariu''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Bray-Dunes.jpg |400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
The first keyword is dynamic, in terms of the protected landform and high biodiversity. In Bray-Dunes right adjacent to the Belgian border there is 250 hectares National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand classified in 1974 to protect the dunes of Flanders. The landform possesses high biodiversity of plant species and is home to many land animal and underwater species.

The second key word is memories, reflecting the historical significance of Bray-Dunes. Bray-Dunes was a significant site during World War II, and it is the site of many casualties during the period of Dunkirk evacuation. The physical ruins such as the wrecked Operation Dynamo ships on the Beach at Zuydcoote shape the sentimental atmosphere and give the place significant historical values.

The third word is recreation. Located at the Opal Coast near Belgian border, the seaside of Bray-Dunes offers a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports like sand yachting and speed sailing, making it a popular holiday spots.

Our hypothesis for Bray-Dunes is that Coastal exploration since 20th century is invading the natural ecology and landscape of the coast, together with the increased chance of flooding brought by climate change. Nature dynamics and cultural memories of Bray-Dunes will be destroyed without legit policies on coastal protection.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 51.099574827611775,2.5787597335926993~case study boundary west; 51.05017698110531,2.5653701461903555~Case study boundary south; 51.064419324157655,2.460313383495043~Case study boundary east}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
The coast of Bray-Dunes is a part of the Dunes de Flandre, a 15-kilometre dune field of fine sandy beach that stretches from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes. Within the long-stretching dune field, the coastal landscape is characterised by the carved sea ridge dunes and mega-parabolic dunes, with intervals of both high and humid dune slacks and low fossil dunes that started to stack up since 3,000 BC.

The sandbanks and dunes are formed by transportation of fine sediment landward by coastal wind and waves, and further on stabilized with vegetation such as native dune grass. This forms primary dunes which situated closer to the coast and significantly affected by waves, salt spray and erosion, and secondary dunes which are located further inland and not often directly exposed to marine influences but more prone to urban intrusion.

Coastal landscape further to the south of Bray-Dunes is characterised by polders, the maritime plains with their network of canals, which are patches of low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments of dikes.

Currently the rapid urbanisation, water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders have resulted in the overgrowth of dune landscape by scrub.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 1.jpg|15-km coast of Dunes de Flandre stretching from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 2.jpg|Sandbanks and primary dunes near the coast
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 3.png|Diagram showing the formation of sand dunes
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
The landuse does not change (almost nil) between 2006 to 2018. To support this is a second landuse map from a second source that shows the change from 1965 (!) to 2014. so the change has been gradual over 50 years.The first map shows main landuse is from urban fabric(red) non arable land (light yellow) ; moors and heathland (light green); tidal flats (light purple).

However, there are several municipal camping areas (marked with red dots) there are many private tourism companies offering bike tours across Dunkirk-BrayDunes-DePanne and there are walking trails in the two natural reserve areas - De la Dune and Marchand. So this indicates that the area is focusing on a lot of tourism related activities. However, there are only two hotels that show up in google maps - and a few airbnbs. In Dunkirk, sand sailing is a dominant sport. I did not find much information about how much it is active in Bray Dunes. Also, there are a few Interreg projects happening here as Bray Dunes is on the border - but the websites are in french. So I have not translated and read them yet.The land south from the railroad that connects Dunkirk , Bray Dunes and De Panne - infact along the whole strip that all case studies are being done - is below sea level and stands the danger of flooding if the sea level rises by 50 cm.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:LANDUSE_01.jpg|''Copernicus maps 2006 to 2018. ''
File:LANDUSE_02.jpg|''Landuse maps 1965 to 2014. ''
File:LANDUSE_03.jpg|''Bike trail between Dunkirk and Bray Dunes “circuit de la dune Marchand” with municipal camping sites (in red). ''
File:LANDUSE_04.jpg|''Bike Trails between De Panne and Bray Dunes - OSM. ''
File:LANDUSE_05.jpg|''“Le Dunes de Flandre” bike trails between Dunkirk, Bray Dunes and De Panne. ''
File:LANDUSE_06.jpg|''Marchand Natural Reserve, Bray Dunes. ''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
The blue infrastructure is first represented by the sea, of course, but in this area there are also the presence of wetlands (they continue after the Belgium border - in De Panne waters) and a canal between communes.

In the green infrastructure the two most common elements are grasslands between the urban area and the international border, and crop fields in the border with the other French commune - Ghyvelde.

Relevant in the area is the National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand, a natural and diverse environment in constant evolution. The reserve is exceptional on an ecological level, however also very fragile: repeated tramplings threaten the species of varied flora, birds and amphibians. (Also a Protected area Natura 2000)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Blue_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''North Sea, a canal following the commune border and wetlands in the sea line''
File:Green_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''Predominance of natural grassland around the urban area and crops near the commune border''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
Environmental partners and scientists can affect in the planning and management of a sustainable coastal landscape, the most affected groups include: community, land owners, marine occupations.

Media, Government-authorities and maritime need to be kept satisfied.

Industry and education require the least effort, while key players are: Regulators, investors, NPOs-NGOs, Tourists and cross border cooperations.
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Stakeholders1.jpg|''Stakeholders of Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===

The site holds onto powerful sacred spaces and heritage. Places and elements, such as the historical features (like cemetery, bunkers, monuments, memorials, ruins), have symbolic meaning and can be found as landmarks along the area. However, maybe the most representative element is the natural one, highlighted by the dunes. The site has two nature reserves: National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand which was classified in 1974 and Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet that has a wild dune massif of 250 hectares protected.

On the other hand, the site, viewed from the European Environment Agency’s perspective, The Natura 2000, consists of a network of protected areas covering valuable and threatened species and habitats - a different kind of heritage, one that involves biodiversity and ecosystems.

Regarding the architecture of Bray-Dunes, the villas of the nineteenth century are noticeable, recalling the flourishing age of the resort. Bray-Dunes was also marked by both World Wars, including the Operation Dynamo between May and June 1940. These kinds of elements, sacred places and heritage, hold important cultural value and meaning for the community, as well as for tourists, encouraging and presenting a piece of history.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map.png|''Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map''
File:(2) One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes.png|''One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes''
File:(3) Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance.png|''Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===

Landscape character is defined as the distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape. It is these patterns that give each locality its 'sense of place', making one landscape different from another. In defining the combinations of components which make each landscape unique, landscape character is a way of thinking about landscape more holistically and objectively, rather than focusing on scenic beauty and subjective responses. Landscapes have evolved over time as a result of both natural and cultural processes.

As mentioned, the site was significant during the World Wars, so many stories and writings are regarding this topic.

We discovered a book, "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer, published in 2012. According to the book, indeed WW1 bunkers were built in the region between Bray-Dunes and De Panne, on both sides of the border. In fact, some remaining bunkers on the French side of the border could actually be Belgian bunkers (or at least built under Belgian command).

Despite the historical features, the site is also well appreciated for its aesthetics, so many painters found their inspiration among the area.

In terms of events and festivities, the city of Bray-Dunes, very attached to its culture, offers a great cultural season throughout the year. Regularly, concerts, shows, plays or tales readings are organized for residents. The municipal library often organizes fun and interesting exhibitions. In September, the city opened a portion of its monuments to the public with the European Heritage Days. From late September to early October it is possible to have fun at the fair with rides, an opportunity to spend some time in a charming carnival.

Sport is no exception to Bray-Dunes with the organization of 6h rosalies on the beach in September and the championship coastal archers in the same period. Regularly, guided tours nature of the different dunes of the city are offered by the Tourist Office Bray-Dunes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Map from the book “Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918” by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer.jpg|''Map from the book "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer''
File:(2) The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan.png|''The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan''
File:(3) “Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre.png|''“Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre''
File:(4) “Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara''
File:(5) “Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of your landscape system analysis and your development targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="400px" perrow="5">
File:DPSIR Bray Dunes.png |''Landscape system analysis - DPSIR Model Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

DRIVERS: The Bray dunes are characterized by their natural and cultural heritage. This makes this place very interesting for tourism and related businesses. Therefore, this sector can be determined as the first driving force. Due to their direct influence by the sea the predicted climate change that causes a sea level rise is the second driving force.

PRESSURES: As a result of the focus and the enlargement of the tourism, the place expects greater use and changes in current uses. Recreation and tourist attractions like sailing in the dunes or bike / walking paths can create future pressures. Due to disturbances in this sensitive natural area and installations for tourists the place can also experience a loss of flora and fauna as well as historical heritage. And also because of the climate change a rise in sea level is expected which can be seen as a huge pressure on the site.

STATE: Currently the Bray dunes can be described as an interesting and really valuable site with a lot of natural and cultural heritage. But Water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders already caused an overgrowth of the dune landscape by scrub.

IMPACTS: Based on the analyzed influencing factors and changes at the location, the following effects can be expected: A loss of biodiversity (flora & fauna) and cultural heritage, Flooding and an extensive tourism related infrastructure.

RESPONSES: Environmental policies have to come into operation so the protected areas can remain in good condition and we can keep the biodiversity and cultural heritage in the future. Therefore, the paths and trails in the area should be predetermined so there is no trampling in the area that could cause further damage. Public awareness has to be raised so people get to know the value of the place which will then hopefully minimize the problem of garbage and waste.

<gallery caption=" " widths="800px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Scenarios.jpg|''Landscape system analysis - Hypothesis''
</gallery>

The extreme scenario represents the climate change forces creating a huge flooding problem. The assumptions for the area indicates that in a sea level rise of 50cm many places, including inhabited settlements, are in risk of flooding. Even though this is only a theoretical simulation, the land is partly under sea level and may need to adapt to climate change, particularly the possible rise in sea level.

The sustainable scenario, shown on the right side, with the new green zone design plans shows the changes after a 20-50 years period. Nothing changes much (as nothing changed much the last 50 years) except from greener areas and more tourism. In the current planning documents, the environment is a very important part.

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

'''National Document: Climate Policy in Hauts-de-France'''

The Hauts-de-France area was characterized by the prominence of heavy industries and an economy based on coal mining, steel production and textile manufacturing. Today only 19% of the population is still working for the industry sector and coal mining was slowly fully replaced by nuclear energy. Currently, nuclear power accounts for 80% of the electricity production in the region but for only 15% of the overall energy consumption, while renewable energy consumption is low compared to the national average (3.7% against 19% in France).

Hauts-de-France intensified its efforts to combat climate change with the adoption of an innovative regional plan bringing together climate, air and energy issues. A 20-year partnership with ADEME (French Environment and Energy Agency) helped the region develop the required expertise and capacity to create and implement impactful projects. With greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita reaching 30% higher levels than the French average and mainly attributed to the industry sector, there is a strong opportunity for Hauts-de-France to develop strategies to reduce emissions.

Climate regional strategy – SRADDT (Stratégie régionale climat) sets an overarching target to divide GHG emissions by 4 by 2050. This strategy is in line with the national commitments embedded in the legislation “Grenelle 2” from 2010. The plan is organized around 4 pillars:

- Improvements of way of life and production methods;

- Continuation of the energy transition;

- Integration of mitigation and adaptation actions in territorial planning; and

- Enhanced governance and participation of local actors.

'''European Document: The European Water Framework and The Marine Strategy Framework Directives'''

The European Water Framework (WFD) and Marine Strategy Framework (MSFD) Directives both require EU Member States to take the necessary measures to achieve a good coastal and oceanic environmental status by 2020.

The aim of the European Union's ambitious Marine Strategy Framework Directive is to protect more effectively the marine environment across Europe. It came into force in June 2008 and was transposed into each member's state national legislation by mid 2010. It is the first EU legislative instrument related to the protection of marine biodiversity and aims to protect the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend.

In France, the Directive was transposed into law in the Environment Code (articles L. 219-9 to L. 219-18 and R. 219-2 to R. 219-17). Through Action Plans for the Marine Environment (PAMM), it is applied to areas of continental Europe under French sovereignty or jurisdiction, subdivided into four marine sub-regions: the English Channel-North Sea, the Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay and the Western Mediterranean Sea.

In addition, in France, IFREMER (a French institute that undertakes research and expert assessments to advance knowledge on the oceans and their resources, monitor the marine environment and foster the sustainable development of maritime activities) is one of the national agencies in charge of implementing such measures.

The Copernicus is a marine environment monitoring service offered by the European Commision, providing products and services for all marine applications with the following benefits:

- Free and sustained information provision;

- Provision of merged satellite information along with in situ information;

- Ready to use, global coverage, expertised ocean colour satellite products.

Francis Gohin from IFREMER has stated that "the Copernicus Marine Service Ocean Colour data are central for the MSFD, as it allows us to improve coherence in eutrophication assessments based on chlorophyll, using satellite-derived chlorophyll provided by CMEMS". In conjunction with the Marine Protected Areas Agency (AAMP), IFREMER takes on the role of scientific and technical coordinator on behalf of the Ministry in charge of the environment on the different aspects of the Directive.

The MFSD pursues three main goals:

- To ensure the protection and the conservation of marine ecosystems and prevent their deterioration. In areas of high deterioration, ecosystem functioning must be restored.

- To prevent and progressively eliminate pollution.

- To contain the pressure of human activities (fishing, use of diverse services, etc.) on the marine environment within levels compatible with the achievement of good environmental status. Ecosystems must have the capacity to react to various natural and human-induced changes while enabling the sustainable use of the marine environment for future generations (e.g. Common Fisheries Policy).

'''International document: Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning'''

The document represents the result of a long process to distil lessons from a wide range of partners and stakeholders as to what provides for effective city-level climate action planning and a set of globally applicable principles.
This publication is really relevant for providing a framework that cities can use, in order to more effectively play their role in reducing gas emissions and building climate resilience, by being more ambitious in their climate action planning.

The driving principles for city climate action planning are that the planning should be:

1. Ambitious; 2. Inclusive; 3. Fair; 4. Comprehensive and integrated; 5. Relevant; 6. Actionable; 7. Evidence based and 8. Transparent.

The document at present stage of "version 1.0" intends to stay open to continuous improvement through knowledge gained from on-going practices. The Guiding Principles are aimed at city-level actors as local stakeholders, governing bodies and experts. Its resilience provides necessary support for locals as well as platforms for collaboration and documentation from active partners.

Apart from addressing the basic requirement of financial support from local government, the crucial role of public participation is given high value in the effective working of the climate action planning. The other main role would be from core stakeholders such as NGOs, experts and active organisations to constitute the actual leadership and working of the planning process.

A general outline for the planning process has been outlined as a process chart that could be used as a guide by cities and then adapted according to the goals that will drive towards the relevant local objectives such as “health, safety, food security, housing, biodiversity, air quality, land use, access to basic urban services, poverty reduction, local economic development and job creation”. The outline also gives guidance on maintaining transparency and continuous evaluation of the process. This would also include the timelines, distribution of responsibilities and maintaining costs.

The climate action plans would direct cities towards stand-alone plans or get integrated into long-term planning processes of the cities.
While the Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning urges cities to adopt the guidelines vigorously, the benefits are already visible from cities who have undertaken these measures for climate change action.

== A.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0615/2.5126&layers=C

BASIC INFORMATION:
* https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Nature/Les-Dunes-de-Flandre-nature-reserve
* https://www.france-voyage.com/tourism/bray-dunes-1146.htm
* https://ch.oui.sncf/fr/article/les-dunes-de-flandre
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_UNITELITTORAL/PAR_TPL_IDENTIFIANT/101/125-les-paysages-fiche.htm
* https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas
* https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9serve_naturelle_nationale_de_la_dune_Marchand#/media/Fichier:P%C3%A9rim%C3%A8tre_RNN_Dune_Marchand_rnn19.png
* http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/dune-marchand
* https://www.google.com/search?q=bray+dunes+camping+municipal&npsic=0&rflfq=1&rlha=0&rllag=51077997,2538343,1019&tbm=lcl&ved=2ahUKEwjp4pWf8trnAhUSilwKHY6bDw0QtgN6BAgLEAQ&tbs=lrf:!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:4&rldoc=1#rldoc=1&rlfi=hd:;si:,51.080248504007805,2.582632035253937;mv:[[51.102674420897195,2.6052913370117494],[51.03093797609536,2.413717240332062],null,[51.066820095899374,2.5095042886719057],13]
* http://sentierdunord.free.fr/Circuit%20de%20la%20dune%20marchand%20zuydcoote.html
* http://escapadenature-sansvoiture.fr/les-escapades-nature-sans-voiture/dunes-flandre
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391365
* http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20014/planning/1006/landscape_character_assessment
* https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=195244

IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/
* https://www.flickr.com/
* https://www.dunkerque-tourisme.fr/
* https://www.artmajeur.com/
* https://www.mutualart.com/
* https://thenounproject.com/
* https://www.cleanpng.com/

READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm
* https://www.msp-platform.eu/practices/french-national-maritime-and-coastline-strategies
* https://www.copernicus.eu/en/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive
* https://www.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2018-11/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive.pdf
* http://msp.ioc-unesco.org/world-applications/europe/france/
* https://wwz.ifremer.fr/en/Public-policy-support/Water-Biodiversity/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.aires-marines.com/International/European-relations/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.dcsmm-d4.fr/la-directive-cadre-strategie-pour-le-milieu-marin-dcsmm?lang=en
* https://www.theclimategroup.org/sites/default/files/etp_partnerprofile_hauts-de-france.pdf

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==

'''Goals'''

→ Have a general overview of both green and blue infrastructure and the relevance of these elements for the identity of the place. Going back to our analysis, we also understood the importance of public awareness to protect natural and cultural heritage and we want to understand better how the green infrastructure relates to the sea and how the character of these elements.

→ Evaluate the accessibility of the commune, focusing on bike and pedestrian paths and how they relate to the natural components. We currently have an overview of bike paths, but want to understand all the accessibility and connectivity of the commune.

→ Visualize the attractiveness of Bray Dunes, the focal interest points, what makes people go there and what could be better. Understanding how tourism can be enhanced clearly seems to be an important goal: however, the scale of the location cannot be forgotten.

'''Themes'''

→ Green / blue infrastructure

→ Accessibility

→ Attractiveness

Having tourism (and related business) as the most significant driving force, we chose these themes considering their relevance to the activity. At the same time, the protection of the green and blue infrastructure, besides necessary to tourism, is also imperative to avoid the extreme scenario.

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:BrayDunes_Green&BlueInfrastructure.jpg| '''Green & Blue Infrastructure:''' ''Bray-Dunes is located in the centre of the natural area of the "Dune flamandes". The municipality borders on the nature reserve: “Nature Reserve de la Dune Marchand” in the west and the “Dune du Perroquet” in the east. Further to the west the dune area "Dune Dewulf" can be found which is also a protected area. The predominant dune landscapes are characterized by their great diversity in flora and fauna. Another nature reserve which is of great value to the region: the “Dune Fossile de Ghyvelde” is located in a three kilometer distance from the coastline. This landscape developed around 5000 years ago by the North Sea on the coastline at the time. The landscape in the surrounding of Bray Dunes is characterized not only by the predominant dunes and the sea coast but also by agricultural use. The fields are clearly marked in light yellow. The following sequence of natural spaces is characteristic of the Dune flamandes: Coastline - dune - agricultural zone - infrastructure (roads and channel) - natural landscape. Forest areas only play a subordinate role in the region and can hardly be found. The two most prominent elements of blue infrastructure in this area are the North Sea which limits the entire west side of the area and the "Canal de Furnes". The coastline along the Dunes flamandes is characterized by a strip of marine wetlands. The "Canal de Furnes" runs parallel to the coastline at a distance of 2-3 kilometers. “Canal de Furnes” is the French name for the section of the Nieuspoort-Dunkirk Canal that runs in France. The Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal connects the Belgian coastal town of Nieuwpoort with the French port of Dunkirk. In addition, smaller rivers and streams such as the "Petit Mardyck" and "Grand Mardyck" run in the study area. Smaller lakes and ponds are also close to the canal, mostly found in the agricultural zone.''
File:Access_transport_map_02.png|'''Accessibility & Transport:''' ''It is interesting to notice that although Bray Dunes lies between two major cities - Dunkirk and De Panne, it stays heavily neglected in terms of ease of accessibility. The train line that connects De Panne to Dunkirk has no train stations in Bray Dunes. To arrive to Bray Dunes via public transport, one would have to take a train till De Panne, and then arrive by bus via highway D60. Highway D601 connects Dunkirk and Veurne and then onward to Nieuwpoort. There are very few public transport buses that actually make a halt in Bray Dunes, unless one takes a bus from any of the private transport companies. Another major observation is the lack of dedicated bike paths. There are major "regional" and "local" bike routes that are a part of bike trails going across Belgium and France while connecting Dunkirk to De Panne, as highlighted in our previous presentation on land use development - however, none of the eco-trails come to make a stop in Bray Dunes. As seen in this map, the bike paths from De Panne stop at the border and/or go around Bray Dunes without entering this area. The positive aspect is that the protected dune areas have a very good network of pedestrian trails that give us a good potential for development and could be expanded to become bike trails.''
File:BrayDunes_map3.jpg|'''Cultural & Natural Attractions:''' ''The unique location of Bray-Dunes on the Opal Coast, bordering France and Belgium, offers the place both cultural and nature attractions. Culturally the place is a significant site for WWII with war monuments, landmarks and ruins along the coastline, stretching from Bray-Dunes all the way to Dunkirk. The geographical location of Bray-Dunes also offer a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports such as sand yachting and speed sailing. In terms of natural attractions, Dunes de Flandres (the long-stretching fine sand beach) is a wonderful creation of nature. Relaxing hikes into the two nature reserves are also options to enjoy the tranquil and picturesque dune landscape. Along the coast there are also villas, seaside resorts, hotels and some cheaper options Airbnb for tourists’ short-term stay. Camping sites are also available. Most attractions and stay options took the advantage of the coastal landscape and are concentrated mostly along coast.''

</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==

Based on previous analysis we had to evaluate the outcomes. In order to characterize the results, to identify the potentials and the risks of the area, we used the SWOT analysis.
With the SWOT method we could explore the internal and the external factors that may influence our work and developed a fuller awareness of the situation.

'''Problems'''

→ The site has two nature reserves, “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland”, with rich fauna and flora, after mapping the green spaces it turned out there is no connection between the natural areas.

→ Accessibility: lack of bike paths, also there is no train station in Bray Dunes (the closest stations are in Dunkirk and De Panne).

'''Potentials'''

→ There is a powerful potential to increase the recreational function.

→ The natural areas could act as educational sites because of the variety of species.

'''Priorities and targets'''

→ Green belt creation in three large areas of Bray-Dunes coasts to connect the fragmented ecological areas between the Nature Reserves.

→ “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland” preservation and management. Inscriptions throughout the nature reserves informing about history, culture and environmental values.

→ Provision and management of better connectivity with educational and recreational features along bicycle and pedestrian paths.

→ Transportation development: train station in the area and more bike paths.

→ Better attractions for young professionals and tourists. Recreational opportunities that will attract visitors from both De Panne and Dunkirk to visit Bray-Dunes, like community gardens.

→ There is a high pressure of urbanization among the area, this could be an opportunity, as well as a risk at the same time - building new housing could develop the area, but it could disturb the nature reserves too.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks f.png|''SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==

'''Readings'''

→ Landscape character assessment (LCA) is defined as the process of identifying and describing variation in character of the landscape. In our process we used LCA documents to identify and explain the unique combination of elements and features that make our site distinctive by mapping and describing character types and areas. Landscape character assessment also shows how the landscape is perceived, experienced and valued by people.

→ Seascape character assessment (SCA) has emerged as a method for assessing, characterising, mapping and describing seascape character. Seascape is defined by Natural England in its position statement on All Landscapes Matter in 2010 as: “An area of sea, coastline and land, as perceived by people, whose character results from the actions and interactions of land with sea, by natural and/or human factors”.

→ Coastal character assessment (CCA) informs and guides coastal and marine planning, and individual development proposals, by informing landscape/seascape and visual impact assessments. As Bray Dunes is a coastal landscape, it was relevant to read about this assessment, it made us realise that the coast itself is complex and represents more than its physical characteristics.

→ Belgium and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 the main challenges identified for Belgium for the implementation of EU environmental policy and law were to:
* improve air quality, in particular nitrogen dioxide levels, by reducing traffic congestion;
* continue to address water pollution coming from urban wastewater and agricultural sources;
* manage the Natura 2000 network towards favourable conservation status for all species and habitats.

→ France and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 identified the following main challenges as regards the implementation of EU environmental policy and law in France:
* improving air quality by taking forward-looking, rapid and effective action to reach EU-based air pollution limit values;
* taking the necessary measures to improve water quality, particularly reducing nitrate pollution;
* effectively protecting biodiversity by enforcing the applicable law to ensure the protection of habitats and species.

→ The Marine Protection assessment from the Environmental Implementation Review for France 2019, gave us insights about which goals have been achieved and what would be the next priority actions:
* Provide information about measures to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES), establish more measures that have a direct impact on pressures.
* Ensure reporting of the different elements under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

→ Finally, the biodiversity protection describes also priority actions in order to improve the challenges in the area:
* Assess the Natura 2000 implementation and management.
* Support sustainable partnerships for biodiversity protection, sustainable development, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
* Protect habitats and species affected by or dependent on agricultural management.

'''Limitations'''

→ The most of the readings seem to be addressed to De Panne (on the Belgian side) and Dunkirk (on the French side), attracting a lot more interest, as they are considered areas with great strategic, economical and social importance. As a result, development plans are directed around Bray-Dunes, leaving a very significant natural ecological area, which contributes widely to the ecological coastal balance in the area, lacking attention and strategic management planning.

→ Urban infrastructure creation may impact negatively the ecology, but will promote the economy and connectivity critically.

== B.5 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
CONTENT - BLUE AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/172/28-dune-du-perroquet-59_nord.htm
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/213/28-dune-fossile-59_nord.htm
* http://www.water-ways.net/d/info/frankreich/nord_aa_canal_de_calais_de_Bergues_de_Furnes_de_bourbourg_de_la_colme.php
CONTENT - ACCESS AND TRANSPORT:
* https://www.google.de/maps/search/bray+dunes+train+station/@51.0541114,2.4680149,12z?hl=en
IMAGE SOURCES - CULTURAL AND NATURAL ATTRACTIONS:
* [https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139%20/ https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139 / ]
* [https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand%20/ https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand /]
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/73290459@N07/25434107707/
DEVELOPMENT PLANS:
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_fr_en.pdf
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_be_en.pdf
* https://www.gov.uk/guidance/landscape-and-seascape-character-assessments
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/691184/landscape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396177/seascape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/Guidance%20Note%20-%20Coastal%20Character%20Assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape/coastal-character-assessment ''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==

Our main goals are:

'''→ PRESERVE NATURE RESERVES'''

'''→ IMPROVE CONNECTIVITY'''

'''→ ENHANCE ATTRACTIVITY'''

We selected 4 goals from the Sustainable Development Goals as related to our Project based on our strategic plan and the targets from previous phase:

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Capture_Goals - 1.PNG |''The goals relate to our main themes: Green/blue infrastructure, Accessibility and Attractiveness. We want to promote partnerships to develop the area economically, but we see the protection of the Nature Reserves as a high important target; therefore making Bray Dunnes a sustainable community is a clear goal.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND_Group_3_Presentation_3_-_Planning_and_Design (1).jpg|''Our project title, the vision and the strategic planning based on the evaluation findings and the whole process.''
</gallery>

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:ConceptBrayDunes.jpg|'''Spatial vision translate:''' '' In an attempt to express visually, our vision for Bray-Dunes, we developed a conceptual representation that includes the most important issues we wanted to address. The first goal includes the ecological fragmentation between the two Nature Reserves the area contains. The plan is to connect those fragmented areas through strategies that support the green belt creation and provide recreational and educational pedestrian and bike paths, enhancing at the same time the area to its trans-boundary extension. Ecological quality preservation for this diverse ecosystem and flood prevention through pumps and floodgates in the blue infrastructure are also suggested, while sustainable models for economic growth in the area are explained in the partnership and governance part extensively. Maybe a very important observation was the fact that the area does not have a train station. The railway though passes through Bray-Dunes and the old station building is used as a media library. Our suggestion is the reopening of the station as a mixed use building, which will attract tourists/young professionals and ease the transportation between De Panne and Dunkirk, two very financially developed cities. Finally new attractions are suggested on the economic growth tendency area, which is extended mostly on the beach.'' '' The non-spatial factors that also play an important role in these interventions come from the partnerships that we propose to build in our governance model. These internal and external partnerships would ensure the sensitive conservation of the dunes through awareness programs in various activities, while promoting sustainable local businesses to boost the economy''
File:Base_Map_Transect_Bray_Dunes.png|''Location of the Transects''
File:Transect1 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 1 - Parallel to the Coastline''
File:Transect 2 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 2''
File:Intervention111.jpg|'''1. Intervention:''' ''Transportation improvement through reopening of the old train station.''
File:Intervention222.jpg|'''2. Intervention:''' ''Visualization of the Nature Reserve with the implementation of green belts, bike paths and informative inscriptions.''
File:Intervention333.jpg|'''3. Intervention:''' ''Coast line area, suggestions of beautification and attractiveness increase.''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*'''Governance Model'''
In the search for a new governance model that could lift this small corner of France and also create a cross border dialogue, we found inspiration from on-going Interreg projects.Two of these projects share the same eco-sensitive and education goals as ours and also the project partner locations are as close as Dunkirk and De Panne. From the BIOGOV Interreg Europe (biodiversity in governance) and from The Interreg Annual meeting 2018 from European Commission, new models of governance were discovered, which as you can see, we have adapted here to work in the case of Bray Dunes. Apart from the development of Policies and transparency the attractive features of this model would be capacity and trust building while ensuring sustainable solutions that will pull up the local small businesses.

*'''Who needs to act and how'''
We decided that the stakeholders need to be from a micro and macro level to pull Bray Dunes into cross border dialogue while keeping the sensitive ecology and also the economy from being overrun. So the internal stakeholders belong to Bray Dunes while the external stakeholders consist of partners at various levels who would collaborate in a strategic and transparent manner.
The key external partners would be larger education institutions, the Interreg partners and the tourism departments. For example, the educational partners bring learning groups from the outside when we conduct the educational tours in our nature conservation areas that you see in our intervention visualisations. These for example, would be run by the local schools and Bray Dunes tourism office for internal capacity and economy building while taking the expertise of Interreg partners , called DEMO and Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux who share our goal of awareness creation and knowledge sharing through various eco-friendly events like music concerts and local businesses.
Similar partnerships are developed in every intervention area to ensure sensitivity and sustainability at the same time.

*'''Timeline'''
After deciding who needs to act and how, we briefly explained step by step how to implement our concept through a process model, the timeline of the project. The timelapse consists of three years duration from the first to the second phase and in two years between the second and the third. This way, we are allowing the authorities to progress gradually and carefully from one stage to the next. The start of every phase should undergo an evaluation to consider any required adaptations based on real-time scenarios.
The implementation process requires the action of various actors and stakeholders together. None of them should be neglected or forgotten during this process because each one has its own part along the procedure.
The general framework should be given by the government and authorities with their laws, while collaborating with environmental partners for guidelines, and the public, especially residents who should be consulted, informed and integrated.

*'''Resources and Assets to build on'''
The dunes which are protected by the two nature reserves are definitely the biggest assets of Bray Dunes. In our endeavour to conserve the sensitive ecology that is home to several rare species within, we make minimal spatial interventions and bank on the non-spatial resources to introduce a system of collaborative partnerships that work together towards programs, activities, events and small businesses that educate visitors and residents alike, while presenting them an enjoyable experience of the area. '''LIFE + Nature project FLANDRE''' is a broad reaching, Franco-Belgian partnership to preserve the natural heritage, from Dunkirk to Westende. Flemish And North French Dunes Restoration is a joint project of the Agency for nature and forests of the Flemish Government, the Conservatoire de l’Espace Littoral et des Rivages lacustres and the Département du Nord for the coastal dunes between Dunkerque (France) and Westende (Belgium) - including also the cross-border sites, such as Bray-Dunes and De Panne and is co-financed by the European Union. '''DEMO''' and '''Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux''' are cross border projects belonging to the 2014 - 2020 INTERREG V-A Belgium - France. DEMO focuses on promotion of tangible and intangible heritage as an essential linchpin for tourism, which generates significant economic spin-offs in different sectors of activity. Similar to our own goals, DEMO also believes that local development cannot be considered without taking the social and environmental challenges into account, with a view to sustainable development. Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux intends to limit flooding in the cross-border area of the polders by improving drainage during floods. To achieve this, it is necessary to temporarily allow the evacuation of the waters from the Nieuwpoort to Dunkirk/Furnes Canal channel (which also runs through Bray Dunes), both towards France and towards Belgium. Two new structures will be built - emergency pumping station on the “Speievaart” and a floodgate between the Furnes Canal and the Exutoire Canal on the site of the 4 Locks at Dunkirk. In parallel with this work, residents and stakeholders in the Franco-Flemish territory will be made aware of the risk of flooding, the foreseeable consequences of climate change and the need for a common approach to deal with this problem. It would be essential to join hands with governments of Dunkirk and De Panne to ensure that Bray Dunes is not just a territory falling in the span of these projects, but also one that deserves equal recognition and involvement. In addition to these partnerships we need local active involvement that makes this "system" a whole. The tourism and education sectors both inside and outside Bray Dunes along with the local small businesses are essential to tie the finer strings of this chain into a sustainable working mechanism. Finally the Interreg, EU and Natura 2000 measures and polices are used as anchors and benchmarks to ensure the standards and working methodology of this "biodiverse" governing system.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-01.jpg|''A "biodiverse" Governance Model''
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-02.jpg|''Sustainable Governance: Who acts and How''
File:Process model.png|''Process model. Timeline of the project.''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cf/c5/d0/cfc5d0880997255e4ee06d908e6c2e74.jpg
* https://www.alltrails.com/de/france/hauts-de-france/bray-dunes
* https://www.alltrails.com/members/anne-molderez/photos
* https://www.cleanpng.com/free/kiss.html
* https://i0.wp.com/www.transparency-one.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UN-SDGs-overview.png?resize=800%2C418&ssl=1
* https://thenounproject.com/
READINGS:
* https://www.interregeurope.eu/biogov/
* https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/conferences/etc2018/plenary_session_2_moray_gilland.pdf
* http://www.mageteaux.eu/fr/projet
* https://demo-europe.eu/fr/page-daccueil/
* https://www.natuurenbos.be/projecten/west-vlaanderen/life-project-flandre/flandre/life-nature-project-flandre-english

= D. Process Reflection =

The outcomes of our study:

→ Positive internal evaluation of our results.

→ The order and process of the sessions and the project phases were coherent to understand the location and develop the strategies.

→ Long distance project requires extra effort and eventual assumptions.

→ Better understanding of coastal landscapes, mainly the potentials they have and possibilities they offer.

→ The connection people have with coastal areas highlight the importance of preserving them.

Limitations we faced:

→ Lack of exact knowledge of the site.

→ Lack of enough sources for a long distance project.

What we have learnt from each other:

→ Task distribution with intermediary talks worked really well.

→ Having different backgrounds results in good discussions.

What we would do differently:

→ The partnerships and governance part would be useful to be explored in an earlier phase.

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2020]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

COLAND Case Study 2020 - Bray-Dunes

2020-04-08T08:12:48Z

Arati.u: /* C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2020|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
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| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Hauts-de-France''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bray-Dunes''
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| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''France''
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| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Transboundary area, Coastal landscape, Nature and Heritage preservation, Tourism attraction''
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| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Wasiliki Moreno, Arati Uttur, Raphaela Roming, Ho Ching Leung, Anna Fernanda Volken, Anca Strugariu''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Bray-Dunes.jpg |400px]]
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| ||style="background:Lavender"|
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| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
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= Rationale =
The first keyword is dynamic, in terms of the protected landform and high biodiversity. In Bray-Dunes right adjacent to the Belgian border there is 250 hectares National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand classified in 1974 to protect the dunes of Flanders. The landform possesses high biodiversity of plant species and is home to many land animal and underwater species.

The second key word is memories, reflecting the historical significance of Bray-Dunes. Bray-Dunes was a significant site during World War II, and it is the site of many casualties during the period of Dunkirk evacuation. The physical ruins such as the wrecked Operation Dynamo ships on the Beach at Zuydcoote shape the sentimental atmosphere and give the place significant historical values.

The third word is recreation. Located at the Opal Coast near Belgian border, the seaside of Bray-Dunes offers a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports like sand yachting and speed sailing, making it a popular holiday spots.

Our hypothesis for Bray-Dunes is that Coastal exploration since 20th century is invading the natural ecology and landscape of the coast, together with the increased chance of flooding brought by climate change. Nature dynamics and cultural memories of Bray-Dunes will be destroyed without legit policies on coastal protection.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 51.099574827611775,2.5787597335926993~case study boundary west; 51.05017698110531,2.5653701461903555~Case study boundary south; 51.064419324157655,2.460313383495043~Case study boundary east}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
The coast of Bray-Dunes is a part of the Dunes de Flandre, a 15-kilometre dune field of fine sandy beach that stretches from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes. Within the long-stretching dune field, the coastal landscape is characterised by the carved sea ridge dunes and mega-parabolic dunes, with intervals of both high and humid dune slacks and low fossil dunes that started to stack up since 3,000 BC.

The sandbanks and dunes are formed by transportation of fine sediment landward by coastal wind and waves, and further on stabilized with vegetation such as native dune grass. This forms primary dunes which situated closer to the coast and significantly affected by waves, salt spray and erosion, and secondary dunes which are located further inland and not often directly exposed to marine influences but more prone to urban intrusion.

Coastal landscape further to the south of Bray-Dunes is characterised by polders, the maritime plains with their network of canals, which are patches of low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments of dikes.

Currently the rapid urbanisation, water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders have resulted in the overgrowth of dune landscape by scrub.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 1.jpg|15-km coast of Dunes de Flandre stretching from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 2.jpg|Sandbanks and primary dunes near the coast
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 3.png|Diagram showing the formation of sand dunes
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
The landuse does not change (almost nil) between 2006 to 2018. To support this is a second landuse map from a second source that shows the change from 1965 (!) to 2014. so the change has been gradual over 50 years.The first map shows main landuse is from urban fabric(red) non arable land (light yellow) ; moors and heathland (light green); tidal flats (light purple).

However, there are several municipal camping areas (marked with red dots) there are many private tourism companies offering bike tours across Dunkirk-BrayDunes-DePanne and there are walking trails in the two natural reserve areas - De la Dune and Marchand. So this indicates that the area is focusing on a lot of tourism related activities. However, there are only two hotels that show up in google maps - and a few airbnbs. In Dunkirk, sand sailing is a dominant sport. I did not find much information about how much it is active in Bray Dunes. Also, there are a few Interreg projects happening here as Bray Dunes is on the border - but the websites are in french. So I have not translated and read them yet.The land south from the railroad that connects Dunkirk , Bray Dunes and De Panne - infact along the whole strip that all case studies are being done - is below sea level and stands the danger of flooding if the sea level rises by 50 cm.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:LANDUSE_01.jpg|''Copernicus maps 2006 to 2018. ''
File:LANDUSE_02.jpg|''Landuse maps 1965 to 2014. ''
File:LANDUSE_03.jpg|''Bike trail between Dunkirk and Bray Dunes “circuit de la dune Marchand” with municipal camping sites (in red). ''
File:LANDUSE_04.jpg|''Bike Trails between De Panne and Bray Dunes - OSM. ''
File:LANDUSE_05.jpg|''“Le Dunes de Flandre” bike trails between Dunkirk, Bray Dunes and De Panne. ''
File:LANDUSE_06.jpg|''Marchand Natural Reserve, Bray Dunes. ''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
The blue infrastructure is first represented by the sea, of course, but in this area there are also the presence of wetlands (they continue after the Belgium border - in De Panne waters) and a canal between communes.

In the green infrastructure the two most common elements are grasslands between the urban area and the international border, and crop fields in the border with the other French commune - Ghyvelde.

Relevant in the area is the National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand, a natural and diverse environment in constant evolution. The reserve is exceptional on an ecological level, however also very fragile: repeated tramplings threaten the species of varied flora, birds and amphibians. (Also a Protected area Natura 2000)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Blue_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''North Sea, a canal following the commune border and wetlands in the sea line''
File:Green_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''Predominance of natural grassland around the urban area and crops near the commune border''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
Environmental partners and scientists can affect in the planning and management of a sustainable coastal landscape, the most affected groups include: community, land owners, marine occupations.

Media, Government-authorities and maritime need to be kept satisfied.

Industry and education require the least effort, while key players are: Regulators, investors, NPOs-NGOs, Tourists and cross border cooperations.
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Stakeholders1.jpg|''Stakeholders of Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===

The site holds onto powerful sacred spaces and heritage. Places and elements, such as the historical features (like cemetery, bunkers, monuments, memorials, ruins), have symbolic meaning and can be found as landmarks along the area. However, maybe the most representative element is the natural one, highlighted by the dunes. The site has two nature reserves: National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand which was classified in 1974 and Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet that has a wild dune massif of 250 hectares protected.

On the other hand, the site, viewed from the European Environment Agency’s perspective, The Natura 2000, consists of a network of protected areas covering valuable and threatened species and habitats - a different kind of heritage, one that involves biodiversity and ecosystems.

Regarding the architecture of Bray-Dunes, the villas of the nineteenth century are noticeable, recalling the flourishing age of the resort. Bray-Dunes was also marked by both World Wars, including the Operation Dynamo between May and June 1940. These kinds of elements, sacred places and heritage, hold important cultural value and meaning for the community, as well as for tourists, encouraging and presenting a piece of history.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map.png|''Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map''
File:(2) One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes.png|''One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes''
File:(3) Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance.png|''Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===

Landscape character is defined as the distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape. It is these patterns that give each locality its 'sense of place', making one landscape different from another. In defining the combinations of components which make each landscape unique, landscape character is a way of thinking about landscape more holistically and objectively, rather than focusing on scenic beauty and subjective responses. Landscapes have evolved over time as a result of both natural and cultural processes.

As mentioned, the site was significant during the World Wars, so many stories and writings are regarding this topic.

We discovered a book, "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer, published in 2012. According to the book, indeed WW1 bunkers were built in the region between Bray-Dunes and De Panne, on both sides of the border. In fact, some remaining bunkers on the French side of the border could actually be Belgian bunkers (or at least built under Belgian command).

Despite the historical features, the site is also well appreciated for its aesthetics, so many painters found their inspiration among the area.

In terms of events and festivities, the city of Bray-Dunes, very attached to its culture, offers a great cultural season throughout the year. Regularly, concerts, shows, plays or tales readings are organized for residents. The municipal library often organizes fun and interesting exhibitions. In September, the city opened a portion of its monuments to the public with the European Heritage Days. From late September to early October it is possible to have fun at the fair with rides, an opportunity to spend some time in a charming carnival.

Sport is no exception to Bray-Dunes with the organization of 6h rosalies on the beach in September and the championship coastal archers in the same period. Regularly, guided tours nature of the different dunes of the city are offered by the Tourist Office Bray-Dunes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Map from the book “Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918” by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer.jpg|''Map from the book "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer''
File:(2) The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan.png|''The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan''
File:(3) “Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre.png|''“Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre''
File:(4) “Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara''
File:(5) “Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of your landscape system analysis and your development targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="400px" perrow="5">
File:DPSIR Bray Dunes.png |''Landscape system analysis - DPSIR Model Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

DRIVERS: The Bray dunes are characterized by their natural and cultural heritage. This makes this place very interesting for tourism and related businesses. Therefore, this sector can be determined as the first driving force. Due to their direct influence by the sea the predicted climate change that causes a sea level rise is the second driving force.

PRESSURES: As a result of the focus and the enlargement of the tourism, the place expects greater use and changes in current uses. Recreation and tourist attractions like sailing in the dunes or bike / walking paths can create future pressures. Due to disturbances in this sensitive natural area and installations for tourists the place can also experience a loss of flora and fauna as well as historical heritage. And also because of the climate change a rise in sea level is expected which can be seen as a huge pressure on the site.

STATE: Currently the Bray dunes can be described as an interesting and really valuable site with a lot of natural and cultural heritage. But Water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders already caused an overgrowth of the dune landscape by scrub.

IMPACTS: Based on the analyzed influencing factors and changes at the location, the following effects can be expected: A loss of biodiversity (flora & fauna) and cultural heritage, Flooding and an extensive tourism related infrastructure.

RESPONSES: Environmental policies have to come into operation so the protected areas can remain in good condition and we can keep the biodiversity and cultural heritage in the future. Therefore, the paths and trails in the area should be predetermined so there is no trampling in the area that could cause further damage. Public awareness has to be raised so people get to know the value of the place which will then hopefully minimize the problem of garbage and waste.

<gallery caption=" " widths="800px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Scenarios.jpg|''Landscape system analysis - Hypothesis''
</gallery>

The extreme scenario represents the climate change forces creating a huge flooding problem. The assumptions for the area indicates that in a sea level rise of 50cm many places, including inhabited settlements, are in risk of flooding. Even though this is only a theoretical simulation, the land is partly under sea level and may need to adapt to climate change, particularly the possible rise in sea level.

The sustainable scenario, shown on the right side, with the new green zone design plans shows the changes after a 20-50 years period. Nothing changes much (as nothing changed much the last 50 years) except from greener areas and more tourism. In the current planning documents, the environment is a very important part.

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

'''National Document: Climate Policy in Hauts-de-France'''

The Hauts-de-France area was characterized by the prominence of heavy industries and an economy based on coal mining, steel production and textile manufacturing. Today only 19% of the population is still working for the industry sector and coal mining was slowly fully replaced by nuclear energy. Currently, nuclear power accounts for 80% of the electricity production in the region but for only 15% of the overall energy consumption, while renewable energy consumption is low compared to the national average (3.7% against 19% in France).

Hauts-de-France intensified its efforts to combat climate change with the adoption of an innovative regional plan bringing together climate, air and energy issues. A 20-year partnership with ADEME (French Environment and Energy Agency) helped the region develop the required expertise and capacity to create and implement impactful projects. With greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita reaching 30% higher levels than the French average and mainly attributed to the industry sector, there is a strong opportunity for Hauts-de-France to develop strategies to reduce emissions.

Climate regional strategy – SRADDT (Stratégie régionale climat) sets an overarching target to divide GHG emissions by 4 by 2050. This strategy is in line with the national commitments embedded in the legislation “Grenelle 2” from 2010. The plan is organized around 4 pillars:

- Improvements of way of life and production methods;

- Continuation of the energy transition;

- Integration of mitigation and adaptation actions in territorial planning; and

- Enhanced governance and participation of local actors.

'''European Document: The European Water Framework and The Marine Strategy Framework Directives'''

The European Water Framework (WFD) and Marine Strategy Framework (MSFD) Directives both require EU Member States to take the necessary measures to achieve a good coastal and oceanic environmental status by 2020.

The aim of the European Union's ambitious Marine Strategy Framework Directive is to protect more effectively the marine environment across Europe. It came into force in June 2008 and was transposed into each member's state national legislation by mid 2010. It is the first EU legislative instrument related to the protection of marine biodiversity and aims to protect the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend.

In France, the Directive was transposed into law in the Environment Code (articles L. 219-9 to L. 219-18 and R. 219-2 to R. 219-17). Through Action Plans for the Marine Environment (PAMM), it is applied to areas of continental Europe under French sovereignty or jurisdiction, subdivided into four marine sub-regions: the English Channel-North Sea, the Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay and the Western Mediterranean Sea.

In addition, in France, IFREMER (a French institute that undertakes research and expert assessments to advance knowledge on the oceans and their resources, monitor the marine environment and foster the sustainable development of maritime activities) is one of the national agencies in charge of implementing such measures.

The Copernicus is a marine environment monitoring service offered by the European Commision, providing products and services for all marine applications with the following benefits:

- Free and sustained information provision;

- Provision of merged satellite information along with in situ information;

- Ready to use, global coverage, expertised ocean colour satellite products.

Francis Gohin from IFREMER has stated that "the Copernicus Marine Service Ocean Colour data are central for the MSFD, as it allows us to improve coherence in eutrophication assessments based on chlorophyll, using satellite-derived chlorophyll provided by CMEMS". In conjunction with the Marine Protected Areas Agency (AAMP), IFREMER takes on the role of scientific and technical coordinator on behalf of the Ministry in charge of the environment on the different aspects of the Directive.

The MFSD pursues three main goals:

- To ensure the protection and the conservation of marine ecosystems and prevent their deterioration. In areas of high deterioration, ecosystem functioning must be restored.

- To prevent and progressively eliminate pollution.

- To contain the pressure of human activities (fishing, use of diverse services, etc.) on the marine environment within levels compatible with the achievement of good environmental status. Ecosystems must have the capacity to react to various natural and human-induced changes while enabling the sustainable use of the marine environment for future generations (e.g. Common Fisheries Policy).

'''International document: Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning'''

The document represents the result of a long process to distil lessons from a wide range of partners and stakeholders as to what provides for effective city-level climate action planning and a set of globally applicable principles.
This publication is really relevant for providing a framework that cities can use, in order to more effectively play their role in reducing gas emissions and building climate resilience, by being more ambitious in their climate action planning.

The driving principles for city climate action planning are that the planning should be:

1. Ambitious; 2. Inclusive; 3. Fair; 4. Comprehensive and integrated; 5. Relevant; 6. Actionable; 7. Evidence based and 8. Transparent.

The document at present stage of "version 1.0" intends to stay open to continuous improvement through knowledge gained from on-going practices. The Guiding Principles are aimed at city-level actors as local stakeholders, governing bodies and experts. Its resilience provides necessary support for locals as well as platforms for collaboration and documentation from active partners.

Apart from addressing the basic requirement of financial support from local government, the crucial role of public participation is given high value in the effective working of the climate action planning. The other main role would be from core stakeholders such as NGOs, experts and active organisations to constitute the actual leadership and working of the planning process.

A general outline for the planning process has been outlined as a process chart that could be used as a guide by cities and then adapted according to the goals that will drive towards the relevant local objectives such as “health, safety, food security, housing, biodiversity, air quality, land use, access to basic urban services, poverty reduction, local economic development and job creation”. The outline also gives guidance on maintaining transparency and continuous evaluation of the process. This would also include the timelines, distribution of responsibilities and maintaining costs.

The climate action plans would direct cities towards stand-alone plans or get integrated into long-term planning processes of the cities.
While the Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning urges cities to adopt the guidelines vigorously, the benefits are already visible from cities who have undertaken these measures for climate change action.

== A.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0615/2.5126&layers=C

BASIC INFORMATION:
* https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Nature/Les-Dunes-de-Flandre-nature-reserve
* https://www.france-voyage.com/tourism/bray-dunes-1146.htm
* https://ch.oui.sncf/fr/article/les-dunes-de-flandre
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_UNITELITTORAL/PAR_TPL_IDENTIFIANT/101/125-les-paysages-fiche.htm
* https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas
* https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9serve_naturelle_nationale_de_la_dune_Marchand#/media/Fichier:P%C3%A9rim%C3%A8tre_RNN_Dune_Marchand_rnn19.png
* http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/dune-marchand
* https://www.google.com/search?q=bray+dunes+camping+municipal&npsic=0&rflfq=1&rlha=0&rllag=51077997,2538343,1019&tbm=lcl&ved=2ahUKEwjp4pWf8trnAhUSilwKHY6bDw0QtgN6BAgLEAQ&tbs=lrf:!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:4&rldoc=1#rldoc=1&rlfi=hd:;si:,51.080248504007805,2.582632035253937;mv:[[51.102674420897195,2.6052913370117494],[51.03093797609536,2.413717240332062],null,[51.066820095899374,2.5095042886719057],13]
* http://sentierdunord.free.fr/Circuit%20de%20la%20dune%20marchand%20zuydcoote.html
* http://escapadenature-sansvoiture.fr/les-escapades-nature-sans-voiture/dunes-flandre
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391365
* http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20014/planning/1006/landscape_character_assessment
* https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=195244

IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/
* https://www.flickr.com/
* https://www.dunkerque-tourisme.fr/
* https://www.artmajeur.com/
* https://www.mutualart.com/
* https://thenounproject.com/
* https://www.cleanpng.com/

READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm
* https://www.msp-platform.eu/practices/french-national-maritime-and-coastline-strategies
* https://www.copernicus.eu/en/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive
* https://www.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2018-11/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive.pdf
* http://msp.ioc-unesco.org/world-applications/europe/france/
* https://wwz.ifremer.fr/en/Public-policy-support/Water-Biodiversity/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.aires-marines.com/International/European-relations/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.dcsmm-d4.fr/la-directive-cadre-strategie-pour-le-milieu-marin-dcsmm?lang=en
* https://www.theclimategroup.org/sites/default/files/etp_partnerprofile_hauts-de-france.pdf

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==

'''Goals'''

→ Have a general overview of both green and blue infrastructure and the relevance of these elements for the identity of the place. Going back to our analysis, we also understood the importance of public awareness to protect natural and cultural heritage and we want to understand better how the green infrastructure relates to the sea and how the character of these elements.

→ Evaluate the accessibility of the commune, focusing on bike and pedestrian paths and how they relate to the natural components. We currently have an overview of bike paths, but want to understand all the accessibility and connectivity of the commune.

→ Visualize the attractiveness of Bray Dunes, the focal interest points, what makes people go there and what could be better. Understanding how tourism can be enhanced clearly seems to be an important goal: however, the scale of the location cannot be forgotten.

'''Themes'''

→ Green / blue infrastructure

→ Accessibility

→ Attractiveness

Having tourism (and related business) as the most significant driving force, we chose these themes considering their relevance to the activity. At the same time, the protection of the green and blue infrastructure, besides necessary to tourism, is also imperative to avoid the extreme scenario.

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:BrayDunes_Green&BlueInfrastructure.jpg| '''Green & Blue Infrastructure:''' ''Bray-Dunes is located in the centre of the natural area of the "Dune flamandes". The municipality borders on the nature reserve: “Nature Reserve de la Dune Marchand” in the west and the “Dune du Perroquet” in the east. Further to the west the dune area "Dune Dewulf" can be found which is also a protected area. The predominant dune landscapes are characterized by their great diversity in flora and fauna. Another nature reserve which is of great value to the region: the “Dune Fossile de Ghyvelde” is located in a three kilometer distance from the coastline. This landscape developed around 5000 years ago by the North Sea on the coastline at the time. The landscape in the surrounding of Bray Dunes is characterized not only by the predominant dunes and the sea coast but also by agricultural use. The fields are clearly marked in light yellow. The following sequence of natural spaces is characteristic of the Dune flamandes: Coastline - dune - agricultural zone - infrastructure (roads and channel) - natural landscape. Forest areas only play a subordinate role in the region and can hardly be found. The two most prominent elements of blue infrastructure in this area are the North Sea which limits the entire west side of the area and the "Canal de Furnes". The coastline along the Dunes flamandes is characterized by a strip of marine wetlands. The "Canal de Furnes" runs parallel to the coastline at a distance of 2-3 kilometers. “Canal de Furnes” is the French name for the section of the Nieuspoort-Dunkirk Canal that runs in France. The Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal connects the Belgian coastal town of Nieuwpoort with the French port of Dunkirk. In addition, smaller rivers and streams such as the "Petit Mardyck" and "Grand Mardyck" run in the study area. Smaller lakes and ponds are also close to the canal, mostly found in the agricultural zone.''
File:Access_transport_map_02.png|'''Accessibility & Transport:''' ''It is interesting to notice that although Bray Dunes lies between two major cities - Dunkirk and De Panne, it stays heavily neglected in terms of ease of accessibility. The train line that connects De Panne to Dunkirk has no train stations in Bray Dunes. To arrive to Bray Dunes via public transport, one would have to take a train till De Panne, and then arrive by bus via highway D60. Highway D601 connects Dunkirk and Veurne and then onward to Nieuwpoort. There are very few public transport buses that actually make a halt in Bray Dunes, unless one takes a bus from any of the private transport companies. Another major observation is the lack of dedicated bike paths. There are major "regional" and "local" bike routes that are a part of bike trails going across Belgium and France while connecting Dunkirk to De Panne, as highlighted in our previous presentation on land use development - however, none of the eco-trails come to make a stop in Bray Dunes. As seen in this map, the bike paths from De Panne stop at the border and/or go around Bray Dunes without entering this area. The positive aspect is that the protected dune areas have a very good network of pedestrian trails that give us a good potential for development and could be expanded to become bike trails.''
File:BrayDunes_map3.jpg|'''Cultural & Natural Attractions:''' ''The unique location of Bray-Dunes on the Opal Coast, bordering France and Belgium, offers the place both cultural and nature attractions. Culturally the place is a significant site for WWII with war monuments, landmarks and ruins along the coastline, stretching from Bray-Dunes all the way to Dunkirk. The geographical location of Bray-Dunes also offer a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports such as sand yachting and speed sailing. In terms of natural attractions, Dunes de Flandres (the long-stretching fine sand beach) is a wonderful creation of nature. Relaxing hikes into the two nature reserves are also options to enjoy the tranquil and picturesque dune landscape. Along the coast there are also villas, seaside resorts, hotels and some cheaper options Airbnb for tourists’ short-term stay. Camping sites are also available. Most attractions and stay options took the advantage of the coastal landscape and are concentrated mostly along coast.''

</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==

Based on previous analysis we had to evaluate the outcomes. In order to characterize the results, to identify the potentials and the risks of the area, we used the SWOT analysis.
With the SWOT method we could explore the internal and the external factors that may influence our work and developed a fuller awareness of the situation.

'''Problems'''

→ The site has two nature reserves, “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland”, with rich fauna and flora, after mapping the green spaces it turned out there is no connection between the natural areas.

→ Accessibility: lack of bike paths, also there is no train station in Bray Dunes (the closest stations are in Dunkirk and De Panne).

'''Potentials'''

→ There is a powerful potential to increase the recreational function.

→ The natural areas could act as educational sites because of the variety of species.

'''Priorities and targets'''

→ Green belt creation in three large areas of Bray-Dunes coasts to connect the fragmented ecological areas between the Nature Reserves.

→ “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland” preservation and management. Inscriptions throughout the nature reserves informing about history, culture and environmental values.

→ Provision and management of better connectivity with educational and recreational features along bicycle and pedestrian paths.

→ Transportation development: train station in the area and more bike paths.

→ Better attractions for young professionals and tourists. Recreational opportunities that will attract visitors from both De Panne and Dunkirk to visit Bray-Dunes, like community gardens.

→ There is a high pressure of urbanization among the area, this could be an opportunity, as well as a risk at the same time - building new housing could develop the area, but it could disturb the nature reserves too.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks f.png|''SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==

'''Readings'''

→ Landscape character assessment (LCA) is defined as the process of identifying and describing variation in character of the landscape. In our process we used LCA documents to identify and explain the unique combination of elements and features that make our site distinctive by mapping and describing character types and areas. Landscape character assessment also shows how the landscape is perceived, experienced and valued by people.

→ Seascape character assessment (SCA) has emerged as a method for assessing, characterising, mapping and describing seascape character. Seascape is defined by Natural England in its position statement on All Landscapes Matter in 2010 as: “An area of sea, coastline and land, as perceived by people, whose character results from the actions and interactions of land with sea, by natural and/or human factors”.

→ Coastal character assessment (CCA) informs and guides coastal and marine planning, and individual development proposals, by informing landscape/seascape and visual impact assessments. As Bray Dunes is a coastal landscape, it was relevant to read about this assessment, it made us realise that the coast itself is complex and represents more than its physical characteristics.

→ Belgium and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 the main challenges identified for Belgium for the implementation of EU environmental policy and law were to:
* improve air quality, in particular nitrogen dioxide levels, by reducing traffic congestion;
* continue to address water pollution coming from urban wastewater and agricultural sources;
* manage the Natura 2000 network towards favourable conservation status for all species and habitats.

→ France and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 identified the following main challenges as regards the implementation of EU environmental policy and law in France:
* improving air quality by taking forward-looking, rapid and effective action to reach EU-based air pollution limit values;
* taking the necessary measures to improve water quality, particularly reducing nitrate pollution;
* effectively protecting biodiversity by enforcing the applicable law to ensure the protection of habitats and species.

→ The Marine Protection assessment from the Environmental Implementation Review for France 2019, gave us insights about which goals have been achieved and what would be the next priority actions:
* Provide information about measures to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES), establish more measures that have a direct impact on pressures.
* Ensure reporting of the different elements under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

→ Finally, the biodiversity protection describes also priority actions in order to improve the challenges in the area:
* Assess the Natura 2000 implementation and management.
* Support sustainable partnerships for biodiversity protection, sustainable development, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
* Protect habitats and species affected by or dependent on agricultural management.

'''Limitations'''

→ The most of the readings seem to be addressed to De Panne (on the Belgian side) and Dunkirk (on the French side), attracting a lot more interest, as they are considered areas with great strategic, economical and social importance. As a result, development plans are directed around Bray-Dunes, leaving a very significant natural ecological area, which contributes widely to the ecological coastal balance in the area, lacking attention and strategic management planning.

→ Urban infrastructure creation may impact negatively the ecology, but will promote the economy and connectivity critically.

== B.5 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
CONTENT - BLUE AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/172/28-dune-du-perroquet-59_nord.htm
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/213/28-dune-fossile-59_nord.htm
* http://www.water-ways.net/d/info/frankreich/nord_aa_canal_de_calais_de_Bergues_de_Furnes_de_bourbourg_de_la_colme.php
CONTENT - ACCESS AND TRANSPORT:
* https://www.google.de/maps/search/bray+dunes+train+station/@51.0541114,2.4680149,12z?hl=en
IMAGE SOURCES - CULTURAL AND NATURAL ATTRACTIONS:
* [https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139%20/ https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139 / ]
* [https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand%20/ https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand /]
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/73290459@N07/25434107707/
DEVELOPMENT PLANS:
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_fr_en.pdf
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_be_en.pdf
* https://www.gov.uk/guidance/landscape-and-seascape-character-assessments
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/691184/landscape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396177/seascape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/Guidance%20Note%20-%20Coastal%20Character%20Assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape/coastal-character-assessment ''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==

Our main goals are:

'''→ PRESERVE NATURE RESERVES'''

'''→ IMPROVE CONNECTIVITY'''

'''→ ENHANCE ATTRACTIVITY'''

We selected 4 goals from the Sustainable Development Goals as related to our Project based on our strategic plan and the targets from previous phase:

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Capture_Goals - 1.PNG |''The goals relate to our main themes: Green/blue infrastructure, Accessibility and Attractiveness. We want to promote partnerships to develop the area economically, but we see the protection of the Nature Reserves as a high important target; therefore making Bray Dunnes a sustainable community is a clear goal.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND_Group_3_Presentation_3_-_Planning_and_Design (1).jpg|''Our project title, the vision and the strategic planning based on the evaluation findings and the whole process.''
</gallery>

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:ConceptBrayDunes.jpg|'''Spatial vision translate:''' '' In an attempt to express visually, our vision for Bray-Dunes, we developed a conceptual representation that includes the most important issues we wanted to address. The first goal includes the ecological fragmentation between the two Nature Reserves the area contains. The plan is to connect those fragmented areas through strategies that support the green belt creation and provide recreational and educational pedestrian and bike paths, enhancing at the same time the area to its trans-boundary extension. Ecological quality preservation for this diverse ecosystem and flood prevention through pumps and floodgates in the blue infrastructure are also suggested, while sustainable models for economic growth in the area are explained in the partnership and governance part extensively. Maybe a very important observation was the fact that the area does not have a train station. The railway though passes through Bray-Dunes and the old station building is used as a media library. Our suggestion is the reopening of the station as a mixed use building, which will attract tourists/young professionals and ease the transportation between De Panne and Dunkirk, two very financially developed cities. Finally new attractions are suggested on the economic growth tendency area, which is extended mostly on the beach.'' '' The non-spatial factors that also play an important role in these interventions come from the partnerships that we propose to build in our governance model. These internal and external partnerships would ensure the sensitive conservation of the dunes through awareness programs in various activities, while promoting sustainable local businesses to boost the economy''
File:Base_Map_Transect_Bray_Dunes.png|''Location of the Transects''
File:Transect1 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 1 - Parallel to the Coastline''
File:Transect 2 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 2''
File:Intervention111.jpg|'''1. Intervention:''' ''Transportation improvement through reopening of the old train station.''
File:Intervention222.jpg|'''2. Intervention:''' ''Visualization of the Nature Reserve with the implementation of green belts, bike paths and informative inscriptions.''
File:Intervention333.jpg|'''3. Intervention:''' ''Coast line area, suggestions of beautification and attractiveness increase.''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*'''Governance Model'''
In the search for a new governance model that could lift this small corner of France and also create a cross border dialogue, we found inspiration from on-going Interreg projects.Two of these projects share the same eco-sensitive and education goals as ours and also the project partner locations are as close as Dunkirk and De Panne. From the BIOGOV Interreg Europe (biodiversity in governance) and from The Interreg Annual meeting 2018 from European Commission, new models of governance were discovered, which as you can see, we have adapted here to work in the case of Bray Dunes. Apart from the development of Policies and transparency the attractive features of this model would be capacity and trust building while ensuring sustainable solutions that will pull up the local small businesses.

*'''Who needs to act and how'''
We decided that the stakeholders need to be from a micro and macro level to pull Bray Dunes into cross border dialogue while keeping the sensitive ecology and also the economy from being overrun. So the internal stakeholders belong to Bray Dunes while the external stakeholders consist of partners at various levels who would collaborate in a strategic and transparent manner.
The key external partners would be larger education institutions, the Interreg partners and the tourism departments. For example, the educational partners bring learning groups from the outside when we conduct the educational tours in our nature conservation areas that you see in our intervention visualisations. These for example, would be run by the local schools and Bray Dunes tourism office for internal capacity and economy building while taking the expertise of Interreg partners , called DEMO and Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux who share our goal of awareness creation and knowledge sharing through various eco-friendly events like music concerts and local businesses.
Similar partnerships are developed in every intervention area to ensure sensitivity and sustainability at the same time.

*'''Timeline'''
After deciding who needs to act and how, we briefly explained step by step how to implement our concept through a process model, the timeline of the project. The timelapse consists of three years duration from the first to the second phase and in two years between the second and the third. This way, we are allowing the authorities to progress gradually and carefully from one stage to the next. The start of every phase should undergo an evaluation to consider any required adaptations based on real-time scenarios.
The implementation process requires the action of various actors and stakeholders together. None of them should be neglected or forgotten during this process because each one has its own part along the procedure.
The general framework should be given by the government and authorities with their laws, while collaborating with environmental partners for guidelines, and the public, especially residents who should be consulted, informed and integrated.

*'''Resources and Assets to build on'''
The dunes which are protected by the two nature reserves are definitely the biggest assets of Bray Dunes. In our endeavour to conserve the sensitive ecology that is home to several rare species within, we make minimal spatial interventions and bank on the non-spatial resources to introduce a system of collaborative partnerships that work together towards programs, activities, events and small businesses that educate visitors and residents alike, while presenting them an enjoyable experience of the area. LIFE + Nature project FLANDRE is a broad reaching, Franco-Belgian partnership to preserve the natural heritage, from Dunkirk to Westende. Flemish And North French Dunes Restoration is a joint project of the Agency for nature and forests of the Flemish Government, the Conservatoire de l’Espace Littoral et des Rivages lacustres and the Département du Nord for the coastal dunes between Dunkerque (France) and Westende (Belgium) - including also the cross-border sites, such as Bray-Dunes and De Panne and is co-financed by the European Union. DEMO and Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux are cross border projects belonging to the 2014 - 2020 INTERREG V-A Belgium - France. DEMO focuses on promotion of tangible and intangible heritage as an essential linchpin for tourism, which generates significant economic spin-offs in different sectors of activity. Similar to our own goals, DEMO also believes that local development cannot be considered without taking the social and environmental challenges into account, with a view to sustainable development. Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux intends to limit flooding in the cross-border area of the polders by improving drainage during floods. To achieve this, it is necessary to temporarily allow the evacuation of the waters from the Nieuwpoort to Dunkirk/Furnes Canal channel (which also runs through Bray Dunes), both towards France and towards Belgium. Two new structures will be built - emergency pumping station on the “Speievaart” and a floodgate between the Furnes Canal and the Exutoire Canal on the site of the 4 Locks at Dunkirk. In parallel with this work, residents and stakeholders in the Franco-Flemish territory will be made aware of the risk of flooding, the foreseeable consequences of climate change and the need for a common approach to deal with this problem. It would be essential to join hands with governments of Dunkirk and De Panne to ensure that Bray Dunes is not just a territory falling in the span of these projects, but also one that deserves equal recognition and involvement. In addition to these partnerships we need local active involvement that makes this "system" a whole. The tourism and education sectors both inside and outside Bray Dunes along with the local small businesses are essential to tie the finer strings of this chain into a sustainable working mechanism. Finally the Interreg, EU and Natura 2000 measures and polices are used as anchors and benchmarks to ensure the standards and working methodology of this "biodiverse" governing system.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-01.jpg|''A "biodiverse" Governance Model''
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-02.jpg|''Sustainable Governance: Who acts and How''
File:Process model.png|''Process model. Timeline of the project.''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cf/c5/d0/cfc5d0880997255e4ee06d908e6c2e74.jpg
* https://www.alltrails.com/de/france/hauts-de-france/bray-dunes
* https://www.alltrails.com/members/anne-molderez/photos
* https://www.cleanpng.com/free/kiss.html
* https://i0.wp.com/www.transparency-one.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UN-SDGs-overview.png?resize=800%2C418&ssl=1
* https://thenounproject.com/
READINGS:
* https://www.interregeurope.eu/biogov/
* https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/conferences/etc2018/plenary_session_2_moray_gilland.pdf
* http://www.mageteaux.eu/fr/projet
* https://demo-europe.eu/fr/page-daccueil/
* https://www.natuurenbos.be/projecten/west-vlaanderen/life-project-flandre/flandre/life-nature-project-flandre-english

= D. Process Reflection =

The outcomes of our study:

→ Positive internal evaluation of our results.

→ The order and process of the sessions and the project phases were coherent to understand the location and develop the strategies.

→ Long distance project requires extra effort and eventual assumptions.

→ Better understanding of coastal landscapes, mainly the potentials they have and possibilities they offer.

→ The connection people have with coastal areas highlight the importance of preserving them.

Limitations we faced:

→ Lack of exact knowledge of the site.

→ Lack of enough sources for a long distance project.

What we have learnt from each other:

→ Task distribution with intermediary talks worked really well.

→ Having different backgrounds results in good discussions.

What we would do differently:

→ The partnerships and governance part would be useful to be explored in an earlier phase.

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2020]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

COLAND Case Study 2020 - Bray-Dunes

2020-04-08T08:11:58Z

Arati.u: /* C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2020|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Hauts-de-France''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bray-Dunes''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''France''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Transboundary area, Coastal landscape, Nature and Heritage preservation, Tourism attraction''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Wasiliki Moreno, Arati Uttur, Raphaela Roming, Ho Ching Leung, Anna Fernanda Volken, Anca Strugariu''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Bray-Dunes.jpg |400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
The first keyword is dynamic, in terms of the protected landform and high biodiversity. In Bray-Dunes right adjacent to the Belgian border there is 250 hectares National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand classified in 1974 to protect the dunes of Flanders. The landform possesses high biodiversity of plant species and is home to many land animal and underwater species.

The second key word is memories, reflecting the historical significance of Bray-Dunes. Bray-Dunes was a significant site during World War II, and it is the site of many casualties during the period of Dunkirk evacuation. The physical ruins such as the wrecked Operation Dynamo ships on the Beach at Zuydcoote shape the sentimental atmosphere and give the place significant historical values.

The third word is recreation. Located at the Opal Coast near Belgian border, the seaside of Bray-Dunes offers a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports like sand yachting and speed sailing, making it a popular holiday spots.

Our hypothesis for Bray-Dunes is that Coastal exploration since 20th century is invading the natural ecology and landscape of the coast, together with the increased chance of flooding brought by climate change. Nature dynamics and cultural memories of Bray-Dunes will be destroyed without legit policies on coastal protection.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 51.099574827611775,2.5787597335926993~case study boundary west; 51.05017698110531,2.5653701461903555~Case study boundary south; 51.064419324157655,2.460313383495043~Case study boundary east}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
The coast of Bray-Dunes is a part of the Dunes de Flandre, a 15-kilometre dune field of fine sandy beach that stretches from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes. Within the long-stretching dune field, the coastal landscape is characterised by the carved sea ridge dunes and mega-parabolic dunes, with intervals of both high and humid dune slacks and low fossil dunes that started to stack up since 3,000 BC.

The sandbanks and dunes are formed by transportation of fine sediment landward by coastal wind and waves, and further on stabilized with vegetation such as native dune grass. This forms primary dunes which situated closer to the coast and significantly affected by waves, salt spray and erosion, and secondary dunes which are located further inland and not often directly exposed to marine influences but more prone to urban intrusion.

Coastal landscape further to the south of Bray-Dunes is characterised by polders, the maritime plains with their network of canals, which are patches of low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments of dikes.

Currently the rapid urbanisation, water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders have resulted in the overgrowth of dune landscape by scrub.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 1.jpg|15-km coast of Dunes de Flandre stretching from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 2.jpg|Sandbanks and primary dunes near the coast
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 3.png|Diagram showing the formation of sand dunes
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
The landuse does not change (almost nil) between 2006 to 2018. To support this is a second landuse map from a second source that shows the change from 1965 (!) to 2014. so the change has been gradual over 50 years.The first map shows main landuse is from urban fabric(red) non arable land (light yellow) ; moors and heathland (light green); tidal flats (light purple).

However, there are several municipal camping areas (marked with red dots) there are many private tourism companies offering bike tours across Dunkirk-BrayDunes-DePanne and there are walking trails in the two natural reserve areas - De la Dune and Marchand. So this indicates that the area is focusing on a lot of tourism related activities. However, there are only two hotels that show up in google maps - and a few airbnbs. In Dunkirk, sand sailing is a dominant sport. I did not find much information about how much it is active in Bray Dunes. Also, there are a few Interreg projects happening here as Bray Dunes is on the border - but the websites are in french. So I have not translated and read them yet.The land south from the railroad that connects Dunkirk , Bray Dunes and De Panne - infact along the whole strip that all case studies are being done - is below sea level and stands the danger of flooding if the sea level rises by 50 cm.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:LANDUSE_01.jpg|''Copernicus maps 2006 to 2018. ''
File:LANDUSE_02.jpg|''Landuse maps 1965 to 2014. ''
File:LANDUSE_03.jpg|''Bike trail between Dunkirk and Bray Dunes “circuit de la dune Marchand” with municipal camping sites (in red). ''
File:LANDUSE_04.jpg|''Bike Trails between De Panne and Bray Dunes - OSM. ''
File:LANDUSE_05.jpg|''“Le Dunes de Flandre” bike trails between Dunkirk, Bray Dunes and De Panne. ''
File:LANDUSE_06.jpg|''Marchand Natural Reserve, Bray Dunes. ''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
The blue infrastructure is first represented by the sea, of course, but in this area there are also the presence of wetlands (they continue after the Belgium border - in De Panne waters) and a canal between communes.

In the green infrastructure the two most common elements are grasslands between the urban area and the international border, and crop fields in the border with the other French commune - Ghyvelde.

Relevant in the area is the National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand, a natural and diverse environment in constant evolution. The reserve is exceptional on an ecological level, however also very fragile: repeated tramplings threaten the species of varied flora, birds and amphibians. (Also a Protected area Natura 2000)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Blue_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''North Sea, a canal following the commune border and wetlands in the sea line''
File:Green_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''Predominance of natural grassland around the urban area and crops near the commune border''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
Environmental partners and scientists can affect in the planning and management of a sustainable coastal landscape, the most affected groups include: community, land owners, marine occupations.

Media, Government-authorities and maritime need to be kept satisfied.

Industry and education require the least effort, while key players are: Regulators, investors, NPOs-NGOs, Tourists and cross border cooperations.
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Stakeholders1.jpg|''Stakeholders of Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===

The site holds onto powerful sacred spaces and heritage. Places and elements, such as the historical features (like cemetery, bunkers, monuments, memorials, ruins), have symbolic meaning and can be found as landmarks along the area. However, maybe the most representative element is the natural one, highlighted by the dunes. The site has two nature reserves: National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand which was classified in 1974 and Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet that has a wild dune massif of 250 hectares protected.

On the other hand, the site, viewed from the European Environment Agency’s perspective, The Natura 2000, consists of a network of protected areas covering valuable and threatened species and habitats - a different kind of heritage, one that involves biodiversity and ecosystems.

Regarding the architecture of Bray-Dunes, the villas of the nineteenth century are noticeable, recalling the flourishing age of the resort. Bray-Dunes was also marked by both World Wars, including the Operation Dynamo between May and June 1940. These kinds of elements, sacred places and heritage, hold important cultural value and meaning for the community, as well as for tourists, encouraging and presenting a piece of history.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map.png|''Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map''
File:(2) One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes.png|''One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes''
File:(3) Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance.png|''Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===

Landscape character is defined as the distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape. It is these patterns that give each locality its 'sense of place', making one landscape different from another. In defining the combinations of components which make each landscape unique, landscape character is a way of thinking about landscape more holistically and objectively, rather than focusing on scenic beauty and subjective responses. Landscapes have evolved over time as a result of both natural and cultural processes.

As mentioned, the site was significant during the World Wars, so many stories and writings are regarding this topic.

We discovered a book, "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer, published in 2012. According to the book, indeed WW1 bunkers were built in the region between Bray-Dunes and De Panne, on both sides of the border. In fact, some remaining bunkers on the French side of the border could actually be Belgian bunkers (or at least built under Belgian command).

Despite the historical features, the site is also well appreciated for its aesthetics, so many painters found their inspiration among the area.

In terms of events and festivities, the city of Bray-Dunes, very attached to its culture, offers a great cultural season throughout the year. Regularly, concerts, shows, plays or tales readings are organized for residents. The municipal library often organizes fun and interesting exhibitions. In September, the city opened a portion of its monuments to the public with the European Heritage Days. From late September to early October it is possible to have fun at the fair with rides, an opportunity to spend some time in a charming carnival.

Sport is no exception to Bray-Dunes with the organization of 6h rosalies on the beach in September and the championship coastal archers in the same period. Regularly, guided tours nature of the different dunes of the city are offered by the Tourist Office Bray-Dunes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Map from the book “Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918” by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer.jpg|''Map from the book "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer''
File:(2) The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan.png|''The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan''
File:(3) “Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre.png|''“Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre''
File:(4) “Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara''
File:(5) “Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of your landscape system analysis and your development targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="400px" perrow="5">
File:DPSIR Bray Dunes.png |''Landscape system analysis - DPSIR Model Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

DRIVERS: The Bray dunes are characterized by their natural and cultural heritage. This makes this place very interesting for tourism and related businesses. Therefore, this sector can be determined as the first driving force. Due to their direct influence by the sea the predicted climate change that causes a sea level rise is the second driving force.

PRESSURES: As a result of the focus and the enlargement of the tourism, the place expects greater use and changes in current uses. Recreation and tourist attractions like sailing in the dunes or bike / walking paths can create future pressures. Due to disturbances in this sensitive natural area and installations for tourists the place can also experience a loss of flora and fauna as well as historical heritage. And also because of the climate change a rise in sea level is expected which can be seen as a huge pressure on the site.

STATE: Currently the Bray dunes can be described as an interesting and really valuable site with a lot of natural and cultural heritage. But Water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders already caused an overgrowth of the dune landscape by scrub.

IMPACTS: Based on the analyzed influencing factors and changes at the location, the following effects can be expected: A loss of biodiversity (flora & fauna) and cultural heritage, Flooding and an extensive tourism related infrastructure.

RESPONSES: Environmental policies have to come into operation so the protected areas can remain in good condition and we can keep the biodiversity and cultural heritage in the future. Therefore, the paths and trails in the area should be predetermined so there is no trampling in the area that could cause further damage. Public awareness has to be raised so people get to know the value of the place which will then hopefully minimize the problem of garbage and waste.

<gallery caption=" " widths="800px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Scenarios.jpg|''Landscape system analysis - Hypothesis''
</gallery>

The extreme scenario represents the climate change forces creating a huge flooding problem. The assumptions for the area indicates that in a sea level rise of 50cm many places, including inhabited settlements, are in risk of flooding. Even though this is only a theoretical simulation, the land is partly under sea level and may need to adapt to climate change, particularly the possible rise in sea level.

The sustainable scenario, shown on the right side, with the new green zone design plans shows the changes after a 20-50 years period. Nothing changes much (as nothing changed much the last 50 years) except from greener areas and more tourism. In the current planning documents, the environment is a very important part.

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

'''National Document: Climate Policy in Hauts-de-France'''

The Hauts-de-France area was characterized by the prominence of heavy industries and an economy based on coal mining, steel production and textile manufacturing. Today only 19% of the population is still working for the industry sector and coal mining was slowly fully replaced by nuclear energy. Currently, nuclear power accounts for 80% of the electricity production in the region but for only 15% of the overall energy consumption, while renewable energy consumption is low compared to the national average (3.7% against 19% in France).

Hauts-de-France intensified its efforts to combat climate change with the adoption of an innovative regional plan bringing together climate, air and energy issues. A 20-year partnership with ADEME (French Environment and Energy Agency) helped the region develop the required expertise and capacity to create and implement impactful projects. With greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita reaching 30% higher levels than the French average and mainly attributed to the industry sector, there is a strong opportunity for Hauts-de-France to develop strategies to reduce emissions.

Climate regional strategy – SRADDT (Stratégie régionale climat) sets an overarching target to divide GHG emissions by 4 by 2050. This strategy is in line with the national commitments embedded in the legislation “Grenelle 2” from 2010. The plan is organized around 4 pillars:

- Improvements of way of life and production methods;

- Continuation of the energy transition;

- Integration of mitigation and adaptation actions in territorial planning; and

- Enhanced governance and participation of local actors.

'''European Document: The European Water Framework and The Marine Strategy Framework Directives'''

The European Water Framework (WFD) and Marine Strategy Framework (MSFD) Directives both require EU Member States to take the necessary measures to achieve a good coastal and oceanic environmental status by 2020.

The aim of the European Union's ambitious Marine Strategy Framework Directive is to protect more effectively the marine environment across Europe. It came into force in June 2008 and was transposed into each member's state national legislation by mid 2010. It is the first EU legislative instrument related to the protection of marine biodiversity and aims to protect the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend.

In France, the Directive was transposed into law in the Environment Code (articles L. 219-9 to L. 219-18 and R. 219-2 to R. 219-17). Through Action Plans for the Marine Environment (PAMM), it is applied to areas of continental Europe under French sovereignty or jurisdiction, subdivided into four marine sub-regions: the English Channel-North Sea, the Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay and the Western Mediterranean Sea.

In addition, in France, IFREMER (a French institute that undertakes research and expert assessments to advance knowledge on the oceans and their resources, monitor the marine environment and foster the sustainable development of maritime activities) is one of the national agencies in charge of implementing such measures.

The Copernicus is a marine environment monitoring service offered by the European Commision, providing products and services for all marine applications with the following benefits:

- Free and sustained information provision;

- Provision of merged satellite information along with in situ information;

- Ready to use, global coverage, expertised ocean colour satellite products.

Francis Gohin from IFREMER has stated that "the Copernicus Marine Service Ocean Colour data are central for the MSFD, as it allows us to improve coherence in eutrophication assessments based on chlorophyll, using satellite-derived chlorophyll provided by CMEMS". In conjunction with the Marine Protected Areas Agency (AAMP), IFREMER takes on the role of scientific and technical coordinator on behalf of the Ministry in charge of the environment on the different aspects of the Directive.

The MFSD pursues three main goals:

- To ensure the protection and the conservation of marine ecosystems and prevent their deterioration. In areas of high deterioration, ecosystem functioning must be restored.

- To prevent and progressively eliminate pollution.

- To contain the pressure of human activities (fishing, use of diverse services, etc.) on the marine environment within levels compatible with the achievement of good environmental status. Ecosystems must have the capacity to react to various natural and human-induced changes while enabling the sustainable use of the marine environment for future generations (e.g. Common Fisheries Policy).

'''International document: Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning'''

The document represents the result of a long process to distil lessons from a wide range of partners and stakeholders as to what provides for effective city-level climate action planning and a set of globally applicable principles.
This publication is really relevant for providing a framework that cities can use, in order to more effectively play their role in reducing gas emissions and building climate resilience, by being more ambitious in their climate action planning.

The driving principles for city climate action planning are that the planning should be:

1. Ambitious; 2. Inclusive; 3. Fair; 4. Comprehensive and integrated; 5. Relevant; 6. Actionable; 7. Evidence based and 8. Transparent.

The document at present stage of "version 1.0" intends to stay open to continuous improvement through knowledge gained from on-going practices. The Guiding Principles are aimed at city-level actors as local stakeholders, governing bodies and experts. Its resilience provides necessary support for locals as well as platforms for collaboration and documentation from active partners.

Apart from addressing the basic requirement of financial support from local government, the crucial role of public participation is given high value in the effective working of the climate action planning. The other main role would be from core stakeholders such as NGOs, experts and active organisations to constitute the actual leadership and working of the planning process.

A general outline for the planning process has been outlined as a process chart that could be used as a guide by cities and then adapted according to the goals that will drive towards the relevant local objectives such as “health, safety, food security, housing, biodiversity, air quality, land use, access to basic urban services, poverty reduction, local economic development and job creation”. The outline also gives guidance on maintaining transparency and continuous evaluation of the process. This would also include the timelines, distribution of responsibilities and maintaining costs.

The climate action plans would direct cities towards stand-alone plans or get integrated into long-term planning processes of the cities.
While the Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning urges cities to adopt the guidelines vigorously, the benefits are already visible from cities who have undertaken these measures for climate change action.

== A.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0615/2.5126&layers=C

BASIC INFORMATION:
* https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Nature/Les-Dunes-de-Flandre-nature-reserve
* https://www.france-voyage.com/tourism/bray-dunes-1146.htm
* https://ch.oui.sncf/fr/article/les-dunes-de-flandre
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_UNITELITTORAL/PAR_TPL_IDENTIFIANT/101/125-les-paysages-fiche.htm
* https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas
* https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9serve_naturelle_nationale_de_la_dune_Marchand#/media/Fichier:P%C3%A9rim%C3%A8tre_RNN_Dune_Marchand_rnn19.png
* http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/dune-marchand
* https://www.google.com/search?q=bray+dunes+camping+municipal&npsic=0&rflfq=1&rlha=0&rllag=51077997,2538343,1019&tbm=lcl&ved=2ahUKEwjp4pWf8trnAhUSilwKHY6bDw0QtgN6BAgLEAQ&tbs=lrf:!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:4&rldoc=1#rldoc=1&rlfi=hd:;si:,51.080248504007805,2.582632035253937;mv:[[51.102674420897195,2.6052913370117494],[51.03093797609536,2.413717240332062],null,[51.066820095899374,2.5095042886719057],13]
* http://sentierdunord.free.fr/Circuit%20de%20la%20dune%20marchand%20zuydcoote.html
* http://escapadenature-sansvoiture.fr/les-escapades-nature-sans-voiture/dunes-flandre
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391365
* http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20014/planning/1006/landscape_character_assessment
* https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=195244

IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/
* https://www.flickr.com/
* https://www.dunkerque-tourisme.fr/
* https://www.artmajeur.com/
* https://www.mutualart.com/
* https://thenounproject.com/
* https://www.cleanpng.com/

READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm
* https://www.msp-platform.eu/practices/french-national-maritime-and-coastline-strategies
* https://www.copernicus.eu/en/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive
* https://www.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2018-11/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive.pdf
* http://msp.ioc-unesco.org/world-applications/europe/france/
* https://wwz.ifremer.fr/en/Public-policy-support/Water-Biodiversity/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.aires-marines.com/International/European-relations/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.dcsmm-d4.fr/la-directive-cadre-strategie-pour-le-milieu-marin-dcsmm?lang=en
* https://www.theclimategroup.org/sites/default/files/etp_partnerprofile_hauts-de-france.pdf

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==

'''Goals'''

→ Have a general overview of both green and blue infrastructure and the relevance of these elements for the identity of the place. Going back to our analysis, we also understood the importance of public awareness to protect natural and cultural heritage and we want to understand better how the green infrastructure relates to the sea and how the character of these elements.

→ Evaluate the accessibility of the commune, focusing on bike and pedestrian paths and how they relate to the natural components. We currently have an overview of bike paths, but want to understand all the accessibility and connectivity of the commune.

→ Visualize the attractiveness of Bray Dunes, the focal interest points, what makes people go there and what could be better. Understanding how tourism can be enhanced clearly seems to be an important goal: however, the scale of the location cannot be forgotten.

'''Themes'''

→ Green / blue infrastructure

→ Accessibility

→ Attractiveness

Having tourism (and related business) as the most significant driving force, we chose these themes considering their relevance to the activity. At the same time, the protection of the green and blue infrastructure, besides necessary to tourism, is also imperative to avoid the extreme scenario.

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:BrayDunes_Green&BlueInfrastructure.jpg| '''Green & Blue Infrastructure:''' ''Bray-Dunes is located in the centre of the natural area of the "Dune flamandes". The municipality borders on the nature reserve: “Nature Reserve de la Dune Marchand” in the west and the “Dune du Perroquet” in the east. Further to the west the dune area "Dune Dewulf" can be found which is also a protected area. The predominant dune landscapes are characterized by their great diversity in flora and fauna. Another nature reserve which is of great value to the region: the “Dune Fossile de Ghyvelde” is located in a three kilometer distance from the coastline. This landscape developed around 5000 years ago by the North Sea on the coastline at the time. The landscape in the surrounding of Bray Dunes is characterized not only by the predominant dunes and the sea coast but also by agricultural use. The fields are clearly marked in light yellow. The following sequence of natural spaces is characteristic of the Dune flamandes: Coastline - dune - agricultural zone - infrastructure (roads and channel) - natural landscape. Forest areas only play a subordinate role in the region and can hardly be found. The two most prominent elements of blue infrastructure in this area are the North Sea which limits the entire west side of the area and the "Canal de Furnes". The coastline along the Dunes flamandes is characterized by a strip of marine wetlands. The "Canal de Furnes" runs parallel to the coastline at a distance of 2-3 kilometers. “Canal de Furnes” is the French name for the section of the Nieuspoort-Dunkirk Canal that runs in France. The Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal connects the Belgian coastal town of Nieuwpoort with the French port of Dunkirk. In addition, smaller rivers and streams such as the "Petit Mardyck" and "Grand Mardyck" run in the study area. Smaller lakes and ponds are also close to the canal, mostly found in the agricultural zone.''
File:Access_transport_map_02.png|'''Accessibility & Transport:''' ''It is interesting to notice that although Bray Dunes lies between two major cities - Dunkirk and De Panne, it stays heavily neglected in terms of ease of accessibility. The train line that connects De Panne to Dunkirk has no train stations in Bray Dunes. To arrive to Bray Dunes via public transport, one would have to take a train till De Panne, and then arrive by bus via highway D60. Highway D601 connects Dunkirk and Veurne and then onward to Nieuwpoort. There are very few public transport buses that actually make a halt in Bray Dunes, unless one takes a bus from any of the private transport companies. Another major observation is the lack of dedicated bike paths. There are major "regional" and "local" bike routes that are a part of bike trails going across Belgium and France while connecting Dunkirk to De Panne, as highlighted in our previous presentation on land use development - however, none of the eco-trails come to make a stop in Bray Dunes. As seen in this map, the bike paths from De Panne stop at the border and/or go around Bray Dunes without entering this area. The positive aspect is that the protected dune areas have a very good network of pedestrian trails that give us a good potential for development and could be expanded to become bike trails.''
File:BrayDunes_map3.jpg|'''Cultural & Natural Attractions:''' ''The unique location of Bray-Dunes on the Opal Coast, bordering France and Belgium, offers the place both cultural and nature attractions. Culturally the place is a significant site for WWII with war monuments, landmarks and ruins along the coastline, stretching from Bray-Dunes all the way to Dunkirk. The geographical location of Bray-Dunes also offer a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports such as sand yachting and speed sailing. In terms of natural attractions, Dunes de Flandres (the long-stretching fine sand beach) is a wonderful creation of nature. Relaxing hikes into the two nature reserves are also options to enjoy the tranquil and picturesque dune landscape. Along the coast there are also villas, seaside resorts, hotels and some cheaper options Airbnb for tourists’ short-term stay. Camping sites are also available. Most attractions and stay options took the advantage of the coastal landscape and are concentrated mostly along coast.''

</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==

Based on previous analysis we had to evaluate the outcomes. In order to characterize the results, to identify the potentials and the risks of the area, we used the SWOT analysis.
With the SWOT method we could explore the internal and the external factors that may influence our work and developed a fuller awareness of the situation.

'''Problems'''

→ The site has two nature reserves, “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland”, with rich fauna and flora, after mapping the green spaces it turned out there is no connection between the natural areas.

→ Accessibility: lack of bike paths, also there is no train station in Bray Dunes (the closest stations are in Dunkirk and De Panne).

'''Potentials'''

→ There is a powerful potential to increase the recreational function.

→ The natural areas could act as educational sites because of the variety of species.

'''Priorities and targets'''

→ Green belt creation in three large areas of Bray-Dunes coasts to connect the fragmented ecological areas between the Nature Reserves.

→ “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland” preservation and management. Inscriptions throughout the nature reserves informing about history, culture and environmental values.

→ Provision and management of better connectivity with educational and recreational features along bicycle and pedestrian paths.

→ Transportation development: train station in the area and more bike paths.

→ Better attractions for young professionals and tourists. Recreational opportunities that will attract visitors from both De Panne and Dunkirk to visit Bray-Dunes, like community gardens.

→ There is a high pressure of urbanization among the area, this could be an opportunity, as well as a risk at the same time - building new housing could develop the area, but it could disturb the nature reserves too.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks f.png|''SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==

'''Readings'''

→ Landscape character assessment (LCA) is defined as the process of identifying and describing variation in character of the landscape. In our process we used LCA documents to identify and explain the unique combination of elements and features that make our site distinctive by mapping and describing character types and areas. Landscape character assessment also shows how the landscape is perceived, experienced and valued by people.

→ Seascape character assessment (SCA) has emerged as a method for assessing, characterising, mapping and describing seascape character. Seascape is defined by Natural England in its position statement on All Landscapes Matter in 2010 as: “An area of sea, coastline and land, as perceived by people, whose character results from the actions and interactions of land with sea, by natural and/or human factors”.

→ Coastal character assessment (CCA) informs and guides coastal and marine planning, and individual development proposals, by informing landscape/seascape and visual impact assessments. As Bray Dunes is a coastal landscape, it was relevant to read about this assessment, it made us realise that the coast itself is complex and represents more than its physical characteristics.

→ Belgium and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 the main challenges identified for Belgium for the implementation of EU environmental policy and law were to:
* improve air quality, in particular nitrogen dioxide levels, by reducing traffic congestion;
* continue to address water pollution coming from urban wastewater and agricultural sources;
* manage the Natura 2000 network towards favourable conservation status for all species and habitats.

→ France and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 identified the following main challenges as regards the implementation of EU environmental policy and law in France:
* improving air quality by taking forward-looking, rapid and effective action to reach EU-based air pollution limit values;
* taking the necessary measures to improve water quality, particularly reducing nitrate pollution;
* effectively protecting biodiversity by enforcing the applicable law to ensure the protection of habitats and species.

→ The Marine Protection assessment from the Environmental Implementation Review for France 2019, gave us insights about which goals have been achieved and what would be the next priority actions:
* Provide information about measures to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES), establish more measures that have a direct impact on pressures.
* Ensure reporting of the different elements under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

→ Finally, the biodiversity protection describes also priority actions in order to improve the challenges in the area:
* Assess the Natura 2000 implementation and management.
* Support sustainable partnerships for biodiversity protection, sustainable development, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
* Protect habitats and species affected by or dependent on agricultural management.

'''Limitations'''

→ The most of the readings seem to be addressed to De Panne (on the Belgian side) and Dunkirk (on the French side), attracting a lot more interest, as they are considered areas with great strategic, economical and social importance. As a result, development plans are directed around Bray-Dunes, leaving a very significant natural ecological area, which contributes widely to the ecological coastal balance in the area, lacking attention and strategic management planning.

→ Urban infrastructure creation may impact negatively the ecology, but will promote the economy and connectivity critically.

== B.5 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
CONTENT - BLUE AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/172/28-dune-du-perroquet-59_nord.htm
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/213/28-dune-fossile-59_nord.htm
* http://www.water-ways.net/d/info/frankreich/nord_aa_canal_de_calais_de_Bergues_de_Furnes_de_bourbourg_de_la_colme.php
CONTENT - ACCESS AND TRANSPORT:
* https://www.google.de/maps/search/bray+dunes+train+station/@51.0541114,2.4680149,12z?hl=en
IMAGE SOURCES - CULTURAL AND NATURAL ATTRACTIONS:
* [https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139%20/ https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139 / ]
* [https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand%20/ https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand /]
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/73290459@N07/25434107707/
DEVELOPMENT PLANS:
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_fr_en.pdf
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_be_en.pdf
* https://www.gov.uk/guidance/landscape-and-seascape-character-assessments
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/691184/landscape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396177/seascape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/Guidance%20Note%20-%20Coastal%20Character%20Assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape/coastal-character-assessment ''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==

Our main goals are:

'''→ PRESERVE NATURE RESERVES'''

'''→ IMPROVE CONNECTIVITY'''

'''→ ENHANCE ATTRACTIVITY'''

We selected 4 goals from the Sustainable Development Goals as related to our Project based on our strategic plan and the targets from previous phase:

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Capture_Goals - 1.PNG |''The goals relate to our main themes: Green/blue infrastructure, Accessibility and Attractiveness. We want to promote partnerships to develop the area economically, but we see the protection of the Nature Reserves as a high important target; therefore making Bray Dunnes a sustainable community is a clear goal.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND_Group_3_Presentation_3_-_Planning_and_Design (1).jpg|''Our project title, the vision and the strategic planning based on the evaluation findings and the whole process.''
</gallery>

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:ConceptBrayDunes.jpg|'''Spatial vision translate:''' '' In an attempt to express visually, our vision for Bray-Dunes, we developed a conceptual representation that includes the most important issues we wanted to address. The first goal includes the ecological fragmentation between the two Nature Reserves the area contains. The plan is to connect those fragmented areas through strategies that support the green belt creation and provide recreational and educational pedestrian and bike paths, enhancing at the same time the area to its trans-boundary extension. Ecological quality preservation for this diverse ecosystem and flood prevention through pumps and floodgates in the blue infrastructure are also suggested, while sustainable models for economic growth in the area are explained in the partnership and governance part extensively. Maybe a very important observation was the fact that the area does not have a train station. The railway though passes through Bray-Dunes and the old station building is used as a media library. Our suggestion is the reopening of the station as a mixed use building, which will attract tourists/young professionals and ease the transportation between De Panne and Dunkirk, two very financially developed cities. Finally new attractions are suggested on the economic growth tendency area, which is extended mostly on the beach.'' '' The non-spatial factors that also play an important role in these interventions come from the partnerships that we propose to build in our governance model. These internal and external partnerships would ensure the sensitive conservation of the dunes through awareness programs in various activities, while promoting sustainable local businesses to boost the economy''
File:Base_Map_Transect_Bray_Dunes.png|''Location of the Transects''
File:Transect1 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 1 - Parallel to the Coastline''
File:Transect 2 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 2''
File:Intervention111.jpg|'''1. Intervention:''' ''Transportation improvement through reopening of the old train station.''
File:Intervention222.jpg|'''2. Intervention:''' ''Visualization of the Nature Reserve with the implementation of green belts, bike paths and informative inscriptions.''
File:Intervention333.jpg|'''3. Intervention:''' ''Coast line area, suggestions of beautification and attractiveness increase.''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*'''Governance Model'''
In the search for a new governance model that could lift this small corner of France and also create a cross border dialogue, we found inspiration from on-going Interreg projects.Two of these projects share the same eco-sensitive and education goals as ours and also the project partner locations are as close as Dunkirk and De Panne. From the BIOGOV Interreg Europe (biodiversity in governance) and from The Interreg Annual meeting 2018 from European Commission, new models of governance were discovered, which as you can see, we have adapted here to work in the case of Bray Dunes. Apart from the development of Policies and transparency the attractive features of this model would be capacity and trust building while ensuring sustainable solutions that will pull up the local small businesses.

*'''Who needs to act and how'''
We decided that the stakeholders need to be from a micro and macro level to pull Bray Dunes into cross border dialogue while keeping the sensitive ecology and also the economy from being overrun. So the internal stakeholders belong to Bray Dunes while the external stakeholders consist of partners at various levels who would collaborate in a strategic and transparent manner.
The key external partners would be larger education institutions, the Interreg partners and the tourism departments. For example, the educational partners bring learning groups from the outside when we conduct the educational tours in our nature conservation areas that you see in our intervention visualisations. These for example, would be run by the local schools and Bray Dunes tourism office for internal capacity and economy building while taking the expertise of Interreg partners , called DEMO and Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux who share our goal of awareness creation and knowledge sharing through various eco-friendly events like music concerts and local businesses.
Similar partnerships are developed in every intervention area to ensure sensitivity and sustainability at the same time.

*'''Timeline'''
After deciding who needs to act and how, we briefly explained step by step how to implement our concept through a process model, the timeline of the project. The timelapse consists of three years duration from the first to the second phase and in two years between the second and the third. This way, we are allowing the authorities to progress gradually and carefully from one stage to the next. The start of every phase should undergo an evaluation to consider any required adaptations based on real-time scenarios.
The implementation process requires the action of various actors and stakeholders together. None of them should be neglected or forgotten during this process because each one has its own part along the procedure.
The general framework should be given by the government and authorities with their laws, while collaborating with environmental partners for guidelines, and the public, especially residents who should be consulted, informed and integrated.

*'''Resources and Assets to build on'''
The dunes which are protected by the two nature reserves are definitely the biggest assests of Bray Dunes. In our endeavour to conserve the sensitive ecology that is home to several rare species within, we make minimal spatial interventions and bank on the non-spatial resources to introduce a system of collaborative partnerships that work together towards programs, activities, events and small businesses that educate visitors and residents alike, while presenting them an enjoyable experience of the area. LIFE + Nature project FLANDRE is a broad reaching, Franco-Belgian partnership to preserve the natural heritage, from Dunkirk to Westende. Flemish And North French Dunes Restoration is a joint project of the Agency for nature and forests of the Flemish Government, the Conservatoire de l’Espace Littoral et des Rivages lacustres and the Département du Nord for the coastal dunes between Dunkerque (France) and Westende (Belgium) - including also the cross-border sites, such as Bray-Dunes and De Panne and is co-financed by the European Union. DEMO and Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux are cross border projects belonging to the 2014 - 2020 INTERREG V-A Belgium - France. DEMO focuses on promotion of tangible and intangible heritage as an essential linchpin for tourism, which generates significant economic spin-offs in different sectors of activity. Similar to our own goals, DEMO also believes that local development cannot be considered without taking the social and environmental challenges into account, with a view to sustainable development. Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux intends to limit flooding in the cross-border area of the polders by improving drainage during floods. To achieve this, it is necessary to temporarily allow the evacuation of the waters from the Nieuwpoort to Dunkirk/Furnes Canal channel (which also runs through Bray Dunes), both towards France and towards Belgium. Two new structures will be built - emergency pumping station on the “Speievaart” and a floodgate between the Furnes Canal and the Exutoire Canal on the site of the 4 Locks at Dunkirk. In parallel with this work, residents and stakeholders in the Franco-Flemish territory will be made aware of the risk of flooding, the foreseeable consequences of climate change and the need for a common approach to deal with this problem. It would be essential to join hands with governments of Dunkirk and De Panne to ensure that Bray Dunes is not just a territory falling in the span of these projects, but also one that deserves equal recognition and involvement. In addition to these partnerships we need local active involvement that makes this "system" a whole. The tourism and education sectors both inside and outside Bray Dunes along with the local small businesses are essential to tie the finer strings of this chain into a sustainable working mechanism. Finally the Interreg, EU and Natura 2000 measures and polices are used as anchors and benchmarks to ensure the standards and working methodology of this "biodiverse" governing system.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-01.jpg|''A "biodiverse" Governance Model''
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-02.jpg|''Sustainable Governance: Who acts and How''
File:Process model.png|''Process model. Timeline of the project.''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cf/c5/d0/cfc5d0880997255e4ee06d908e6c2e74.jpg
* https://www.alltrails.com/de/france/hauts-de-france/bray-dunes
* https://www.alltrails.com/members/anne-molderez/photos
* https://www.cleanpng.com/free/kiss.html
* https://i0.wp.com/www.transparency-one.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UN-SDGs-overview.png?resize=800%2C418&ssl=1
* https://thenounproject.com/
READINGS:
* https://www.interregeurope.eu/biogov/
* https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/conferences/etc2018/plenary_session_2_moray_gilland.pdf
* http://www.mageteaux.eu/fr/projet
* https://demo-europe.eu/fr/page-daccueil/
* https://www.natuurenbos.be/projecten/west-vlaanderen/life-project-flandre/flandre/life-nature-project-flandre-english

= D. Process Reflection =

The outcomes of our study:

→ Positive internal evaluation of our results.

→ The order and process of the sessions and the project phases were coherent to understand the location and develop the strategies.

→ Long distance project requires extra effort and eventual assumptions.

→ Better understanding of coastal landscapes, mainly the potentials they have and possibilities they offer.

→ The connection people have with coastal areas highlight the importance of preserving them.

Limitations we faced:

→ Lack of exact knowledge of the site.

→ Lack of enough sources for a long distance project.

What we have learnt from each other:

→ Task distribution with intermediary talks worked really well.

→ Having different backgrounds results in good discussions.

What we would do differently:

→ The partnerships and governance part would be useful to be explored in an earlier phase.

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2020]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

COLAND Case Study 2020 - Bray-Dunes

2020-04-07T20:12:59Z

Arati.u: /* C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2020|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Hauts-de-France''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bray-Dunes''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''France''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Transboundary area, Coastal landscape, Nature and Heritage preservation, Tourism attraction''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Wasiliki Moreno, Arati Uttur, Raphaela Roming, Ho Ching Leung, Anna Fernanda Volken, Anca Strugariu''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Bray-Dunes.jpg |400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
The first keyword is dynamic, in terms of the protected landform and high biodiversity. In Bray-Dunes right adjacent to the Belgian border there is 250 hectares National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand classified in 1974 to protect the dunes of Flanders. The landform possesses high biodiversity of plant species and is home to many land animal and underwater species.

The second key word is memories, reflecting the historical significance of Bray-Dunes. Bray-Dunes was a significant site during World War II, and it is the site of many casualties during the period of Dunkirk evacuation. The physical ruins such as the wrecked Operation Dynamo ships on the Beach at Zuydcoote shape the sentimental atmosphere and give the place significant historical values.

The third word is recreation. Located at the Opal Coast near Belgian border, the seaside of Bray-Dunes offers a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports like sand yachting and speed sailing, making it a popular holiday spots.

Our hypothesis for Bray-Dunes is that Coastal exploration since 20th century is invading the natural ecology and landscape of the coast, together with the increased chance of flooding brought by climate change. Nature dynamics and cultural memories of Bray-Dunes will be destroyed without legit policies on coastal protection.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 51.099574827611775,2.5787597335926993~case study boundary west; 51.05017698110531,2.5653701461903555~Case study boundary south; 51.064419324157655,2.460313383495043~Case study boundary east}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
The coast of Bray-Dunes is a part of the Dunes de Flandre, a 15-kilometre dune field of fine sandy beach that stretches from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes. Within the long-stretching dune field, the coastal landscape is characterised by the carved sea ridge dunes and mega-parabolic dunes, with intervals of both high and humid dune slacks and low fossil dunes that started to stack up since 3,000 BC.

The sandbanks and dunes are formed by transportation of fine sediment landward by coastal wind and waves, and further on stabilized with vegetation such as native dune grass. This forms primary dunes which situated closer to the coast and significantly affected by waves, salt spray and erosion, and secondary dunes which are located further inland and not often directly exposed to marine influences but more prone to urban intrusion.

Coastal landscape further to the south of Bray-Dunes is characterised by polders, the maritime plains with their network of canals, which are patches of low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments of dikes.

Currently the rapid urbanisation, water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders have resulted in the overgrowth of dune landscape by scrub.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 1.jpg|15-km coast of Dunes de Flandre stretching from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 2.jpg|Sandbanks and primary dunes near the coast
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 3.png|Diagram showing the formation of sand dunes
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
The landuse does not change (almost nil) between 2006 to 2018. To support this is a second landuse map from a second source that shows the change from 1965 (!) to 2014. so the change has been gradual over 50 years.The first map shows main landuse is from urban fabric(red) non arable land (light yellow) ; moors and heathland (light green); tidal flats (light purple).

However, there are several municipal camping areas (marked with red dots) there are many private tourism companies offering bike tours across Dunkirk-BrayDunes-DePanne and there are walking trails in the two natural reserve areas - De la Dune and Marchand. So this indicates that the area is focusing on a lot of tourism related activities. However, there are only two hotels that show up in google maps - and a few airbnbs. In Dunkirk, sand sailing is a dominant sport. I did not find much information about how much it is active in Bray Dunes. Also, there are a few Interreg projects happening here as Bray Dunes is on the border - but the websites are in french. So I have not translated and read them yet.The land south from the railroad that connects Dunkirk , Bray Dunes and De Panne - infact along the whole strip that all case studies are being done - is below sea level and stands the danger of flooding if the sea level rises by 50 cm.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:LANDUSE_01.jpg|''Copernicus maps 2006 to 2018. ''
File:LANDUSE_02.jpg|''Landuse maps 1965 to 2014. ''
File:LANDUSE_03.jpg|''Bike trail between Dunkirk and Bray Dunes “circuit de la dune Marchand” with municipal camping sites (in red). ''
File:LANDUSE_04.jpg|''Bike Trails between De Panne and Bray Dunes - OSM. ''
File:LANDUSE_05.jpg|''“Le Dunes de Flandre” bike trails between Dunkirk, Bray Dunes and De Panne. ''
File:LANDUSE_06.jpg|''Marchand Natural Reserve, Bray Dunes. ''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
The blue infrastructure is first represented by the sea, of course, but in this area there are also the presence of wetlands (they continue after the Belgium border - in De Panne waters) and a canal between communes.

In the green infrastructure the two most common elements are grasslands between the urban area and the international border, and crop fields in the border with the other French commune - Ghyvelde.

Relevant in the area is the National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand, a natural and diverse environment in constant evolution. The reserve is exceptional on an ecological level, however also very fragile: repeated tramplings threaten the species of varied flora, birds and amphibians. (Also a Protected area Natura 2000)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Blue_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''North Sea, a canal following the commune border and wetlands in the sea line''
File:Green_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''Predominance of natural grassland around the urban area and crops near the commune border''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
Environmental partners and scientists can affect in the planning and management of a sustainable coastal landscape, the most affected groups include: community, land owners, marine occupations.

Media, Government-authorities and maritime need to be kept satisfied.

Industry and education require the least effort, while key players are: Regulators, investors, NPOs-NGOs, Tourists and cross border cooperations.
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Stakeholders1.jpg|''Stakeholders of Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===

The site holds onto powerful sacred spaces and heritage. Places and elements, such as the historical features (like cemetery, bunkers, monuments, memorials, ruins), have symbolic meaning and can be found as landmarks along the area. However, maybe the most representative element is the natural one, highlighted by the dunes. The site has two nature reserves: National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand which was classified in 1974 and Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet that has a wild dune massif of 250 hectares protected.

On the other hand, the site, viewed from the European Environment Agency’s perspective, The Natura 2000, consists of a network of protected areas covering valuable and threatened species and habitats - a different kind of heritage, one that involves biodiversity and ecosystems.

Regarding the architecture of Bray-Dunes, the villas of the nineteenth century are noticeable, recalling the flourishing age of the resort. Bray-Dunes was also marked by both World Wars, including the Operation Dynamo between May and June 1940. These kinds of elements, sacred places and heritage, hold important cultural value and meaning for the community, as well as for tourists, encouraging and presenting a piece of history.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map.png|''Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map''
File:(2) One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes.png|''One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes''
File:(3) Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance.png|''Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===

Landscape character is defined as the distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape. It is these patterns that give each locality its 'sense of place', making one landscape different from another. In defining the combinations of components which make each landscape unique, landscape character is a way of thinking about landscape more holistically and objectively, rather than focusing on scenic beauty and subjective responses. Landscapes have evolved over time as a result of both natural and cultural processes.

As mentioned, the site was significant during the World Wars, so many stories and writings are regarding this topic.

We discovered a book, "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer, published in 2012. According to the book, indeed WW1 bunkers were built in the region between Bray-Dunes and De Panne, on both sides of the border. In fact, some remaining bunkers on the French side of the border could actually be Belgian bunkers (or at least built under Belgian command).

Despite the historical features, the site is also well appreciated for its aesthetics, so many painters found their inspiration among the area.

In terms of events and festivities, the city of Bray-Dunes, very attached to its culture, offers a great cultural season throughout the year. Regularly, concerts, shows, plays or tales readings are organized for residents. The municipal library often organizes fun and interesting exhibitions. In September, the city opened a portion of its monuments to the public with the European Heritage Days. From late September to early October it is possible to have fun at the fair with rides, an opportunity to spend some time in a charming carnival.

Sport is no exception to Bray-Dunes with the organization of 6h rosalies on the beach in September and the championship coastal archers in the same period. Regularly, guided tours nature of the different dunes of the city are offered by the Tourist Office Bray-Dunes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Map from the book “Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918” by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer.jpg|''Map from the book "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer''
File:(2) The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan.png|''The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan''
File:(3) “Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre.png|''“Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre''
File:(4) “Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara''
File:(5) “Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of your landscape system analysis and your development targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="400px" perrow="5">
File:DPSIR Bray Dunes.png |''Landscape system analysis - DPSIR Model Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

DRIVERS: The Bray dunes are characterized by their natural and cultural heritage. This makes this place very interesting for tourism and related businesses. Therefore, this sector can be determined as the first driving force. Due to their direct influence by the sea the predicted climate change that causes a sea level rise is the second driving force.

PRESSURES: As a result of the focus and the enlargement of the tourism, the place expects greater use and changes in current uses. Recreation and tourist attractions like sailing in the dunes or bike / walking paths can create future pressures. Due to disturbances in this sensitive natural area and installations for tourists the place can also experience a loss of flora and fauna as well as historical heritage. And also because of the climate change a rise in sea level is expected which can be seen as a huge pressure on the site.

STATE: Currently the Bray dunes can be described as an interesting and really valuable site with a lot of natural and cultural heritage. But Water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders already caused an overgrowth of the dune landscape by scrub.

IMPACTS: Based on the analyzed influencing factors and changes at the location, the following effects can be expected: A loss of biodiversity (flora & fauna) and cultural heritage, Flooding and an extensive tourism related infrastructure.

RESPONSES: Environmental policies have to come into operation so the protected areas can remain in good condition and we can keep the biodiversity and cultural heritage in the future. Therefore, the paths and trails in the area should be predetermined so there is no trampling in the area that could cause further damage. Public awareness has to be raised so people get to know the value of the place which will then hopefully minimize the problem of garbage and waste.

<gallery caption=" " widths="800px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Scenarios.jpg|''Landscape system analysis - Hypothesis''
</gallery>

The extreme scenario represents the climate change forces creating a huge flooding problem. The assumptions for the area indicates that in a sea level rise of 50cm many places, including inhabited settlements, are in risk of flooding. Even though this is only a theoretical simulation, the land is partly under sea level and may need to adapt to climate change, particularly the possible rise in sea level.

The sustainable scenario, shown on the right side, with the new green zone design plans shows the changes after a 20-50 years period. Nothing changes much (as nothing changed much the last 50 years) except from greener areas and more tourism. In the current planning documents, the environment is a very important part.

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

'''National Document: Climate Policy in Hauts-de-France'''

The Hauts-de-France area was characterized by the prominence of heavy industries and an economy based on coal mining, steel production and textile manufacturing. Today only 19% of the population is still working for the industry sector and coal mining was slowly fully replaced by nuclear energy. Currently, nuclear power accounts for 80% of the electricity production in the region but for only 15% of the overall energy consumption, while renewable energy consumption is low compared to the national average (3.7% against 19% in France).

Hauts-de-France intensified its efforts to combat climate change with the adoption of an innovative regional plan bringing together climate, air and energy issues. A 20-year partnership with ADEME (French Environment and Energy Agency) helped the region develop the required expertise and capacity to create and implement impactful projects. With greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita reaching 30% higher levels than the French average and mainly attributed to the industry sector, there is a strong opportunity for Hauts-de-France to develop strategies to reduce emissions.

Climate regional strategy – SRADDT (Stratégie régionale climat) sets an overarching target to divide GHG emissions by 4 by 2050. This strategy is in line with the national commitments embedded in the legislation “Grenelle 2” from 2010. The plan is organized around 4 pillars:

- Improvements of way of life and production methods;

- Continuation of the energy transition;

- Integration of mitigation and adaptation actions in territorial planning; and

- Enhanced governance and participation of local actors.

'''European Document: The European Water Framework and The Marine Strategy Framework Directives'''

The European Water Framework (WFD) and Marine Strategy Framework (MSFD) Directives both require EU Member States to take the necessary measures to achieve a good coastal and oceanic environmental status by 2020.

The aim of the European Union's ambitious Marine Strategy Framework Directive is to protect more effectively the marine environment across Europe. It came into force in June 2008 and was transposed into each member's state national legislation by mid 2010. It is the first EU legislative instrument related to the protection of marine biodiversity and aims to protect the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend.

In France, the Directive was transposed into law in the Environment Code (articles L. 219-9 to L. 219-18 and R. 219-2 to R. 219-17). Through Action Plans for the Marine Environment (PAMM), it is applied to areas of continental Europe under French sovereignty or jurisdiction, subdivided into four marine sub-regions: the English Channel-North Sea, the Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay and the Western Mediterranean Sea.

In addition, in France, IFREMER (a French institute that undertakes research and expert assessments to advance knowledge on the oceans and their resources, monitor the marine environment and foster the sustainable development of maritime activities) is one of the national agencies in charge of implementing such measures.

The Copernicus is a marine environment monitoring service offered by the European Commision, providing products and services for all marine applications with the following benefits:

- Free and sustained information provision;

- Provision of merged satellite information along with in situ information;

- Ready to use, global coverage, expertised ocean colour satellite products.

Francis Gohin from IFREMER has stated that "the Copernicus Marine Service Ocean Colour data are central for the MSFD, as it allows us to improve coherence in eutrophication assessments based on chlorophyll, using satellite-derived chlorophyll provided by CMEMS". In conjunction with the Marine Protected Areas Agency (AAMP), IFREMER takes on the role of scientific and technical coordinator on behalf of the Ministry in charge of the environment on the different aspects of the Directive.

The MFSD pursues three main goals:

- To ensure the protection and the conservation of marine ecosystems and prevent their deterioration. In areas of high deterioration, ecosystem functioning must be restored.

- To prevent and progressively eliminate pollution.

- To contain the pressure of human activities (fishing, use of diverse services, etc.) on the marine environment within levels compatible with the achievement of good environmental status. Ecosystems must have the capacity to react to various natural and human-induced changes while enabling the sustainable use of the marine environment for future generations (e.g. Common Fisheries Policy).

'''International document: Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning'''

The document represents the result of a long process to distil lessons from a wide range of partners and stakeholders as to what provides for effective city-level climate action planning and a set of globally applicable principles.
This publication is really relevant for providing a framework that cities can use, in order to more effectively play their role in reducing gas emissions and building climate resilience, by being more ambitious in their climate action planning.

The driving principles for city climate action planning are that the planning should be:

1. Ambitious; 2. Inclusive; 3. Fair; 4. Comprehensive and integrated; 5. Relevant; 6. Actionable; 7. Evidence based and 8. Transparent.

The document at present stage of "version 1.0" intends to stay open to continuous improvement through knowledge gained from on-going practices. The Guiding Principles are aimed at city-level actors as local stakeholders, governing bodies and experts. Its resilience provides necessary support for locals as well as platforms for collaboration and documentation from active partners.

Apart from addressing the basic requirement of financial support from local government, the crucial role of public participation is given high value in the effective working of the climate action planning. The other main role would be from core stakeholders such as NGOs, experts and active organisations to constitute the actual leadership and working of the planning process.

A general outline for the planning process has been outlined as a process chart that could be used as a guide by cities and then adapted according to the goals that will drive towards the relevant local objectives such as “health, safety, food security, housing, biodiversity, air quality, land use, access to basic urban services, poverty reduction, local economic development and job creation”. The outline also gives guidance on maintaining transparency and continuous evaluation of the process. This would also include the timelines, distribution of responsibilities and maintaining costs.

The climate action plans would direct cities towards stand-alone plans or get integrated into long-term planning processes of the cities.
While the Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning urges cities to adopt the guidelines vigorously, the benefits are already visible from cities who have undertaken these measures for climate change action.

== A.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0615/2.5126&layers=C

BASIC INFORMATION:
* https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Nature/Les-Dunes-de-Flandre-nature-reserve
* https://www.france-voyage.com/tourism/bray-dunes-1146.htm
* https://ch.oui.sncf/fr/article/les-dunes-de-flandre
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_UNITELITTORAL/PAR_TPL_IDENTIFIANT/101/125-les-paysages-fiche.htm
* https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas
* https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9serve_naturelle_nationale_de_la_dune_Marchand#/media/Fichier:P%C3%A9rim%C3%A8tre_RNN_Dune_Marchand_rnn19.png
* http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/dune-marchand
* https://www.google.com/search?q=bray+dunes+camping+municipal&npsic=0&rflfq=1&rlha=0&rllag=51077997,2538343,1019&tbm=lcl&ved=2ahUKEwjp4pWf8trnAhUSilwKHY6bDw0QtgN6BAgLEAQ&tbs=lrf:!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:4&rldoc=1#rldoc=1&rlfi=hd:;si:,51.080248504007805,2.582632035253937;mv:[[51.102674420897195,2.6052913370117494],[51.03093797609536,2.413717240332062],null,[51.066820095899374,2.5095042886719057],13]
* http://sentierdunord.free.fr/Circuit%20de%20la%20dune%20marchand%20zuydcoote.html
* http://escapadenature-sansvoiture.fr/les-escapades-nature-sans-voiture/dunes-flandre
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391365
* http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20014/planning/1006/landscape_character_assessment
* https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=195244

IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/
* https://www.flickr.com/
* https://www.dunkerque-tourisme.fr/
* https://www.artmajeur.com/
* https://www.mutualart.com/
* https://thenounproject.com/
* https://www.cleanpng.com/

READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm
* https://www.msp-platform.eu/practices/french-national-maritime-and-coastline-strategies
* https://www.copernicus.eu/en/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive
* https://www.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2018-11/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive.pdf
* http://msp.ioc-unesco.org/world-applications/europe/france/
* https://wwz.ifremer.fr/en/Public-policy-support/Water-Biodiversity/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.aires-marines.com/International/European-relations/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.dcsmm-d4.fr/la-directive-cadre-strategie-pour-le-milieu-marin-dcsmm?lang=en
* https://www.theclimategroup.org/sites/default/files/etp_partnerprofile_hauts-de-france.pdf

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==

'''Goals'''

→ Have a general overview of both green and blue infrastructure and the relevance of these elements for the identity of the place. Going back to our analysis, we also understood the importance of public awareness to protect natural and cultural heritage and we want to understand better how the green infrastructure relates to the sea and how the character of these elements.

→ Evaluate the accessibility of the commune, focusing on bike and pedestrian paths and how they relate to the natural components. We currently have an overview of bike paths, but want to understand all the accessibility and connectivity of the commune.

→ Visualize the attractiveness of Bray Dunes, the focal interest points, what makes people go there and what could be better. Understanding how tourism can be enhanced clearly seems to be an important goal: however, the scale of the location cannot be forgotten.

'''Themes'''

→ Green / blue infrastructure

→ Accessibility

→ Attractiveness

Having tourism (and related business) as the most significant driving force, we chose these themes considering their relevance to the activity. At the same time, the protection of the green and blue infrastructure, besides necessary to tourism, is also imperative to avoid the extreme scenario.

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:BrayDunes_Green&BlueInfrastructure.jpg| '''Green & Blue Infrastructure:''' ''Bray-Dunes is located in the centre of the natural area of the "Dune flamandes". The municipality borders on the nature reserve: “Nature Reserve de la Dune Marchand” in the west and the “Dune du Perroquet” in the east. Further to the west the dune area "Dune Dewulf" can be found which is also a protected area. The predominant dune landscapes are characterized by their great diversity in flora and fauna. Another nature reserve which is of great value to the region: the “Dune Fossile de Ghyvelde” is located in a three kilometer distance from the coastline. This landscape developed around 5000 years ago by the North Sea on the coastline at the time. The landscape in the surrounding of Bray Dunes is characterized not only by the predominant dunes and the sea coast but also by agricultural use. The fields are clearly marked in light yellow. The following sequence of natural spaces is characteristic of the Dune flamandes: Coastline - dune - agricultural zone - infrastructure (roads and channel) - natural landscape. Forest areas only play a subordinate role in the region and can hardly be found. The two most prominent elements of blue infrastructure in this area are the North Sea which limits the entire west side of the area and the "Canal de Furnes". The coastline along the Dunes flamandes is characterized by a strip of marine wetlands. The "Canal de Furnes" runs parallel to the coastline at a distance of 2-3 kilometers. “Canal de Furnes” is the French name for the section of the Nieuspoort-Dunkirk Canal that runs in France. The Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal connects the Belgian coastal town of Nieuwpoort with the French port of Dunkirk. In addition, smaller rivers and streams such as the "Petit Mardyck" and "Grand Mardyck" run in the study area. Smaller lakes and ponds are also close to the canal, mostly found in the agricultural zone.''
File:Access_transport_map_02.png|'''Accessibility & Transport:''' ''It is interesting to notice that although Bray Dunes lies between two major cities - Dunkirk and De Panne, it stays heavily neglected in terms of ease of accessibility. The train line that connects De Panne to Dunkirk has no train stations in Bray Dunes. To arrive to Bray Dunes via public transport, one would have to take a train till De Panne, and then arrive by bus via highway D60. Highway D601 connects Dunkirk and Veurne and then onward to Nieuwpoort. There are very few public transport buses that actually make a halt in Bray Dunes, unless one takes a bus from any of the private transport companies. Another major observation is the lack of dedicated bike paths. There are major "regional" and "local" bike routes that are a part of bike trails going across Belgium and France while connecting Dunkirk to De Panne, as highlighted in our previous presentation on land use development - however, none of the eco-trails come to make a stop in Bray Dunes. As seen in this map, the bike paths from De Panne stop at the border and/or go around Bray Dunes without entering this area. The positive aspect is that the protected dune areas have a very good network of pedestrian trails that give us a good potential for development and could be expanded to become bike trails.''
File:BrayDunes_map3.jpg|'''Cultural & Natural Attractions:''' ''The unique location of Bray-Dunes on the Opal Coast, bordering France and Belgium, offers the place both cultural and nature attractions. Culturally the place is a significant site for WWII with war monuments, landmarks and ruins along the coastline, stretching from Bray-Dunes all the way to Dunkirk. The geographical location of Bray-Dunes also offer a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports such as sand yachting and speed sailing. In terms of natural attractions, Dunes de Flandres (the long-stretching fine sand beach) is a wonderful creation of nature. Relaxing hikes into the two nature reserves are also options to enjoy the tranquil and picturesque dune landscape. Along the coast there are also villas, seaside resorts, hotels and some cheaper options Airbnb for tourists’ short-term stay. Camping sites are also available. Most attractions and stay options took the advantage of the coastal landscape and are concentrated mostly along coast.''

</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==

Based on previous analysis we had to evaluate the outcomes. In order to characterize the results, to identify the potentials and the risks of the area, we used the SWOT analysis.
With the SWOT method we could explore the internal and the external factors that may influence our work and developed a fuller awareness of the situation.

'''Problems'''

→ The site has two nature reserves, “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland”, with rich fauna and flora, after mapping the green spaces it turned out there is no connection between the natural areas.

→ Accessibility: lack of bike paths, also there is no train station in Bray Dunes (the closest stations are in Dunkirk and De Panne).

'''Potentials'''

→ There is a powerful potential to increase the recreational function.

→ The natural areas could act as educational sites because of the variety of species.

'''Priorities and targets'''

→ Green belt creation in three large areas of Bray-Dunes coasts to connect the fragmented ecological areas between the Nature Reserves.

→ “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland” preservation and management. Inscriptions throughout the nature reserves informing about history, culture and environmental values.

→ Provision and management of better connectivity with educational and recreational features along bicycle and pedestrian paths.

→ Transportation development: train station in the area and more bike paths.

→ Better attractions for young professionals and tourists. Recreational opportunities that will attract visitors from both De Panne and Dunkirk to visit Bray-Dunes, like community gardens.

→ There is a high pressure of urbanization among the area, this could be an opportunity, as well as a risk at the same time - building new housing could develop the area, but it could disturb the nature reserves too.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks f.png|''SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==

'''Readings'''

→ Landscape character assessment (LCA) is defined as the process of identifying and describing variation in character of the landscape. In our process we used LCA documents to identify and explain the unique combination of elements and features that make our site distinctive by mapping and describing character types and areas. Landscape character assessment also shows how the landscape is perceived, experienced and valued by people.

→ Seascape character assessment (SCA) has emerged as a method for assessing, characterising, mapping and describing seascape character. Seascape is defined by Natural England in its position statement on All Landscapes Matter in 2010 as: “An area of sea, coastline and land, as perceived by people, whose character results from the actions and interactions of land with sea, by natural and/or human factors”.

→ Coastal character assessment (CCA) informs and guides coastal and marine planning, and individual development proposals, by informing landscape/seascape and visual impact assessments. As Bray Dunes is a coastal landscape, it was relevant to read about this assessment, it made us realise that the coast itself is complex and represents more than its physical characteristics.

→ Belgium and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 the main challenges identified for Belgium for the implementation of EU environmental policy and law were to:
* improve air quality, in particular nitrogen dioxide levels, by reducing traffic congestion;
* continue to address water pollution coming from urban wastewater and agricultural sources;
* manage the Natura 2000 network towards favourable conservation status for all species and habitats.

→ France and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 identified the following main challenges as regards the implementation of EU environmental policy and law in France:
* improving air quality by taking forward-looking, rapid and effective action to reach EU-based air pollution limit values;
* taking the necessary measures to improve water quality, particularly reducing nitrate pollution;
* effectively protecting biodiversity by enforcing the applicable law to ensure the protection of habitats and species.

→ The Marine Protection assessment from the Environmental Implementation Review for France 2019, gave us insights about which goals have been achieved and what would be the next priority actions:
* Provide information about measures to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES), establish more measures that have a direct impact on pressures.
* Ensure reporting of the different elements under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

→ Finally, the biodiversity protection describes also priority actions in order to improve the challenges in the area:
* Assess the Natura 2000 implementation and management.
* Support sustainable partnerships for biodiversity protection, sustainable development, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
* Protect habitats and species affected by or dependent on agricultural management.

'''Limitations'''

→ The most of the readings seem to be addressed to De Panne (on the Belgian side) and Dunkirk (on the French side), attracting a lot more interest, as they are considered areas with great strategic, economical and social importance. As a result, development plans are directed around Bray-Dunes, leaving a very significant natural ecological area, which contributes widely to the ecological coastal balance in the area, lacking attention and strategic management planning.

→ Urban infrastructure creation may impact negatively the ecology, but will promote the economy and connectivity critically.

== B.5 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
CONTENT - BLUE AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/172/28-dune-du-perroquet-59_nord.htm
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/213/28-dune-fossile-59_nord.htm
* http://www.water-ways.net/d/info/frankreich/nord_aa_canal_de_calais_de_Bergues_de_Furnes_de_bourbourg_de_la_colme.php
CONTENT - ACCESS AND TRANSPORT:
* https://www.google.de/maps/search/bray+dunes+train+station/@51.0541114,2.4680149,12z?hl=en
IMAGE SOURCES - CULTURAL AND NATURAL ATTRACTIONS:
* [https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139%20/ https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139 / ]
* [https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand%20/ https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand /]
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/73290459@N07/25434107707/
DEVELOPMENT PLANS:
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_fr_en.pdf
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_be_en.pdf
* https://www.gov.uk/guidance/landscape-and-seascape-character-assessments
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/691184/landscape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396177/seascape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/Guidance%20Note%20-%20Coastal%20Character%20Assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape/coastal-character-assessment ''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==

Our main goals are:

'''→ PRESERVE NATURE RESERVES'''

'''→ IMPROVE CONNECTIVITY'''

'''→ ENHANCE ATTRACTIVITY'''

We selected 4 goals from the Sustainable Development Goals as related to our Project based on our strategic plan and the targets from previous phase:

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Capture_Goals - 1.PNG |''The goals relate to our main themes: Green/blue infrastructure, Accessibility and Attractiveness. We want to promote partnerships to develop the area economically, but we see the protection of the Nature Reserves as a high important target; therefore making Bray Dunnes a sustainable community is a clear goal.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND_Group_3_Presentation_3_-_Planning_and_Design (1).jpg|''Our project title, the vision and the strategic planning based on the evaluation findings and the whole process.''
</gallery>

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:ConceptBrayDunes.jpg|'''Spatial vision translate:''' '' In an attempt to express visually, our vision for Bray-Dunes, we developed a conceptual representation that includes the most important issues we wanted to address. The first goal includes the ecological fragmentation between the two Nature Reserves the area contains. The plan is to connect those fragmented areas through strategies that support the green belt creation and provide recreational and educational pedestrian and bike paths, enhancing at the same time the area to its trans-boundary extension. Ecological quality preservation for this diverse ecosystem and flood prevention through pumps and floodgates in the blue infrastructure are also suggested, while sustainable models for economic growth in the area are explained in the partnership and governance part extensively. Maybe a very important observation was the fact that the area does not have a train station. The railway though passes through Bray-Dunes and the old station building is used as a media library. Our suggestion is the reopening of the station as a mixed use building, which will attract tourists/young professionals and ease the transportation between De Panne and Dunkirk, two very financially developed cities. Finally new attractions are suggested on the economic growth tendency area, which is extended mostly on the beach.'' '' The non-spatial factors that also play an important role in these interventions come from the partnerships that we propose to build in our governance model. These internal and external partnerships would ensure the sensitive conservation of the dunes through awareness programs in various activities, while promoting sustainable local businesses to boost the economy''
File:Base_Map_Transect_Bray_Dunes.png|''Location of the Transects''
File:Transect1 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 1 - Parallel to the Coastline''
File:Transect 2 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 2''
File:Intervention111.jpg|'''1. Intervention:''' ''Transportation improvement through reopening of the old train station.''
File:Intervention222.jpg|'''2. Intervention:''' ''Visualization of the Nature Reserve with the implementation of green belts, bike paths and informative inscriptions.''
File:Intervention333.jpg|'''3. Intervention:''' ''Coast line area, suggestions of beautification and attractiveness increase.''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*'''Governance Model'''
In the search for a new governance model that could lift this small corner of France and also create a cross border dialogue, we found inspiration from on-going Interreg projects.Two of these projects share the same eco-sensitive and education goals as ours and also the project partner locations are as close as Dunkirk and De Panne. From the BIOGOV Interreg Europe (biodiversity in governance) and from The Interreg Annual meeting 2018 from European Commission, new models of governance were discovered, which as you can see, we have adapted here to work in the case of Bray Dunes. Apart from the development of Policies and transparency the attractive features of this model would be capacity and trust building while ensuring sustainable solutions that will pull up the local small businesses.

*'''Who needs to act and how'''
We decided that the stakeholders need to be from a micro and macro level to pull Bray Dunes into cross border dialogue while keeping the sensitive ecology and also the economy from being overrun. So the internal stakeholders belong to Bray Dunes while the external stakeholders consist of partners at various levels who would collaborate in a strategic and transparent manner.
The key external partners would be larger education institutions, the Interreg partners and the tourism departments. For example, the educational partners bring learning groups from the outside when we conduct the educational tours in our nature conservation areas that you see in our intervention visualisations. These for example, would be run by the local schools and Bray Dunes tourism office for internal capacity and economy building while taking the expertise of Interreg partners , called DEMO and Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux who share our goal of awareness creation and knowledge sharing through various eco-friendly events like music concerts and local businesses.
Similar partnerships are developed in every intervention area to ensure sensitivity and sustainability at the same time.

*'''Timeline'''

*'''Resources and Assets to build on'''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-01.jpg|''A "biodiverse" Governance Model''
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-02.jpg|''Sustainable Governance: Who acts and How''
File:Process model.png|''Process model. Timeline of the project.''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cf/c5/d0/cfc5d0880997255e4ee06d908e6c2e74.jpg
* https://www.alltrails.com/de/france/hauts-de-france/bray-dunes
* https://www.alltrails.com/members/anne-molderez/photos
* https://www.cleanpng.com/free/kiss.html
* https://i0.wp.com/www.transparency-one.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UN-SDGs-overview.png?resize=800%2C418&ssl=1
* https://thenounproject.com/
READINGS:
* https://www.interregeurope.eu/biogov/
* https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/conferences/etc2018/plenary_session_2_moray_gilland.pdf
* http://www.mageteaux.eu/fr/projet
* https://demo-europe.eu/fr/page-daccueil/
* https://www.natuurenbos.be/projecten/west-vlaanderen/life-project-flandre/flandre/life-nature-project-flandre-english

= D. Process Reflection =

The outcomes of our study:

→ Positive internal evaluation of our results.

→ The order and process of the sessions and the project phases were coherent to understand the location and develop the strategies.

→ Long distance project requires extra effort and eventual assumptions.

→ Better understanding of coastal landscapes, mainly the potentials they have and possibilities they offer.

→ The connection people have with coastal areas highlight the importance of preserving them.

Limitations we faced:

→ Lack of exact knowledge of the site.

→ Lack of enough sources for a long distance project.

What we have learnt from each other:

→ Task distribution with intermediary talks worked really well.

→ Having different backgrounds results in good discussions.

What we would do differently:

→ The partnerships and governance part would be useful to be explored in an earlier phase.

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2020]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

COLAND Case Study 2020 - Bray-Dunes

2020-04-07T20:12:04Z

Arati.u: /* C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2020|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Hauts-de-France''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bray-Dunes''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''France''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Transboundary area, Coastal landscape, Nature and Heritage preservation, Tourism attraction''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Wasiliki Moreno, Arati Uttur, Raphaela Roming, Ho Ching Leung, Anna Fernanda Volken, Anca Strugariu''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Bray-Dunes.jpg |400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
The first keyword is dynamic, in terms of the protected landform and high biodiversity. In Bray-Dunes right adjacent to the Belgian border there is 250 hectares National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand classified in 1974 to protect the dunes of Flanders. The landform possesses high biodiversity of plant species and is home to many land animal and underwater species.

The second key word is memories, reflecting the historical significance of Bray-Dunes. Bray-Dunes was a significant site during World War II, and it is the site of many casualties during the period of Dunkirk evacuation. The physical ruins such as the wrecked Operation Dynamo ships on the Beach at Zuydcoote shape the sentimental atmosphere and give the place significant historical values.

The third word is recreation. Located at the Opal Coast near Belgian border, the seaside of Bray-Dunes offers a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports like sand yachting and speed sailing, making it a popular holiday spots.

Our hypothesis for Bray-Dunes is that Coastal exploration since 20th century is invading the natural ecology and landscape of the coast, together with the increased chance of flooding brought by climate change. Nature dynamics and cultural memories of Bray-Dunes will be destroyed without legit policies on coastal protection.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 51.099574827611775,2.5787597335926993~case study boundary west; 51.05017698110531,2.5653701461903555~Case study boundary south; 51.064419324157655,2.460313383495043~Case study boundary east}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
The coast of Bray-Dunes is a part of the Dunes de Flandre, a 15-kilometre dune field of fine sandy beach that stretches from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes. Within the long-stretching dune field, the coastal landscape is characterised by the carved sea ridge dunes and mega-parabolic dunes, with intervals of both high and humid dune slacks and low fossil dunes that started to stack up since 3,000 BC.

The sandbanks and dunes are formed by transportation of fine sediment landward by coastal wind and waves, and further on stabilized with vegetation such as native dune grass. This forms primary dunes which situated closer to the coast and significantly affected by waves, salt spray and erosion, and secondary dunes which are located further inland and not often directly exposed to marine influences but more prone to urban intrusion.

Coastal landscape further to the south of Bray-Dunes is characterised by polders, the maritime plains with their network of canals, which are patches of low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments of dikes.

Currently the rapid urbanisation, water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders have resulted in the overgrowth of dune landscape by scrub.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 1.jpg|15-km coast of Dunes de Flandre stretching from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 2.jpg|Sandbanks and primary dunes near the coast
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 3.png|Diagram showing the formation of sand dunes
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
The landuse does not change (almost nil) between 2006 to 2018. To support this is a second landuse map from a second source that shows the change from 1965 (!) to 2014. so the change has been gradual over 50 years.The first map shows main landuse is from urban fabric(red) non arable land (light yellow) ; moors and heathland (light green); tidal flats (light purple).

However, there are several municipal camping areas (marked with red dots) there are many private tourism companies offering bike tours across Dunkirk-BrayDunes-DePanne and there are walking trails in the two natural reserve areas - De la Dune and Marchand. So this indicates that the area is focusing on a lot of tourism related activities. However, there are only two hotels that show up in google maps - and a few airbnbs. In Dunkirk, sand sailing is a dominant sport. I did not find much information about how much it is active in Bray Dunes. Also, there are a few Interreg projects happening here as Bray Dunes is on the border - but the websites are in french. So I have not translated and read them yet.The land south from the railroad that connects Dunkirk , Bray Dunes and De Panne - infact along the whole strip that all case studies are being done - is below sea level and stands the danger of flooding if the sea level rises by 50 cm.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:LANDUSE_01.jpg|''Copernicus maps 2006 to 2018. ''
File:LANDUSE_02.jpg|''Landuse maps 1965 to 2014. ''
File:LANDUSE_03.jpg|''Bike trail between Dunkirk and Bray Dunes “circuit de la dune Marchand” with municipal camping sites (in red). ''
File:LANDUSE_04.jpg|''Bike Trails between De Panne and Bray Dunes - OSM. ''
File:LANDUSE_05.jpg|''“Le Dunes de Flandre” bike trails between Dunkirk, Bray Dunes and De Panne. ''
File:LANDUSE_06.jpg|''Marchand Natural Reserve, Bray Dunes. ''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
The blue infrastructure is first represented by the sea, of course, but in this area there are also the presence of wetlands (they continue after the Belgium border - in De Panne waters) and a canal between communes.

In the green infrastructure the two most common elements are grasslands between the urban area and the international border, and crop fields in the border with the other French commune - Ghyvelde.

Relevant in the area is the National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand, a natural and diverse environment in constant evolution. The reserve is exceptional on an ecological level, however also very fragile: repeated tramplings threaten the species of varied flora, birds and amphibians. (Also a Protected area Natura 2000)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Blue_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''North Sea, a canal following the commune border and wetlands in the sea line''
File:Green_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''Predominance of natural grassland around the urban area and crops near the commune border''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
Environmental partners and scientists can affect in the planning and management of a sustainable coastal landscape, the most affected groups include: community, land owners, marine occupations.

Media, Government-authorities and maritime need to be kept satisfied.

Industry and education require the least effort, while key players are: Regulators, investors, NPOs-NGOs, Tourists and cross border cooperations.
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Stakeholders1.jpg|''Stakeholders of Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===

The site holds onto powerful sacred spaces and heritage. Places and elements, such as the historical features (like cemetery, bunkers, monuments, memorials, ruins), have symbolic meaning and can be found as landmarks along the area. However, maybe the most representative element is the natural one, highlighted by the dunes. The site has two nature reserves: National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand which was classified in 1974 and Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet that has a wild dune massif of 250 hectares protected.

On the other hand, the site, viewed from the European Environment Agency’s perspective, The Natura 2000, consists of a network of protected areas covering valuable and threatened species and habitats - a different kind of heritage, one that involves biodiversity and ecosystems.

Regarding the architecture of Bray-Dunes, the villas of the nineteenth century are noticeable, recalling the flourishing age of the resort. Bray-Dunes was also marked by both World Wars, including the Operation Dynamo between May and June 1940. These kinds of elements, sacred places and heritage, hold important cultural value and meaning for the community, as well as for tourists, encouraging and presenting a piece of history.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map.png|''Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map''
File:(2) One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes.png|''One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes''
File:(3) Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance.png|''Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===

Landscape character is defined as the distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape. It is these patterns that give each locality its 'sense of place', making one landscape different from another. In defining the combinations of components which make each landscape unique, landscape character is a way of thinking about landscape more holistically and objectively, rather than focusing on scenic beauty and subjective responses. Landscapes have evolved over time as a result of both natural and cultural processes.

As mentioned, the site was significant during the World Wars, so many stories and writings are regarding this topic.

We discovered a book, "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer, published in 2012. According to the book, indeed WW1 bunkers were built in the region between Bray-Dunes and De Panne, on both sides of the border. In fact, some remaining bunkers on the French side of the border could actually be Belgian bunkers (or at least built under Belgian command).

Despite the historical features, the site is also well appreciated for its aesthetics, so many painters found their inspiration among the area.

In terms of events and festivities, the city of Bray-Dunes, very attached to its culture, offers a great cultural season throughout the year. Regularly, concerts, shows, plays or tales readings are organized for residents. The municipal library often organizes fun and interesting exhibitions. In September, the city opened a portion of its monuments to the public with the European Heritage Days. From late September to early October it is possible to have fun at the fair with rides, an opportunity to spend some time in a charming carnival.

Sport is no exception to Bray-Dunes with the organization of 6h rosalies on the beach in September and the championship coastal archers in the same period. Regularly, guided tours nature of the different dunes of the city are offered by the Tourist Office Bray-Dunes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Map from the book “Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918” by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer.jpg|''Map from the book "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer''
File:(2) The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan.png|''The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan''
File:(3) “Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre.png|''“Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre''
File:(4) “Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara''
File:(5) “Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of your landscape system analysis and your development targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="400px" perrow="5">
File:DPSIR Bray Dunes.png |''Landscape system analysis - DPSIR Model Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

DRIVERS: The Bray dunes are characterized by their natural and cultural heritage. This makes this place very interesting for tourism and related businesses. Therefore, this sector can be determined as the first driving force. Due to their direct influence by the sea the predicted climate change that causes a sea level rise is the second driving force.

PRESSURES: As a result of the focus and the enlargement of the tourism, the place expects greater use and changes in current uses. Recreation and tourist attractions like sailing in the dunes or bike / walking paths can create future pressures. Due to disturbances in this sensitive natural area and installations for tourists the place can also experience a loss of flora and fauna as well as historical heritage. And also because of the climate change a rise in sea level is expected which can be seen as a huge pressure on the site.

STATE: Currently the Bray dunes can be described as an interesting and really valuable site with a lot of natural and cultural heritage. But Water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders already caused an overgrowth of the dune landscape by scrub.

IMPACTS: Based on the analyzed influencing factors and changes at the location, the following effects can be expected: A loss of biodiversity (flora & fauna) and cultural heritage, Flooding and an extensive tourism related infrastructure.

RESPONSES: Environmental policies have to come into operation so the protected areas can remain in good condition and we can keep the biodiversity and cultural heritage in the future. Therefore, the paths and trails in the area should be predetermined so there is no trampling in the area that could cause further damage. Public awareness has to be raised so people get to know the value of the place which will then hopefully minimize the problem of garbage and waste.

<gallery caption=" " widths="800px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Scenarios.jpg|''Landscape system analysis - Hypothesis''
</gallery>

The extreme scenario represents the climate change forces creating a huge flooding problem. The assumptions for the area indicates that in a sea level rise of 50cm many places, including inhabited settlements, are in risk of flooding. Even though this is only a theoretical simulation, the land is partly under sea level and may need to adapt to climate change, particularly the possible rise in sea level.

The sustainable scenario, shown on the right side, with the new green zone design plans shows the changes after a 20-50 years period. Nothing changes much (as nothing changed much the last 50 years) except from greener areas and more tourism. In the current planning documents, the environment is a very important part.

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

'''National Document: Climate Policy in Hauts-de-France'''

The Hauts-de-France area was characterized by the prominence of heavy industries and an economy based on coal mining, steel production and textile manufacturing. Today only 19% of the population is still working for the industry sector and coal mining was slowly fully replaced by nuclear energy. Currently, nuclear power accounts for 80% of the electricity production in the region but for only 15% of the overall energy consumption, while renewable energy consumption is low compared to the national average (3.7% against 19% in France).

Hauts-de-France intensified its efforts to combat climate change with the adoption of an innovative regional plan bringing together climate, air and energy issues. A 20-year partnership with ADEME (French Environment and Energy Agency) helped the region develop the required expertise and capacity to create and implement impactful projects. With greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita reaching 30% higher levels than the French average and mainly attributed to the industry sector, there is a strong opportunity for Hauts-de-France to develop strategies to reduce emissions.

Climate regional strategy – SRADDT (Stratégie régionale climat) sets an overarching target to divide GHG emissions by 4 by 2050. This strategy is in line with the national commitments embedded in the legislation “Grenelle 2” from 2010. The plan is organized around 4 pillars:

- Improvements of way of life and production methods;

- Continuation of the energy transition;

- Integration of mitigation and adaptation actions in territorial planning; and

- Enhanced governance and participation of local actors.

'''European Document: The European Water Framework and The Marine Strategy Framework Directives'''

The European Water Framework (WFD) and Marine Strategy Framework (MSFD) Directives both require EU Member States to take the necessary measures to achieve a good coastal and oceanic environmental status by 2020.

The aim of the European Union's ambitious Marine Strategy Framework Directive is to protect more effectively the marine environment across Europe. It came into force in June 2008 and was transposed into each member's state national legislation by mid 2010. It is the first EU legislative instrument related to the protection of marine biodiversity and aims to protect the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend.

In France, the Directive was transposed into law in the Environment Code (articles L. 219-9 to L. 219-18 and R. 219-2 to R. 219-17). Through Action Plans for the Marine Environment (PAMM), it is applied to areas of continental Europe under French sovereignty or jurisdiction, subdivided into four marine sub-regions: the English Channel-North Sea, the Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay and the Western Mediterranean Sea.

In addition, in France, IFREMER (a French institute that undertakes research and expert assessments to advance knowledge on the oceans and their resources, monitor the marine environment and foster the sustainable development of maritime activities) is one of the national agencies in charge of implementing such measures.

The Copernicus is a marine environment monitoring service offered by the European Commision, providing products and services for all marine applications with the following benefits:

- Free and sustained information provision;

- Provision of merged satellite information along with in situ information;

- Ready to use, global coverage, expertised ocean colour satellite products.

Francis Gohin from IFREMER has stated that "the Copernicus Marine Service Ocean Colour data are central for the MSFD, as it allows us to improve coherence in eutrophication assessments based on chlorophyll, using satellite-derived chlorophyll provided by CMEMS". In conjunction with the Marine Protected Areas Agency (AAMP), IFREMER takes on the role of scientific and technical coordinator on behalf of the Ministry in charge of the environment on the different aspects of the Directive.

The MFSD pursues three main goals:

- To ensure the protection and the conservation of marine ecosystems and prevent their deterioration. In areas of high deterioration, ecosystem functioning must be restored.

- To prevent and progressively eliminate pollution.

- To contain the pressure of human activities (fishing, use of diverse services, etc.) on the marine environment within levels compatible with the achievement of good environmental status. Ecosystems must have the capacity to react to various natural and human-induced changes while enabling the sustainable use of the marine environment for future generations (e.g. Common Fisheries Policy).

'''International document: Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning'''

The document represents the result of a long process to distil lessons from a wide range of partners and stakeholders as to what provides for effective city-level climate action planning and a set of globally applicable principles.
This publication is really relevant for providing a framework that cities can use, in order to more effectively play their role in reducing gas emissions and building climate resilience, by being more ambitious in their climate action planning.

The driving principles for city climate action planning are that the planning should be:

1. Ambitious; 2. Inclusive; 3. Fair; 4. Comprehensive and integrated; 5. Relevant; 6. Actionable; 7. Evidence based and 8. Transparent.

The document at present stage of "version 1.0" intends to stay open to continuous improvement through knowledge gained from on-going practices. The Guiding Principles are aimed at city-level actors as local stakeholders, governing bodies and experts. Its resilience provides necessary support for locals as well as platforms for collaboration and documentation from active partners.

Apart from addressing the basic requirement of financial support from local government, the crucial role of public participation is given high value in the effective working of the climate action planning. The other main role would be from core stakeholders such as NGOs, experts and active organisations to constitute the actual leadership and working of the planning process.

A general outline for the planning process has been outlined as a process chart that could be used as a guide by cities and then adapted according to the goals that will drive towards the relevant local objectives such as “health, safety, food security, housing, biodiversity, air quality, land use, access to basic urban services, poverty reduction, local economic development and job creation”. The outline also gives guidance on maintaining transparency and continuous evaluation of the process. This would also include the timelines, distribution of responsibilities and maintaining costs.

The climate action plans would direct cities towards stand-alone plans or get integrated into long-term planning processes of the cities.
While the Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning urges cities to adopt the guidelines vigorously, the benefits are already visible from cities who have undertaken these measures for climate change action.

== A.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0615/2.5126&layers=C

BASIC INFORMATION:
* https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Nature/Les-Dunes-de-Flandre-nature-reserve
* https://www.france-voyage.com/tourism/bray-dunes-1146.htm
* https://ch.oui.sncf/fr/article/les-dunes-de-flandre
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_UNITELITTORAL/PAR_TPL_IDENTIFIANT/101/125-les-paysages-fiche.htm
* https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas
* https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9serve_naturelle_nationale_de_la_dune_Marchand#/media/Fichier:P%C3%A9rim%C3%A8tre_RNN_Dune_Marchand_rnn19.png
* http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/dune-marchand
* https://www.google.com/search?q=bray+dunes+camping+municipal&npsic=0&rflfq=1&rlha=0&rllag=51077997,2538343,1019&tbm=lcl&ved=2ahUKEwjp4pWf8trnAhUSilwKHY6bDw0QtgN6BAgLEAQ&tbs=lrf:!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:4&rldoc=1#rldoc=1&rlfi=hd:;si:,51.080248504007805,2.582632035253937;mv:[[51.102674420897195,2.6052913370117494],[51.03093797609536,2.413717240332062],null,[51.066820095899374,2.5095042886719057],13]
* http://sentierdunord.free.fr/Circuit%20de%20la%20dune%20marchand%20zuydcoote.html
* http://escapadenature-sansvoiture.fr/les-escapades-nature-sans-voiture/dunes-flandre
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391365
* http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20014/planning/1006/landscape_character_assessment
* https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=195244

IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/
* https://www.flickr.com/
* https://www.dunkerque-tourisme.fr/
* https://www.artmajeur.com/
* https://www.mutualart.com/
* https://thenounproject.com/
* https://www.cleanpng.com/

READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm
* https://www.msp-platform.eu/practices/french-national-maritime-and-coastline-strategies
* https://www.copernicus.eu/en/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive
* https://www.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2018-11/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive.pdf
* http://msp.ioc-unesco.org/world-applications/europe/france/
* https://wwz.ifremer.fr/en/Public-policy-support/Water-Biodiversity/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.aires-marines.com/International/European-relations/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.dcsmm-d4.fr/la-directive-cadre-strategie-pour-le-milieu-marin-dcsmm?lang=en
* https://www.theclimategroup.org/sites/default/files/etp_partnerprofile_hauts-de-france.pdf

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==

'''Goals'''

→ Have a general overview of both green and blue infrastructure and the relevance of these elements for the identity of the place. Going back to our analysis, we also understood the importance of public awareness to protect natural and cultural heritage and we want to understand better how the green infrastructure relates to the sea and how the character of these elements.

→ Evaluate the accessibility of the commune, focusing on bike and pedestrian paths and how they relate to the natural components. We currently have an overview of bike paths, but want to understand all the accessibility and connectivity of the commune.

→ Visualize the attractiveness of Bray Dunes, the focal interest points, what makes people go there and what could be better. Understanding how tourism can be enhanced clearly seems to be an important goal: however, the scale of the location cannot be forgotten.

'''Themes'''

→ Green / blue infrastructure

→ Accessibility

→ Attractiveness

Having tourism (and related business) as the most significant driving force, we chose these themes considering their relevance to the activity. At the same time, the protection of the green and blue infrastructure, besides necessary to tourism, is also imperative to avoid the extreme scenario.

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:BrayDunes_Green&BlueInfrastructure.jpg| '''Green & Blue Infrastructure:''' ''Bray-Dunes is located in the centre of the natural area of the "Dune flamandes". The municipality borders on the nature reserve: “Nature Reserve de la Dune Marchand” in the west and the “Dune du Perroquet” in the east. Further to the west the dune area "Dune Dewulf" can be found which is also a protected area. The predominant dune landscapes are characterized by their great diversity in flora and fauna. Another nature reserve which is of great value to the region: the “Dune Fossile de Ghyvelde” is located in a three kilometer distance from the coastline. This landscape developed around 5000 years ago by the North Sea on the coastline at the time. The landscape in the surrounding of Bray Dunes is characterized not only by the predominant dunes and the sea coast but also by agricultural use. The fields are clearly marked in light yellow. The following sequence of natural spaces is characteristic of the Dune flamandes: Coastline - dune - agricultural zone - infrastructure (roads and channel) - natural landscape. Forest areas only play a subordinate role in the region and can hardly be found. The two most prominent elements of blue infrastructure in this area are the North Sea which limits the entire west side of the area and the "Canal de Furnes". The coastline along the Dunes flamandes is characterized by a strip of marine wetlands. The "Canal de Furnes" runs parallel to the coastline at a distance of 2-3 kilometers. “Canal de Furnes” is the French name for the section of the Nieuspoort-Dunkirk Canal that runs in France. The Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal connects the Belgian coastal town of Nieuwpoort with the French port of Dunkirk. In addition, smaller rivers and streams such as the "Petit Mardyck" and "Grand Mardyck" run in the study area. Smaller lakes and ponds are also close to the canal, mostly found in the agricultural zone.''
File:Access_transport_map_02.png|'''Accessibility & Transport:''' ''It is interesting to notice that although Bray Dunes lies between two major cities - Dunkirk and De Panne, it stays heavily neglected in terms of ease of accessibility. The train line that connects De Panne to Dunkirk has no train stations in Bray Dunes. To arrive to Bray Dunes via public transport, one would have to take a train till De Panne, and then arrive by bus via highway D60. Highway D601 connects Dunkirk and Veurne and then onward to Nieuwpoort. There are very few public transport buses that actually make a halt in Bray Dunes, unless one takes a bus from any of the private transport companies. Another major observation is the lack of dedicated bike paths. There are major "regional" and "local" bike routes that are a part of bike trails going across Belgium and France while connecting Dunkirk to De Panne, as highlighted in our previous presentation on land use development - however, none of the eco-trails come to make a stop in Bray Dunes. As seen in this map, the bike paths from De Panne stop at the border and/or go around Bray Dunes without entering this area. The positive aspect is that the protected dune areas have a very good network of pedestrian trails that give us a good potential for development and could be expanded to become bike trails.''
File:BrayDunes_map3.jpg|'''Cultural & Natural Attractions:''' ''The unique location of Bray-Dunes on the Opal Coast, bordering France and Belgium, offers the place both cultural and nature attractions. Culturally the place is a significant site for WWII with war monuments, landmarks and ruins along the coastline, stretching from Bray-Dunes all the way to Dunkirk. The geographical location of Bray-Dunes also offer a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports such as sand yachting and speed sailing. In terms of natural attractions, Dunes de Flandres (the long-stretching fine sand beach) is a wonderful creation of nature. Relaxing hikes into the two nature reserves are also options to enjoy the tranquil and picturesque dune landscape. Along the coast there are also villas, seaside resorts, hotels and some cheaper options Airbnb for tourists’ short-term stay. Camping sites are also available. Most attractions and stay options took the advantage of the coastal landscape and are concentrated mostly along coast.''

</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==

Based on previous analysis we had to evaluate the outcomes. In order to characterize the results, to identify the potentials and the risks of the area, we used the SWOT analysis.
With the SWOT method we could explore the internal and the external factors that may influence our work and developed a fuller awareness of the situation.

'''Problems'''

→ The site has two nature reserves, “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland”, with rich fauna and flora, after mapping the green spaces it turned out there is no connection between the natural areas.

→ Accessibility: lack of bike paths, also there is no train station in Bray Dunes (the closest stations are in Dunkirk and De Panne).

'''Potentials'''

→ There is a powerful potential to increase the recreational function.

→ The natural areas could act as educational sites because of the variety of species.

'''Priorities and targets'''

→ Green belt creation in three large areas of Bray-Dunes coasts to connect the fragmented ecological areas between the Nature Reserves.

→ “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland” preservation and management. Inscriptions throughout the nature reserves informing about history, culture and environmental values.

→ Provision and management of better connectivity with educational and recreational features along bicycle and pedestrian paths.

→ Transportation development: train station in the area and more bike paths.

→ Better attractions for young professionals and tourists. Recreational opportunities that will attract visitors from both De Panne and Dunkirk to visit Bray-Dunes, like community gardens.

→ There is a high pressure of urbanization among the area, this could be an opportunity, as well as a risk at the same time - building new housing could develop the area, but it could disturb the nature reserves too.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks f.png|''SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==

'''Readings'''

→ Landscape character assessment (LCA) is defined as the process of identifying and describing variation in character of the landscape. In our process we used LCA documents to identify and explain the unique combination of elements and features that make our site distinctive by mapping and describing character types and areas. Landscape character assessment also shows how the landscape is perceived, experienced and valued by people.

→ Seascape character assessment (SCA) has emerged as a method for assessing, characterising, mapping and describing seascape character. Seascape is defined by Natural England in its position statement on All Landscapes Matter in 2010 as: “An area of sea, coastline and land, as perceived by people, whose character results from the actions and interactions of land with sea, by natural and/or human factors”.

→ Coastal character assessment (CCA) informs and guides coastal and marine planning, and individual development proposals, by informing landscape/seascape and visual impact assessments. As Bray Dunes is a coastal landscape, it was relevant to read about this assessment, it made us realise that the coast itself is complex and represents more than its physical characteristics.

→ Belgium and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 the main challenges identified for Belgium for the implementation of EU environmental policy and law were to:
* improve air quality, in particular nitrogen dioxide levels, by reducing traffic congestion;
* continue to address water pollution coming from urban wastewater and agricultural sources;
* manage the Natura 2000 network towards favourable conservation status for all species and habitats.

→ France and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 identified the following main challenges as regards the implementation of EU environmental policy and law in France:
* improving air quality by taking forward-looking, rapid and effective action to reach EU-based air pollution limit values;
* taking the necessary measures to improve water quality, particularly reducing nitrate pollution;
* effectively protecting biodiversity by enforcing the applicable law to ensure the protection of habitats and species.

→ The Marine Protection assessment from the Environmental Implementation Review for France 2019, gave us insights about which goals have been achieved and what would be the next priority actions:
* Provide information about measures to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES), establish more measures that have a direct impact on pressures.
* Ensure reporting of the different elements under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

→ Finally, the biodiversity protection describes also priority actions in order to improve the challenges in the area:
* Assess the Natura 2000 implementation and management.
* Support sustainable partnerships for biodiversity protection, sustainable development, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
* Protect habitats and species affected by or dependent on agricultural management.

'''Limitations'''

→ The most of the readings seem to be addressed to De Panne (on the Belgian side) and Dunkirk (on the French side), attracting a lot more interest, as they are considered areas with great strategic, economical and social importance. As a result, development plans are directed around Bray-Dunes, leaving a very significant natural ecological area, which contributes widely to the ecological coastal balance in the area, lacking attention and strategic management planning.

→ Urban infrastructure creation may impact negatively the ecology, but will promote the economy and connectivity critically.

== B.5 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
CONTENT - BLUE AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/172/28-dune-du-perroquet-59_nord.htm
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/213/28-dune-fossile-59_nord.htm
* http://www.water-ways.net/d/info/frankreich/nord_aa_canal_de_calais_de_Bergues_de_Furnes_de_bourbourg_de_la_colme.php
CONTENT - ACCESS AND TRANSPORT:
* https://www.google.de/maps/search/bray+dunes+train+station/@51.0541114,2.4680149,12z?hl=en
IMAGE SOURCES - CULTURAL AND NATURAL ATTRACTIONS:
* [https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139%20/ https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139 / ]
* [https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand%20/ https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand /]
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/73290459@N07/25434107707/
DEVELOPMENT PLANS:
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_fr_en.pdf
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_be_en.pdf
* https://www.gov.uk/guidance/landscape-and-seascape-character-assessments
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/691184/landscape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396177/seascape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/Guidance%20Note%20-%20Coastal%20Character%20Assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape/coastal-character-assessment ''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==

Our main goals are:

'''→ PRESERVE NATURE RESERVES'''

'''→ IMPROVE CONNECTIVITY'''

'''→ ENHANCE ATTRACTIVITY'''

We selected 4 goals from the Sustainable Development Goals as related to our Project based on our strategic plan and the targets from previous phase:

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Capture_Goals - 1.PNG |''The goals relate to our main themes: Green/blue infrastructure, Accessibility and Attractiveness. We want to promote partnerships to develop the area economically, but we see the protection of the Nature Reserves as a high important target; therefore making Bray Dunnes a sustainable community is a clear goal.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND_Group_3_Presentation_3_-_Planning_and_Design (1).jpg|''Our project title, the vision and the strategic planning based on the evaluation findings and the whole process.''
</gallery>

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:ConceptBrayDunes.jpg|'''Spatial vision translate:''' '' In an attempt to express visually, our vision for Bray-Dunes, we developed a conceptual representation that includes the most important issues we wanted to address. The first goal includes the ecological fragmentation between the two Nature Reserves the area contains. The plan is to connect those fragmented areas through strategies that support the green belt creation and provide recreational and educational pedestrian and bike paths, enhancing at the same time the area to its trans-boundary extension. Ecological quality preservation for this diverse ecosystem and flood prevention through pumps and floodgates in the blue infrastructure are also suggested, while sustainable models for economic growth in the area are explained in the partnership and governance part extensively. Maybe a very important observation was the fact that the area does not have a train station. The railway though passes through Bray-Dunes and the old station building is used as a media library. Our suggestion is the reopening of the station as a mixed use building, which will attract tourists/young professionals and ease the transportation between De Panne and Dunkirk, two very financially developed cities. Finally new attractions are suggested on the economic growth tendency area, which is extended mostly on the beach.'' '' The non-spatial factors that also play an important role in these interventions come from the partnerships that we propose to build in our governance model. These internal and external partnerships would ensure the sensitive conservation of the dunes through awareness programs in various activities, while promoting sustainable local businesses to boost the economy''
File:Base_Map_Transect_Bray_Dunes.png|''Location of the Transects''
File:Transect1 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 1 - Parallel to the Coastline''
File:Transect 2 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 2''
File:Intervention111.jpg|'''1. Intervention:''' ''Transportation improvement through reopening of the old train station.''
File:Intervention222.jpg|'''2. Intervention:''' ''Visualization of the Nature Reserve with the implementation of green belts, bike paths and informative inscriptions.''
File:Intervention333.jpg|'''3. Intervention:''' ''Coast line area, suggestions of beautification and attractiveness increase.''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*'''Governance Model'''
In the search for a new governance model that could lift this small corner of France and also create a cross border dialogue, we found inspiration from on-going Interreg projects.Two of these projects share the same eco-sensitive and education goals as ours and also the project partner locations are as close as Dunkirk and De Panne. From the BIOGOV Interreg Europe (biodiversity in governance) and from The Interreg Annual meeting 2018 from European Commission, new models of governance were discovered, which as you can see, we have consolidated here to work in the case of Bray Dunes. Apart from the development of Policies and transparency the attractive features of this model would be capacity and trust building while ensuring sustainable solutions that will pull up the local small businesses.

*'''Who needs to act and how'''
We decided that the stakeholders need to be from a micro and macro level to pull Bray Dunes into cross border dialogue while keeping the sensitive ecology and also the economy from being overrun. So the internal stakeholders belong to Bray Dunes while the external stakeholders consist of partners at various levels who would collaborate in a strategic and transparent manner.
The key external partners would be larger education institutions, the Interreg partners and the tourism departments. For example, the educational partners bring learning groups from the outside when we conduct the educational tours in our nature conservation areas that you see in our intervention visualisations. These for example, would be run by the local schools and Bray Dunes tourism office for internal capacity and economy building while taking the expertise of Interreg partners , called DEMO and Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux who share our goal of awareness creation and knowledge sharing through various eco-friendly events like music concerts and local businesses.
Similar partnerships are developed in every intervention area to ensure sensitivity and sustainability at the same time.

*'''Timeline'''

*'''Resources and Assets to build on'''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-01.jpg|''A "biodiverse" Governance Model''
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-02.jpg|''Sustainable Governance: Who acts and How''
File:Timeline of the project.png|''Process model. Timeline of the project.''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cf/c5/d0/cfc5d0880997255e4ee06d908e6c2e74.jpg
* https://www.alltrails.com/de/france/hauts-de-france/bray-dunes
* https://www.alltrails.com/members/anne-molderez/photos
* https://www.cleanpng.com/free/kiss.html
* https://i0.wp.com/www.transparency-one.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UN-SDGs-overview.png?resize=800%2C418&ssl=1
* https://thenounproject.com/
READINGS:
* https://www.interregeurope.eu/biogov/
* https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/conferences/etc2018/plenary_session_2_moray_gilland.pdf
* http://www.mageteaux.eu/fr/projet
* https://demo-europe.eu/fr/page-daccueil/
* https://www.natuurenbos.be/projecten/west-vlaanderen/life-project-flandre/flandre/life-nature-project-flandre-english

= D. Process Reflection =

The outcomes of our study:

→ Positive internal evaluation of our results.

→ The order and process of the sessions and the project phases were coherent to understand the location and develop the strategies.

→ Long distance project requires extra effort and eventual assumptions.

→ Better understanding of coastal landscapes, mainly the potentials they have and possibilities they offer.

→ The connection people have with coastal areas highlight the importance of preserving them.

Limitations we faced:

→ Lack of exact knowledge of the site.

→ Lack of enough sources for a long distance project.

What we have learnt from each other:

→ Task distribution with intermediary talks worked really well.

→ Having different backgrounds results in good discussions.

What we would do differently:

→ The partnerships and governance part would be useful to be explored in an earlier phase.

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2020]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

COLAND Case Study 2020 - Bray-Dunes

2020-04-07T19:51:18Z

Arati.u: /* C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2020|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Hauts-de-France''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bray-Dunes''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''France''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Transboundary area, Coastal landscape, Nature and Heritage preservation, Tourism attraction''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Wasiliki Moreno, Arati Uttur, Raphaela Roming, Ho Ching Leung, Anna Fernanda Volken, Anca Strugariu''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Bray-Dunes.jpg |400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
The first keyword is dynamic, in terms of the protected landform and high biodiversity. In Bray-Dunes right adjacent to the Belgian border there is 250 hectares National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand classified in 1974 to protect the dunes of Flanders. The landform possesses high biodiversity of plant species and is home to many land animal and underwater species.

The second key word is memories, reflecting the historical significance of Bray-Dunes. Bray-Dunes was a significant site during World War II, and it is the site of many casualties during the period of Dunkirk evacuation. The physical ruins such as the wrecked Operation Dynamo ships on the Beach at Zuydcoote shape the sentimental atmosphere and give the place significant historical values.

The third word is recreation. Located at the Opal Coast near Belgian border, the seaside of Bray-Dunes offers a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports like sand yachting and speed sailing, making it a popular holiday spots.

Our hypothesis for Bray-Dunes is that Coastal exploration since 20th century is invading the natural ecology and landscape of the coast, together with the increased chance of flooding brought by climate change. Nature dynamics and cultural memories of Bray-Dunes will be destroyed without legit policies on coastal protection.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 51.099574827611775,2.5787597335926993~case study boundary west; 51.05017698110531,2.5653701461903555~Case study boundary south; 51.064419324157655,2.460313383495043~Case study boundary east}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
The coast of Bray-Dunes is a part of the Dunes de Flandre, a 15-kilometre dune field of fine sandy beach that stretches from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes. Within the long-stretching dune field, the coastal landscape is characterised by the carved sea ridge dunes and mega-parabolic dunes, with intervals of both high and humid dune slacks and low fossil dunes that started to stack up since 3,000 BC.

The sandbanks and dunes are formed by transportation of fine sediment landward by coastal wind and waves, and further on stabilized with vegetation such as native dune grass. This forms primary dunes which situated closer to the coast and significantly affected by waves, salt spray and erosion, and secondary dunes which are located further inland and not often directly exposed to marine influences but more prone to urban intrusion.

Coastal landscape further to the south of Bray-Dunes is characterised by polders, the maritime plains with their network of canals, which are patches of low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments of dikes.

Currently the rapid urbanisation, water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders have resulted in the overgrowth of dune landscape by scrub.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 1.jpg|15-km coast of Dunes de Flandre stretching from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 2.jpg|Sandbanks and primary dunes near the coast
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 3.png|Diagram showing the formation of sand dunes
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
The landuse does not change (almost nil) between 2006 to 2018. To support this is a second landuse map from a second source that shows the change from 1965 (!) to 2014. so the change has been gradual over 50 years.The first map shows main landuse is from urban fabric(red) non arable land (light yellow) ; moors and heathland (light green); tidal flats (light purple).

However, there are several municipal camping areas (marked with red dots) there are many private tourism companies offering bike tours across Dunkirk-BrayDunes-DePanne and there are walking trails in the two natural reserve areas - De la Dune and Marchand. So this indicates that the area is focusing on a lot of tourism related activities. However, there are only two hotels that show up in google maps - and a few airbnbs. In Dunkirk, sand sailing is a dominant sport. I did not find much information about how much it is active in Bray Dunes. Also, there are a few Interreg projects happening here as Bray Dunes is on the border - but the websites are in french. So I have not translated and read them yet.The land south from the railroad that connects Dunkirk , Bray Dunes and De Panne - infact along the whole strip that all case studies are being done - is below sea level and stands the danger of flooding if the sea level rises by 50 cm.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:LANDUSE_01.jpg|''Copernicus maps 2006 to 2018. ''
File:LANDUSE_02.jpg|''Landuse maps 1965 to 2014. ''
File:LANDUSE_03.jpg|''Bike trail between Dunkirk and Bray Dunes “circuit de la dune Marchand” with municipal camping sites (in red). ''
File:LANDUSE_04.jpg|''Bike Trails between De Panne and Bray Dunes - OSM. ''
File:LANDUSE_05.jpg|''“Le Dunes de Flandre” bike trails between Dunkirk, Bray Dunes and De Panne. ''
File:LANDUSE_06.jpg|''Marchand Natural Reserve, Bray Dunes. ''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
The blue infrastructure is first represented by the sea, of course, but in this area there are also the presence of wetlands (they continue after the Belgium border - in De Panne waters) and a canal between communes.

In the green infrastructure the two most common elements are grasslands between the urban area and the international border, and crop fields in the border with the other French commune - Ghyvelde.

Relevant in the area is the National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand, a natural and diverse environment in constant evolution. The reserve is exceptional on an ecological level, however also very fragile: repeated tramplings threaten the species of varied flora, birds and amphibians. (Also a Protected area Natura 2000)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Blue_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''North Sea, a canal following the commune border and wetlands in the sea line''
File:Green_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''Predominance of natural grassland around the urban area and crops near the commune border''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
Environmental partners and scientists can affect in the planning and management of a sustainable coastal landscape, the most affected groups include: community, land owners, marine occupations.

Media, Government-authorities and maritime need to be kept satisfied.

Industry and education require the least effort, while key players are: Regulators, investors, NPOs-NGOs, Tourists and cross border cooperations.
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Stakeholders1.jpg|''Stakeholders of Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===

The site holds onto powerful sacred spaces and heritage. Places and elements, such as the historical features (like cemetery, bunkers, monuments, memorials, ruins), have symbolic meaning and can be found as landmarks along the area. However, maybe the most representative element is the natural one, highlighted by the dunes. The site has two nature reserves: National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand which was classified in 1974 and Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet that has a wild dune massif of 250 hectares protected.

On the other hand, the site, viewed from the European Environment Agency’s perspective, The Natura 2000, consists of a network of protected areas covering valuable and threatened species and habitats - a different kind of heritage, one that involves biodiversity and ecosystems.

Regarding the architecture of Bray-Dunes, the villas of the nineteenth century are noticeable, recalling the flourishing age of the resort. Bray-Dunes was also marked by both World Wars, including the Operation Dynamo between May and June 1940. These kinds of elements, sacred places and heritage, hold important cultural value and meaning for the community, as well as for tourists, encouraging and presenting a piece of history.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map.png|''Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map''
File:(2) One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes.png|''One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes''
File:(3) Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance.png|''Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===

Landscape character is defined as the distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape. It is these patterns that give each locality its 'sense of place', making one landscape different from another. In defining the combinations of components which make each landscape unique, landscape character is a way of thinking about landscape more holistically and objectively, rather than focusing on scenic beauty and subjective responses. Landscapes have evolved over time as a result of both natural and cultural processes.

As mentioned, the site was significant during the World Wars, so many stories and writings are regarding this topic.

We discovered a book, "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer, published in 2012. According to the book, indeed WW1 bunkers were built in the region between Bray-Dunes and De Panne, on both sides of the border. In fact, some remaining bunkers on the French side of the border could actually be Belgian bunkers (or at least built under Belgian command).

Despite the historical features, the site is also well appreciated for its aesthetics, so many painters found their inspiration among the area.

In terms of events and festivities, the city of Bray-Dunes, very attached to its culture, offers a great cultural season throughout the year. Regularly, concerts, shows, plays or tales readings are organized for residents. The municipal library often organizes fun and interesting exhibitions. In September, the city opened a portion of its monuments to the public with the European Heritage Days. From late September to early October it is possible to have fun at the fair with rides, an opportunity to spend some time in a charming carnival.

Sport is no exception to Bray-Dunes with the organization of 6h rosalies on the beach in September and the championship coastal archers in the same period. Regularly, guided tours nature of the different dunes of the city are offered by the Tourist Office Bray-Dunes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Map from the book “Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918” by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer.jpg|''Map from the book "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer''
File:(2) The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan.png|''The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan''
File:(3) “Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre.png|''“Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre''
File:(4) “Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara''
File:(5) “Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of your landscape system analysis and your development targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="400px" perrow="5">
File:DPSIR Bray Dunes.png |''Landscape system analysis - DPSIR Model Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

DRIVERS: The Bray dunes are characterized by their natural and cultural heritage. This makes this place very interesting for tourism and related businesses. Therefore, this sector can be determined as the first driving force. Due to their direct influence by the sea the predicted climate change that causes a sea level rise is the second driving force.

PRESSURES: As a result of the focus and the enlargement of the tourism, the place expects greater use and changes in current uses. Recreation and tourist attractions like sailing in the dunes or bike / walking paths can create future pressures. Due to disturbances in this sensitive natural area and installations for tourists the place can also experience a loss of flora and fauna as well as historical heritage. And also because of the climate change a rise in sea level is expected which can be seen as a huge pressure on the site.

STATE: Currently the Bray dunes can be described as an interesting and really valuable site with a lot of natural and cultural heritage. But Water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders already caused an overgrowth of the dune landscape by scrub.

IMPACTS: Based on the analyzed influencing factors and changes at the location, the following effects can be expected: A loss of biodiversity (flora & fauna) and cultural heritage, Flooding and an extensive tourism related infrastructure.

RESPONSES: Environmental policies have to come into operation so the protected areas can remain in good condition and we can keep the biodiversity and cultural heritage in the future. Therefore, the paths and trails in the area should be predetermined so there is no trampling in the area that could cause further damage. Public awareness has to be raised so people get to know the value of the place which will then hopefully minimize the problem of garbage and waste.

<gallery caption=" " widths="800px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Scenarios.jpg|''Landscape system analysis - Hypothesis''
</gallery>

The extreme scenario represents the climate change forces creating a huge flooding problem. The assumptions for the area indicates that in a sea level rise of 50cm many places, including inhabited settlements, are in risk of flooding. Even though this is only a theoretical simulation, the land is partly under sea level and may need to adapt to climate change, particularly the possible rise in sea level.

The sustainable scenario, shown on the right side, with the new green zone design plans shows the changes after a 20-50 years period. Nothing changes much (as nothing changed much the last 50 years) except from greener areas and more tourism. In the current planning documents, the environment is a very important part.

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

'''National Document: Climate Policy in Hauts-de-France'''

The Hauts-de-France area was characterized by the prominence of heavy industries and an economy based on coal mining, steel production and textile manufacturing. Today only 19% of the population is still working for the industry sector and coal mining was slowly fully replaced by nuclear energy. Currently, nuclear power accounts for 80% of the electricity production in the region but for only 15% of the overall energy consumption, while renewable energy consumption is low compared to the national average (3.7% against 19% in France).

Hauts-de-France intensified its efforts to combat climate change with the adoption of an innovative regional plan bringing together climate, air and energy issues. A 20-year partnership with ADEME (French Environment and Energy Agency) helped the region develop the required expertise and capacity to create and implement impactful projects. With greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita reaching 30% higher levels than the French average and mainly attributed to the industry sector, there is a strong opportunity for Hauts-de-France to develop strategies to reduce emissions.

Climate regional strategy – SRADDT (Stratégie régionale climat) sets an overarching target to divide GHG emissions by 4 by 2050. This strategy is in line with the national commitments embedded in the legislation “Grenelle 2” from 2010. The plan is organized around 4 pillars:

- Improvements of way of life and production methods;

- Continuation of the energy transition;

- Integration of mitigation and adaptation actions in territorial planning; and

- Enhanced governance and participation of local actors.

'''European Document: The European Water Framework and The Marine Strategy Framework Directives'''

The European Water Framework (WFD) and Marine Strategy Framework (MSFD) Directives both require EU Member States to take the necessary measures to achieve a good coastal and oceanic environmental status by 2020.

The aim of the European Union's ambitious Marine Strategy Framework Directive is to protect more effectively the marine environment across Europe. It came into force in June 2008 and was transposed into each member's state national legislation by mid 2010. It is the first EU legislative instrument related to the protection of marine biodiversity and aims to protect the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend.

In France, the Directive was transposed into law in the Environment Code (articles L. 219-9 to L. 219-18 and R. 219-2 to R. 219-17). Through Action Plans for the Marine Environment (PAMM), it is applied to areas of continental Europe under French sovereignty or jurisdiction, subdivided into four marine sub-regions: the English Channel-North Sea, the Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay and the Western Mediterranean Sea.

In addition, in France, IFREMER (a French institute that undertakes research and expert assessments to advance knowledge on the oceans and their resources, monitor the marine environment and foster the sustainable development of maritime activities) is one of the national agencies in charge of implementing such measures.

The Copernicus is a marine environment monitoring service offered by the European Commision, providing products and services for all marine applications with the following benefits:

- Free and sustained information provision;

- Provision of merged satellite information along with in situ information;

- Ready to use, global coverage, expertised ocean colour satellite products.

Francis Gohin from IFREMER has stated that "the Copernicus Marine Service Ocean Colour data are central for the MSFD, as it allows us to improve coherence in eutrophication assessments based on chlorophyll, using satellite-derived chlorophyll provided by CMEMS". In conjunction with the Marine Protected Areas Agency (AAMP), IFREMER takes on the role of scientific and technical coordinator on behalf of the Ministry in charge of the environment on the different aspects of the Directive.

The MFSD pursues three main goals:

- To ensure the protection and the conservation of marine ecosystems and prevent their deterioration. In areas of high deterioration, ecosystem functioning must be restored.

- To prevent and progressively eliminate pollution.

- To contain the pressure of human activities (fishing, use of diverse services, etc.) on the marine environment within levels compatible with the achievement of good environmental status. Ecosystems must have the capacity to react to various natural and human-induced changes while enabling the sustainable use of the marine environment for future generations (e.g. Common Fisheries Policy).

'''International document: Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning'''

The document represents the result of a long process to distil lessons from a wide range of partners and stakeholders as to what provides for effective city-level climate action planning and a set of globally applicable principles.
This publication is really relevant for providing a framework that cities can use, in order to more effectively play their role in reducing gas emissions and building climate resilience, by being more ambitious in their climate action planning.

The driving principles for city climate action planning are that the planning should be:

1. Ambitious; 2. Inclusive; 3. Fair; 4. Comprehensive and integrated; 5. Relevant; 6. Actionable; 7. Evidence based and 8. Transparent.

The document at present stage of "version 1.0" intends to stay open to continuous improvement through knowledge gained from on-going practices. The Guiding Principles are aimed at city-level actors as local stakeholders, governing bodies and experts. Its resilience provides necessary support for locals as well as platforms for collaboration and documentation from active partners.

Apart from addressing the basic requirement of financial support from local government, the crucial role of public participation is given high value in the effective working of the climate action planning. The other main role would be from core stakeholders such as NGOs, experts and active organisations to constitute the actual leadership and working of the planning process.

A general outline for the planning process has been outlined as a process chart that could be used as a guide by cities and then adapted according to the goals that will drive towards the relevant local objectives such as “health, safety, food security, housing, biodiversity, air quality, land use, access to basic urban services, poverty reduction, local economic development and job creation”. The outline also gives guidance on maintaining transparency and continuous evaluation of the process. This would also include the timelines, distribution of responsibilities and maintaining costs.

The climate action plans would direct cities towards stand-alone plans or get integrated into long-term planning processes of the cities.
While the Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning urges cities to adopt the guidelines vigorously, the benefits are already visible from cities who have undertaken these measures for climate change action.

== A.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0615/2.5126&layers=C

BASIC INFORMATION:
* https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Nature/Les-Dunes-de-Flandre-nature-reserve
* https://www.france-voyage.com/tourism/bray-dunes-1146.htm
* https://ch.oui.sncf/fr/article/les-dunes-de-flandre
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_UNITELITTORAL/PAR_TPL_IDENTIFIANT/101/125-les-paysages-fiche.htm
* https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas
* https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9serve_naturelle_nationale_de_la_dune_Marchand#/media/Fichier:P%C3%A9rim%C3%A8tre_RNN_Dune_Marchand_rnn19.png
* http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/dune-marchand
* https://www.google.com/search?q=bray+dunes+camping+municipal&npsic=0&rflfq=1&rlha=0&rllag=51077997,2538343,1019&tbm=lcl&ved=2ahUKEwjp4pWf8trnAhUSilwKHY6bDw0QtgN6BAgLEAQ&tbs=lrf:!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:4&rldoc=1#rldoc=1&rlfi=hd:;si:,51.080248504007805,2.582632035253937;mv:[[51.102674420897195,2.6052913370117494],[51.03093797609536,2.413717240332062],null,[51.066820095899374,2.5095042886719057],13]
* http://sentierdunord.free.fr/Circuit%20de%20la%20dune%20marchand%20zuydcoote.html
* http://escapadenature-sansvoiture.fr/les-escapades-nature-sans-voiture/dunes-flandre
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391365
* http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20014/planning/1006/landscape_character_assessment
* https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=195244

IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/
* https://www.flickr.com/
* https://www.dunkerque-tourisme.fr/
* https://www.artmajeur.com/
* https://www.mutualart.com/
* https://thenounproject.com/
* https://www.cleanpng.com/

READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm
* https://www.msp-platform.eu/practices/french-national-maritime-and-coastline-strategies
* https://www.copernicus.eu/en/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive
* https://www.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2018-11/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive.pdf
* http://msp.ioc-unesco.org/world-applications/europe/france/
* https://wwz.ifremer.fr/en/Public-policy-support/Water-Biodiversity/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.aires-marines.com/International/European-relations/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.dcsmm-d4.fr/la-directive-cadre-strategie-pour-le-milieu-marin-dcsmm?lang=en
* https://www.theclimategroup.org/sites/default/files/etp_partnerprofile_hauts-de-france.pdf

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==

'''Goals'''

→ Have a general overview of both green and blue infrastructure and the relevance of these elements for the identity of the place. Going back to our analysis, we also understood the importance of public awareness to protect natural and cultural heritage and we want to understand better how the green infrastructure relates to the sea and how the character of these elements.

→ Evaluate the accessibility of the commune, focusing on bike and pedestrian paths and how they relate to the natural components. We currently have an overview of bike paths, but want to understand all the accessibility and connectivity of the commune.

→ Visualize the attractiveness of Bray Dunes, the focal interest points, what makes people go there and what could be better. Understanding how tourism can be enhanced clearly seems to be an important goal: however, the scale of the location cannot be forgotten.

'''Themes'''

→ Green / blue infrastructure

→ Accessibility

→ Attractiveness

Having tourism (and related business) as the most significant driving force, we chose these themes considering their relevance to the activity. At the same time, the protection of the green and blue infrastructure, besides necessary to tourism, is also imperative to avoid the extreme scenario.

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:BrayDunes_Green&BlueInfrastructure.jpg| '''Green & Blue Infrastructure:''' ''Bray-Dunes is located in the centre of the natural area of the "Dune flamandes". The municipality borders on the nature reserve: “Nature Reserve de la Dune Marchand” in the west and the “Dune du Perroquet” in the east. Further to the west the dune area "Dune Dewulf" can be found which is also a protected area. The predominant dune landscapes are characterized by their great diversity in flora and fauna. Another nature reserve which is of great value to the region: the “Dune Fossile de Ghyvelde” is located in a three kilometer distance from the coastline. This landscape developed around 5000 years ago by the North Sea on the coastline at the time. The landscape in the surrounding of Bray Dunes is characterized not only by the predominant dunes and the sea coast but also by agricultural use. The fields are clearly marked in light yellow. The following sequence of natural spaces is characteristic of the Dune flamandes: Coastline - dune - agricultural zone - infrastructure (roads and channel) - natural landscape. Forest areas only play a subordinate role in the region and can hardly be found. The two most prominent elements of blue infrastructure in this area are the North Sea which limits the entire west side of the area and the "Canal de Furnes". The coastline along the Dunes flamandes is characterized by a strip of marine wetlands. The "Canal de Furnes" runs parallel to the coastline at a distance of 2-3 kilometers. “Canal de Furnes” is the French name for the section of the Nieuspoort-Dunkirk Canal that runs in France. The Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal connects the Belgian coastal town of Nieuwpoort with the French port of Dunkirk. In addition, smaller rivers and streams such as the "Petit Mardyck" and "Grand Mardyck" run in the study area. Smaller lakes and ponds are also close to the canal, mostly found in the agricultural zone.''
File:Access_transport_map_02.png|'''Accessibility & Transport:''' ''It is interesting to notice that although Bray Dunes lies between two major cities - Dunkirk and De Panne, it stays heavily neglected in terms of ease of accessibility. The train line that connects De Panne to Dunkirk has no train stations in Bray Dunes. To arrive to Bray Dunes via public transport, one would have to take a train till De Panne, and then arrive by bus via highway D60. Highway D601 connects Dunkirk and Veurne and then onward to Nieuwpoort. There are very few public transport buses that actually make a halt in Bray Dunes, unless one takes a bus from any of the private transport companies. Another major observation is the lack of dedicated bike paths. There are major "regional" and "local" bike routes that are a part of bike trails going across Belgium and France while connecting Dunkirk to De Panne, as highlighted in our previous presentation on land use development - however, none of the eco-trails come to make a stop in Bray Dunes. As seen in this map, the bike paths from De Panne stop at the border and/or go around Bray Dunes without entering this area. The positive aspect is that the protected dune areas have a very good network of pedestrian trails that give us a good potential for development and could be expanded to become bike trails.''
File:BrayDunes_map3.jpg|'''Cultural & Natural Attractions:''' ''The unique location of Bray-Dunes on the Opal Coast, bordering France and Belgium, offers the place both cultural and nature attractions. Culturally the place is a significant site for WWII with war monuments, landmarks and ruins along the coastline, stretching from Bray-Dunes all the way to Dunkirk. The geographical location of Bray-Dunes also offer a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports such as sand yachting and speed sailing. In terms of natural attractions, Dunes de Flandres (the long-stretching fine sand beach) is a wonderful creation of nature. Relaxing hikes into the two nature reserves are also options to enjoy the tranquil and picturesque dune landscape. Along the coast there are also villas, seaside resorts, hotels and some cheaper options Airbnb for tourists’ short-term stay. Camping sites are also available. Most attractions and stay options took the advantage of the coastal landscape and are concentrated mostly along coast.''

</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==

Based on previous analysis we had to evaluate the outcomes. In order to characterize the results, to identify the potentials and the risks of the area, we used the SWOT analysis.
With the SWOT method we could explore the internal and the external factors that may influence our work and developed a fuller awareness of the situation.

'''Problems'''

→ The site has two nature reserves, “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland”, with rich fauna and flora, after mapping the green spaces it turned out there is no connection between the natural areas.

→ Accessibility: lack of bike paths, also there is no train station in Bray Dunes (the closest stations are in Dunkirk and De Panne).

'''Potentials'''

→ There is a powerful potential to increase the recreational function.

→ The natural areas could act as educational sites because of the variety of species.

'''Priorities and targets'''

→ Green belt creation in three large areas of Bray-Dunes coasts to connect the fragmented ecological areas between the Nature Reserves.

→ “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland” preservation and management. Inscriptions throughout the nature reserves informing about history, culture and environmental values.

→ Provision and management of better connectivity with educational and recreational features along bicycle and pedestrian paths.

→ Transportation development: train station in the area and more bike paths.

→ Better attractions for young professionals and tourists. Recreational opportunities that will attract visitors from both De Panne and Dunkirk to visit Bray-Dunes, like community gardens.

→ There is a high pressure of urbanization among the area, this could be an opportunity, as well as a risk at the same time - building new housing could develop the area, but it could disturb the nature reserves too.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks f.png|''SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==

'''Readings'''

→ Landscape character assessment (LCA) is defined as the process of identifying and describing variation in character of the landscape. In our process we used LCA documents to identify and explain the unique combination of elements and features that make our site distinctive by mapping and describing character types and areas. Landscape character assessment also shows how the landscape is perceived, experienced and valued by people.

→ Seascape character assessment (SCA) has emerged as a method for assessing, characterising, mapping and describing seascape character. Seascape is defined by Natural England in its position statement on All Landscapes Matter in 2010 as: “An area of sea, coastline and land, as perceived by people, whose character results from the actions and interactions of land with sea, by natural and/or human factors”.

→ Coastal character assessment (CCA) informs and guides coastal and marine planning, and individual development proposals, by informing landscape/seascape and visual impact assessments. As Bray Dunes is a coastal landscape, it was relevant to read about this assessment, it made us realise that the coast itself is complex and represents more than its physical characteristics.

→ Belgium and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 the main challenges identified for Belgium for the implementation of EU environmental policy and law were to:
* improve air quality, in particular nitrogen dioxide levels, by reducing traffic congestion;
* continue to address water pollution coming from urban wastewater and agricultural sources;
* manage the Natura 2000 network towards favourable conservation status for all species and habitats.

→ France and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 identified the following main challenges as regards the implementation of EU environmental policy and law in France:
* improving air quality by taking forward-looking, rapid and effective action to reach EU-based air pollution limit values;
* taking the necessary measures to improve water quality, particularly reducing nitrate pollution;
* effectively protecting biodiversity by enforcing the applicable law to ensure the protection of habitats and species.

→ The Marine Protection assessment from the Environmental Implementation Review for France 2019, gave us insights about which goals have been achieved and what would be the next priority actions:
* Provide information about measures to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES), establish more measures that have a direct impact on pressures.
* Ensure reporting of the different elements under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

→ Finally, the biodiversity protection describes also priority actions in order to improve the challenges in the area:
* Assess the Natura 2000 implementation and management.
* Support sustainable partnerships for biodiversity protection, sustainable development, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
* Protect habitats and species affected by or dependent on agricultural management.

'''Limitations'''

→ The most of the readings seem to be addressed to De Panne (on the Belgian side) and Dunkirk (on the French side), attracting a lot more interest, as they are considered areas with great strategic, economical and social importance. As a result, development plans are directed around Bray-Dunes, leaving a very significant natural ecological area, which contributes widely to the ecological coastal balance in the area, lacking attention and strategic management planning.

→ Urban infrastructure creation may impact negatively the ecology, but will promote the economy and connectivity critically.

== B.5 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
CONTENT - BLUE AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/172/28-dune-du-perroquet-59_nord.htm
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/213/28-dune-fossile-59_nord.htm
* http://www.water-ways.net/d/info/frankreich/nord_aa_canal_de_calais_de_Bergues_de_Furnes_de_bourbourg_de_la_colme.php
CONTENT - ACCESS AND TRANSPORT:
* https://www.google.de/maps/search/bray+dunes+train+station/@51.0541114,2.4680149,12z?hl=en
IMAGE SOURCES - CULTURAL AND NATURAL ATTRACTIONS:
* [https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139%20/ https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139 / ]
* [https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand%20/ https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand /]
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/73290459@N07/25434107707/
DEVELOPMENT PLANS:
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_fr_en.pdf
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_be_en.pdf
* https://www.gov.uk/guidance/landscape-and-seascape-character-assessments
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/691184/landscape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396177/seascape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/Guidance%20Note%20-%20Coastal%20Character%20Assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape/coastal-character-assessment ''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==

Our main goals are:

'''→ PRESERVE NATURE RESERVES'''

'''→ IMPROVE CONNECTIVITY'''

'''→ ENHANCE ATTRACTIVITY'''

We selected 4 goals from the Sustainable Development Goals as related to our Project based on our strategic plan and the targets from previous phase:

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Capture_Goals - 1.PNG |''The goals relate to our main themes: Green/blue infrastructure, Accessibility and Attractiveness. We want to promote partnerships to develop the area economically, but we see the protection of the Nature Reserves as a high important target; therefore making Bray Dunnes a sustainable community is a clear goal.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND_Group_3_Presentation_3_-_Planning_and_Design (1).jpg|''Our project title, the vision and the strategic planning based on the evaluation findings and the whole process.''
</gallery>

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:ConceptBrayDunes.jpg|'''Spatial vision translate:''' '' In an attempt to express visually, our vision for Bray-Dunes, we developed a conceptual representation that includes the most important issues we wanted to address. The first goal includes the ecological fragmentation between the two Nature Reserves the area contains. The plan is to connect those fragmented areas through strategies that support the green belt creation and provide recreational and educational pedestrian and bike paths, enhancing at the same time the area to its trans-boundary extension. Ecological quality preservation for this diverse ecosystem and flood prevention through pumps and floodgates in the blue infrastructure are also suggested, while sustainable models for economic growth in the area are explained in the partnership and governance part extensively. Maybe a very important observation was the fact that the area does not have a train station. The railway though passes through Bray-Dunes and the old station building is used as a media library. Our suggestion is the reopening of the station as a mixed use building, which will attract tourists/young professionals and ease the transportation between De Panne and Dunkirk, two very financially developed cities. Finally new attractions are suggested on the economic growth tendency area, which is extended mostly on the beach.'' '' The non-spatial factors that also play an important role in these interventions come from the partnerships that we propose to build in our governance model. These internal and external partnerships would ensure the sensitive conservation of the dunes through awareness programs in various activities, while promoting sustainable local businesses to boost the economy''
File:Base_Map_Transect_Bray_Dunes.png|''Location of the Transects''
File:Transect1 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 1 - Parallel to the Coastline''
File:Transect 2 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 2''
File:Intervention111.jpg|'''1. Intervention:''' ''Transportation improvement through reopening of the old train station.''
File:Intervention222.jpg|'''2. Intervention:''' ''Visualization of the Nature Reserve with the implementation of green belts, bike paths and informative inscriptions.''
File:Intervention333.jpg|'''3. Intervention:''' ''Coast line area, suggestions of beautification and attractiveness increase.''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*'''Governance Model'''
In the search for a new governance model that could lift this small corner of France and also create a cross border dialogue, we found inspiration from on-going Interreg projects.Two of these projects share the same eco-sensitive and education goals as ours and also the project partner locations are as close as Dunkirk and De Panne. From the BIOGOV Interreg Europe (biodiversity in governance) and from The Interreg Annual meeting 2019 from European Commission, new models of governance were discovered, which as you can see, we have consolidated here to work in the case of Bray Dunes. Apart from the development of Policies and transparency the attractive features of this model would be capacity and trust building while ensuring sustainable solutions that will pull up the local small businesses.

*'''Who needs to act and how'''
We decided that the stakeholders need to be from a micro and macro level to pull Bray Dunes into cross border dialogue while keeping the sensitive ecology and also the economy from being overrun. So the internal stakeholders belong to Bray Dunes while the external stakeholders consist of partners at various levels who would collaborate in a strategic and transparent manner.
The key external partners would be larger education institutions, the Interreg partners and the tourism departments. For example, the educational partners bring learning groups from the outside when we conduct the educational tours in our nature conservation areas that you see in our intervention visualisations. These for example, would be run by the local schools and Bray Dunes tourism office for internal capacity and economy building while taking the expertise of Interreg partners , called DEMO and Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux who share our goal of awareness creation and knowledge sharing through various eco-friendly events like music concerts and local businesses.
Similar partnerships are developed in every intervention area to ensure sensitivity and sustainability at the same time.

*'''Timeline'''

*'''Resources and Assets to build on'''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-01.jpg|''A "biodiverse" Governance Model''
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-02.jpg|''Sustainable Governance: Who acts and How''
File:Timeline of the project.png|''Process model. Timeline of the project.''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cf/c5/d0/cfc5d0880997255e4ee06d908e6c2e74.jpg
* https://www.alltrails.com/de/france/hauts-de-france/bray-dunes
* https://www.alltrails.com/members/anne-molderez/photos
* https://www.cleanpng.com/free/kiss.html
* https://i0.wp.com/www.transparency-one.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UN-SDGs-overview.png?resize=800%2C418&ssl=1
* https://thenounproject.com/
READINGS:
* https://www.interregeurope.eu/biogov/
* https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/conferences/etc2018/plenary_session_2_moray_gilland.pdf
* http://www.mageteaux.eu/fr/projet
* https://demo-europe.eu/fr/page-daccueil/
* https://www.natuurenbos.be/projecten/west-vlaanderen/life-project-flandre/flandre/life-nature-project-flandre-english

= D. Process Reflection =

The outcomes of our study:

→ Positive internal evaluation of our results.

→ The order and process of the sessions and the project phases were coherent to understand the location and develop the strategies.

→ Long distance project requires extra effort and eventual assumptions.

→ Better understanding of coastal landscapes, mainly the potentials they have and possibilities they offer.

→ The connection people have with coastal areas highlight the importance of preserving them.

Limitations we faced:

→ Lack of exact knowledge of the site.

→ Lack of enough sources for a long distance project.

What we have learnt from each other:

→ Task distribution with intermediary talks worked really well.

→ Having different backgrounds results in good discussions.

What we would do differently:

→ The partnerships and governance part would be useful to be explored in an earlier phase.

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2020]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

COLAND Case Study 2020 - Bray-Dunes

2020-04-07T19:51:00Z

Arati.u: /* C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2020|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Hauts-de-France''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bray-Dunes''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''France''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Transboundary area, Coastal landscape, Nature and Heritage preservation, Tourism attraction''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Wasiliki Moreno, Arati Uttur, Raphaela Roming, Ho Ching Leung, Anna Fernanda Volken, Anca Strugariu''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Bray-Dunes.jpg |400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
The first keyword is dynamic, in terms of the protected landform and high biodiversity. In Bray-Dunes right adjacent to the Belgian border there is 250 hectares National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand classified in 1974 to protect the dunes of Flanders. The landform possesses high biodiversity of plant species and is home to many land animal and underwater species.

The second key word is memories, reflecting the historical significance of Bray-Dunes. Bray-Dunes was a significant site during World War II, and it is the site of many casualties during the period of Dunkirk evacuation. The physical ruins such as the wrecked Operation Dynamo ships on the Beach at Zuydcoote shape the sentimental atmosphere and give the place significant historical values.

The third word is recreation. Located at the Opal Coast near Belgian border, the seaside of Bray-Dunes offers a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports like sand yachting and speed sailing, making it a popular holiday spots.

Our hypothesis for Bray-Dunes is that Coastal exploration since 20th century is invading the natural ecology and landscape of the coast, together with the increased chance of flooding brought by climate change. Nature dynamics and cultural memories of Bray-Dunes will be destroyed without legit policies on coastal protection.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 51.099574827611775,2.5787597335926993~case study boundary west; 51.05017698110531,2.5653701461903555~Case study boundary south; 51.064419324157655,2.460313383495043~Case study boundary east}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
The coast of Bray-Dunes is a part of the Dunes de Flandre, a 15-kilometre dune field of fine sandy beach that stretches from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes. Within the long-stretching dune field, the coastal landscape is characterised by the carved sea ridge dunes and mega-parabolic dunes, with intervals of both high and humid dune slacks and low fossil dunes that started to stack up since 3,000 BC.

The sandbanks and dunes are formed by transportation of fine sediment landward by coastal wind and waves, and further on stabilized with vegetation such as native dune grass. This forms primary dunes which situated closer to the coast and significantly affected by waves, salt spray and erosion, and secondary dunes which are located further inland and not often directly exposed to marine influences but more prone to urban intrusion.

Coastal landscape further to the south of Bray-Dunes is characterised by polders, the maritime plains with their network of canals, which are patches of low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments of dikes.

Currently the rapid urbanisation, water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders have resulted in the overgrowth of dune landscape by scrub.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 1.jpg|15-km coast of Dunes de Flandre stretching from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 2.jpg|Sandbanks and primary dunes near the coast
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 3.png|Diagram showing the formation of sand dunes
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
The landuse does not change (almost nil) between 2006 to 2018. To support this is a second landuse map from a second source that shows the change from 1965 (!) to 2014. so the change has been gradual over 50 years.The first map shows main landuse is from urban fabric(red) non arable land (light yellow) ; moors and heathland (light green); tidal flats (light purple).

However, there are several municipal camping areas (marked with red dots) there are many private tourism companies offering bike tours across Dunkirk-BrayDunes-DePanne and there are walking trails in the two natural reserve areas - De la Dune and Marchand. So this indicates that the area is focusing on a lot of tourism related activities. However, there are only two hotels that show up in google maps - and a few airbnbs. In Dunkirk, sand sailing is a dominant sport. I did not find much information about how much it is active in Bray Dunes. Also, there are a few Interreg projects happening here as Bray Dunes is on the border - but the websites are in french. So I have not translated and read them yet.The land south from the railroad that connects Dunkirk , Bray Dunes and De Panne - infact along the whole strip that all case studies are being done - is below sea level and stands the danger of flooding if the sea level rises by 50 cm.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:LANDUSE_01.jpg|''Copernicus maps 2006 to 2018. ''
File:LANDUSE_02.jpg|''Landuse maps 1965 to 2014. ''
File:LANDUSE_03.jpg|''Bike trail between Dunkirk and Bray Dunes “circuit de la dune Marchand” with municipal camping sites (in red). ''
File:LANDUSE_04.jpg|''Bike Trails between De Panne and Bray Dunes - OSM. ''
File:LANDUSE_05.jpg|''“Le Dunes de Flandre” bike trails between Dunkirk, Bray Dunes and De Panne. ''
File:LANDUSE_06.jpg|''Marchand Natural Reserve, Bray Dunes. ''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
The blue infrastructure is first represented by the sea, of course, but in this area there are also the presence of wetlands (they continue after the Belgium border - in De Panne waters) and a canal between communes.

In the green infrastructure the two most common elements are grasslands between the urban area and the international border, and crop fields in the border with the other French commune - Ghyvelde.

Relevant in the area is the National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand, a natural and diverse environment in constant evolution. The reserve is exceptional on an ecological level, however also very fragile: repeated tramplings threaten the species of varied flora, birds and amphibians. (Also a Protected area Natura 2000)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Blue_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''North Sea, a canal following the commune border and wetlands in the sea line''
File:Green_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''Predominance of natural grassland around the urban area and crops near the commune border''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
Environmental partners and scientists can affect in the planning and management of a sustainable coastal landscape, the most affected groups include: community, land owners, marine occupations.

Media, Government-authorities and maritime need to be kept satisfied.

Industry and education require the least effort, while key players are: Regulators, investors, NPOs-NGOs, Tourists and cross border cooperations.
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Stakeholders1.jpg|''Stakeholders of Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===

The site holds onto powerful sacred spaces and heritage. Places and elements, such as the historical features (like cemetery, bunkers, monuments, memorials, ruins), have symbolic meaning and can be found as landmarks along the area. However, maybe the most representative element is the natural one, highlighted by the dunes. The site has two nature reserves: National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand which was classified in 1974 and Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet that has a wild dune massif of 250 hectares protected.

On the other hand, the site, viewed from the European Environment Agency’s perspective, The Natura 2000, consists of a network of protected areas covering valuable and threatened species and habitats - a different kind of heritage, one that involves biodiversity and ecosystems.

Regarding the architecture of Bray-Dunes, the villas of the nineteenth century are noticeable, recalling the flourishing age of the resort. Bray-Dunes was also marked by both World Wars, including the Operation Dynamo between May and June 1940. These kinds of elements, sacred places and heritage, hold important cultural value and meaning for the community, as well as for tourists, encouraging and presenting a piece of history.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map.png|''Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map''
File:(2) One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes.png|''One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes''
File:(3) Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance.png|''Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===

Landscape character is defined as the distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape. It is these patterns that give each locality its 'sense of place', making one landscape different from another. In defining the combinations of components which make each landscape unique, landscape character is a way of thinking about landscape more holistically and objectively, rather than focusing on scenic beauty and subjective responses. Landscapes have evolved over time as a result of both natural and cultural processes.

As mentioned, the site was significant during the World Wars, so many stories and writings are regarding this topic.

We discovered a book, "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer, published in 2012. According to the book, indeed WW1 bunkers were built in the region between Bray-Dunes and De Panne, on both sides of the border. In fact, some remaining bunkers on the French side of the border could actually be Belgian bunkers (or at least built under Belgian command).

Despite the historical features, the site is also well appreciated for its aesthetics, so many painters found their inspiration among the area.

In terms of events and festivities, the city of Bray-Dunes, very attached to its culture, offers a great cultural season throughout the year. Regularly, concerts, shows, plays or tales readings are organized for residents. The municipal library often organizes fun and interesting exhibitions. In September, the city opened a portion of its monuments to the public with the European Heritage Days. From late September to early October it is possible to have fun at the fair with rides, an opportunity to spend some time in a charming carnival.

Sport is no exception to Bray-Dunes with the organization of 6h rosalies on the beach in September and the championship coastal archers in the same period. Regularly, guided tours nature of the different dunes of the city are offered by the Tourist Office Bray-Dunes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Map from the book “Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918” by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer.jpg|''Map from the book "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer''
File:(2) The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan.png|''The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan''
File:(3) “Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre.png|''“Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre''
File:(4) “Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara''
File:(5) “Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of your landscape system analysis and your development targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="400px" perrow="5">
File:DPSIR Bray Dunes.png |''Landscape system analysis - DPSIR Model Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

DRIVERS: The Bray dunes are characterized by their natural and cultural heritage. This makes this place very interesting for tourism and related businesses. Therefore, this sector can be determined as the first driving force. Due to their direct influence by the sea the predicted climate change that causes a sea level rise is the second driving force.

PRESSURES: As a result of the focus and the enlargement of the tourism, the place expects greater use and changes in current uses. Recreation and tourist attractions like sailing in the dunes or bike / walking paths can create future pressures. Due to disturbances in this sensitive natural area and installations for tourists the place can also experience a loss of flora and fauna as well as historical heritage. And also because of the climate change a rise in sea level is expected which can be seen as a huge pressure on the site.

STATE: Currently the Bray dunes can be described as an interesting and really valuable site with a lot of natural and cultural heritage. But Water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders already caused an overgrowth of the dune landscape by scrub.

IMPACTS: Based on the analyzed influencing factors and changes at the location, the following effects can be expected: A loss of biodiversity (flora & fauna) and cultural heritage, Flooding and an extensive tourism related infrastructure.

RESPONSES: Environmental policies have to come into operation so the protected areas can remain in good condition and we can keep the biodiversity and cultural heritage in the future. Therefore, the paths and trails in the area should be predetermined so there is no trampling in the area that could cause further damage. Public awareness has to be raised so people get to know the value of the place which will then hopefully minimize the problem of garbage and waste.

<gallery caption=" " widths="800px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Scenarios.jpg|''Landscape system analysis - Hypothesis''
</gallery>

The extreme scenario represents the climate change forces creating a huge flooding problem. The assumptions for the area indicates that in a sea level rise of 50cm many places, including inhabited settlements, are in risk of flooding. Even though this is only a theoretical simulation, the land is partly under sea level and may need to adapt to climate change, particularly the possible rise in sea level.

The sustainable scenario, shown on the right side, with the new green zone design plans shows the changes after a 20-50 years period. Nothing changes much (as nothing changed much the last 50 years) except from greener areas and more tourism. In the current planning documents, the environment is a very important part.

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

'''National Document: Climate Policy in Hauts-de-France'''

The Hauts-de-France area was characterized by the prominence of heavy industries and an economy based on coal mining, steel production and textile manufacturing. Today only 19% of the population is still working for the industry sector and coal mining was slowly fully replaced by nuclear energy. Currently, nuclear power accounts for 80% of the electricity production in the region but for only 15% of the overall energy consumption, while renewable energy consumption is low compared to the national average (3.7% against 19% in France).

Hauts-de-France intensified its efforts to combat climate change with the adoption of an innovative regional plan bringing together climate, air and energy issues. A 20-year partnership with ADEME (French Environment and Energy Agency) helped the region develop the required expertise and capacity to create and implement impactful projects. With greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita reaching 30% higher levels than the French average and mainly attributed to the industry sector, there is a strong opportunity for Hauts-de-France to develop strategies to reduce emissions.

Climate regional strategy – SRADDT (Stratégie régionale climat) sets an overarching target to divide GHG emissions by 4 by 2050. This strategy is in line with the national commitments embedded in the legislation “Grenelle 2” from 2010. The plan is organized around 4 pillars:

- Improvements of way of life and production methods;

- Continuation of the energy transition;

- Integration of mitigation and adaptation actions in territorial planning; and

- Enhanced governance and participation of local actors.

'''European Document: The European Water Framework and The Marine Strategy Framework Directives'''

The European Water Framework (WFD) and Marine Strategy Framework (MSFD) Directives both require EU Member States to take the necessary measures to achieve a good coastal and oceanic environmental status by 2020.

The aim of the European Union's ambitious Marine Strategy Framework Directive is to protect more effectively the marine environment across Europe. It came into force in June 2008 and was transposed into each member's state national legislation by mid 2010. It is the first EU legislative instrument related to the protection of marine biodiversity and aims to protect the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend.

In France, the Directive was transposed into law in the Environment Code (articles L. 219-9 to L. 219-18 and R. 219-2 to R. 219-17). Through Action Plans for the Marine Environment (PAMM), it is applied to areas of continental Europe under French sovereignty or jurisdiction, subdivided into four marine sub-regions: the English Channel-North Sea, the Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay and the Western Mediterranean Sea.

In addition, in France, IFREMER (a French institute that undertakes research and expert assessments to advance knowledge on the oceans and their resources, monitor the marine environment and foster the sustainable development of maritime activities) is one of the national agencies in charge of implementing such measures.

The Copernicus is a marine environment monitoring service offered by the European Commision, providing products and services for all marine applications with the following benefits:

- Free and sustained information provision;

- Provision of merged satellite information along with in situ information;

- Ready to use, global coverage, expertised ocean colour satellite products.

Francis Gohin from IFREMER has stated that "the Copernicus Marine Service Ocean Colour data are central for the MSFD, as it allows us to improve coherence in eutrophication assessments based on chlorophyll, using satellite-derived chlorophyll provided by CMEMS". In conjunction with the Marine Protected Areas Agency (AAMP), IFREMER takes on the role of scientific and technical coordinator on behalf of the Ministry in charge of the environment on the different aspects of the Directive.

The MFSD pursues three main goals:

- To ensure the protection and the conservation of marine ecosystems and prevent their deterioration. In areas of high deterioration, ecosystem functioning must be restored.

- To prevent and progressively eliminate pollution.

- To contain the pressure of human activities (fishing, use of diverse services, etc.) on the marine environment within levels compatible with the achievement of good environmental status. Ecosystems must have the capacity to react to various natural and human-induced changes while enabling the sustainable use of the marine environment for future generations (e.g. Common Fisheries Policy).

'''International document: Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning'''

The document represents the result of a long process to distil lessons from a wide range of partners and stakeholders as to what provides for effective city-level climate action planning and a set of globally applicable principles.
This publication is really relevant for providing a framework that cities can use, in order to more effectively play their role in reducing gas emissions and building climate resilience, by being more ambitious in their climate action planning.

The driving principles for city climate action planning are that the planning should be:

1. Ambitious; 2. Inclusive; 3. Fair; 4. Comprehensive and integrated; 5. Relevant; 6. Actionable; 7. Evidence based and 8. Transparent.

The document at present stage of "version 1.0" intends to stay open to continuous improvement through knowledge gained from on-going practices. The Guiding Principles are aimed at city-level actors as local stakeholders, governing bodies and experts. Its resilience provides necessary support for locals as well as platforms for collaboration and documentation from active partners.

Apart from addressing the basic requirement of financial support from local government, the crucial role of public participation is given high value in the effective working of the climate action planning. The other main role would be from core stakeholders such as NGOs, experts and active organisations to constitute the actual leadership and working of the planning process.

A general outline for the planning process has been outlined as a process chart that could be used as a guide by cities and then adapted according to the goals that will drive towards the relevant local objectives such as “health, safety, food security, housing, biodiversity, air quality, land use, access to basic urban services, poverty reduction, local economic development and job creation”. The outline also gives guidance on maintaining transparency and continuous evaluation of the process. This would also include the timelines, distribution of responsibilities and maintaining costs.

The climate action plans would direct cities towards stand-alone plans or get integrated into long-term planning processes of the cities.
While the Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning urges cities to adopt the guidelines vigorously, the benefits are already visible from cities who have undertaken these measures for climate change action.

== A.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0615/2.5126&layers=C

BASIC INFORMATION:
* https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Nature/Les-Dunes-de-Flandre-nature-reserve
* https://www.france-voyage.com/tourism/bray-dunes-1146.htm
* https://ch.oui.sncf/fr/article/les-dunes-de-flandre
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_UNITELITTORAL/PAR_TPL_IDENTIFIANT/101/125-les-paysages-fiche.htm
* https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas
* https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9serve_naturelle_nationale_de_la_dune_Marchand#/media/Fichier:P%C3%A9rim%C3%A8tre_RNN_Dune_Marchand_rnn19.png
* http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/dune-marchand
* https://www.google.com/search?q=bray+dunes+camping+municipal&npsic=0&rflfq=1&rlha=0&rllag=51077997,2538343,1019&tbm=lcl&ved=2ahUKEwjp4pWf8trnAhUSilwKHY6bDw0QtgN6BAgLEAQ&tbs=lrf:!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:4&rldoc=1#rldoc=1&rlfi=hd:;si:,51.080248504007805,2.582632035253937;mv:[[51.102674420897195,2.6052913370117494],[51.03093797609536,2.413717240332062],null,[51.066820095899374,2.5095042886719057],13]
* http://sentierdunord.free.fr/Circuit%20de%20la%20dune%20marchand%20zuydcoote.html
* http://escapadenature-sansvoiture.fr/les-escapades-nature-sans-voiture/dunes-flandre
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391365
* http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20014/planning/1006/landscape_character_assessment
* https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=195244

IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/
* https://www.flickr.com/
* https://www.dunkerque-tourisme.fr/
* https://www.artmajeur.com/
* https://www.mutualart.com/
* https://thenounproject.com/
* https://www.cleanpng.com/

READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm
* https://www.msp-platform.eu/practices/french-national-maritime-and-coastline-strategies
* https://www.copernicus.eu/en/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive
* https://www.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2018-11/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive.pdf
* http://msp.ioc-unesco.org/world-applications/europe/france/
* https://wwz.ifremer.fr/en/Public-policy-support/Water-Biodiversity/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.aires-marines.com/International/European-relations/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.dcsmm-d4.fr/la-directive-cadre-strategie-pour-le-milieu-marin-dcsmm?lang=en
* https://www.theclimategroup.org/sites/default/files/etp_partnerprofile_hauts-de-france.pdf

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==

'''Goals'''

→ Have a general overview of both green and blue infrastructure and the relevance of these elements for the identity of the place. Going back to our analysis, we also understood the importance of public awareness to protect natural and cultural heritage and we want to understand better how the green infrastructure relates to the sea and how the character of these elements.

→ Evaluate the accessibility of the commune, focusing on bike and pedestrian paths and how they relate to the natural components. We currently have an overview of bike paths, but want to understand all the accessibility and connectivity of the commune.

→ Visualize the attractiveness of Bray Dunes, the focal interest points, what makes people go there and what could be better. Understanding how tourism can be enhanced clearly seems to be an important goal: however, the scale of the location cannot be forgotten.

'''Themes'''

→ Green / blue infrastructure

→ Accessibility

→ Attractiveness

Having tourism (and related business) as the most significant driving force, we chose these themes considering their relevance to the activity. At the same time, the protection of the green and blue infrastructure, besides necessary to tourism, is also imperative to avoid the extreme scenario.

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:BrayDunes_Green&BlueInfrastructure.jpg| '''Green & Blue Infrastructure:''' ''Bray-Dunes is located in the centre of the natural area of the "Dune flamandes". The municipality borders on the nature reserve: “Nature Reserve de la Dune Marchand” in the west and the “Dune du Perroquet” in the east. Further to the west the dune area "Dune Dewulf" can be found which is also a protected area. The predominant dune landscapes are characterized by their great diversity in flora and fauna. Another nature reserve which is of great value to the region: the “Dune Fossile de Ghyvelde” is located in a three kilometer distance from the coastline. This landscape developed around 5000 years ago by the North Sea on the coastline at the time. The landscape in the surrounding of Bray Dunes is characterized not only by the predominant dunes and the sea coast but also by agricultural use. The fields are clearly marked in light yellow. The following sequence of natural spaces is characteristic of the Dune flamandes: Coastline - dune - agricultural zone - infrastructure (roads and channel) - natural landscape. Forest areas only play a subordinate role in the region and can hardly be found. The two most prominent elements of blue infrastructure in this area are the North Sea which limits the entire west side of the area and the "Canal de Furnes". The coastline along the Dunes flamandes is characterized by a strip of marine wetlands. The "Canal de Furnes" runs parallel to the coastline at a distance of 2-3 kilometers. “Canal de Furnes” is the French name for the section of the Nieuspoort-Dunkirk Canal that runs in France. The Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal connects the Belgian coastal town of Nieuwpoort with the French port of Dunkirk. In addition, smaller rivers and streams such as the "Petit Mardyck" and "Grand Mardyck" run in the study area. Smaller lakes and ponds are also close to the canal, mostly found in the agricultural zone.''
File:Access_transport_map_02.png|'''Accessibility & Transport:''' ''It is interesting to notice that although Bray Dunes lies between two major cities - Dunkirk and De Panne, it stays heavily neglected in terms of ease of accessibility. The train line that connects De Panne to Dunkirk has no train stations in Bray Dunes. To arrive to Bray Dunes via public transport, one would have to take a train till De Panne, and then arrive by bus via highway D60. Highway D601 connects Dunkirk and Veurne and then onward to Nieuwpoort. There are very few public transport buses that actually make a halt in Bray Dunes, unless one takes a bus from any of the private transport companies. Another major observation is the lack of dedicated bike paths. There are major "regional" and "local" bike routes that are a part of bike trails going across Belgium and France while connecting Dunkirk to De Panne, as highlighted in our previous presentation on land use development - however, none of the eco-trails come to make a stop in Bray Dunes. As seen in this map, the bike paths from De Panne stop at the border and/or go around Bray Dunes without entering this area. The positive aspect is that the protected dune areas have a very good network of pedestrian trails that give us a good potential for development and could be expanded to become bike trails.''
File:BrayDunes_map3.jpg|'''Cultural & Natural Attractions:''' ''The unique location of Bray-Dunes on the Opal Coast, bordering France and Belgium, offers the place both cultural and nature attractions. Culturally the place is a significant site for WWII with war monuments, landmarks and ruins along the coastline, stretching from Bray-Dunes all the way to Dunkirk. The geographical location of Bray-Dunes also offer a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports such as sand yachting and speed sailing. In terms of natural attractions, Dunes de Flandres (the long-stretching fine sand beach) is a wonderful creation of nature. Relaxing hikes into the two nature reserves are also options to enjoy the tranquil and picturesque dune landscape. Along the coast there are also villas, seaside resorts, hotels and some cheaper options Airbnb for tourists’ short-term stay. Camping sites are also available. Most attractions and stay options took the advantage of the coastal landscape and are concentrated mostly along coast.''

</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==

Based on previous analysis we had to evaluate the outcomes. In order to characterize the results, to identify the potentials and the risks of the area, we used the SWOT analysis.
With the SWOT method we could explore the internal and the external factors that may influence our work and developed a fuller awareness of the situation.

'''Problems'''

→ The site has two nature reserves, “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland”, with rich fauna and flora, after mapping the green spaces it turned out there is no connection between the natural areas.

→ Accessibility: lack of bike paths, also there is no train station in Bray Dunes (the closest stations are in Dunkirk and De Panne).

'''Potentials'''

→ There is a powerful potential to increase the recreational function.

→ The natural areas could act as educational sites because of the variety of species.

'''Priorities and targets'''

→ Green belt creation in three large areas of Bray-Dunes coasts to connect the fragmented ecological areas between the Nature Reserves.

→ “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland” preservation and management. Inscriptions throughout the nature reserves informing about history, culture and environmental values.

→ Provision and management of better connectivity with educational and recreational features along bicycle and pedestrian paths.

→ Transportation development: train station in the area and more bike paths.

→ Better attractions for young professionals and tourists. Recreational opportunities that will attract visitors from both De Panne and Dunkirk to visit Bray-Dunes, like community gardens.

→ There is a high pressure of urbanization among the area, this could be an opportunity, as well as a risk at the same time - building new housing could develop the area, but it could disturb the nature reserves too.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks f.png|''SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==

'''Readings'''

→ Landscape character assessment (LCA) is defined as the process of identifying and describing variation in character of the landscape. In our process we used LCA documents to identify and explain the unique combination of elements and features that make our site distinctive by mapping and describing character types and areas. Landscape character assessment also shows how the landscape is perceived, experienced and valued by people.

→ Seascape character assessment (SCA) has emerged as a method for assessing, characterising, mapping and describing seascape character. Seascape is defined by Natural England in its position statement on All Landscapes Matter in 2010 as: “An area of sea, coastline and land, as perceived by people, whose character results from the actions and interactions of land with sea, by natural and/or human factors”.

→ Coastal character assessment (CCA) informs and guides coastal and marine planning, and individual development proposals, by informing landscape/seascape and visual impact assessments. As Bray Dunes is a coastal landscape, it was relevant to read about this assessment, it made us realise that the coast itself is complex and represents more than its physical characteristics.

→ Belgium and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 the main challenges identified for Belgium for the implementation of EU environmental policy and law were to:
* improve air quality, in particular nitrogen dioxide levels, by reducing traffic congestion;
* continue to address water pollution coming from urban wastewater and agricultural sources;
* manage the Natura 2000 network towards favourable conservation status for all species and habitats.

→ France and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 identified the following main challenges as regards the implementation of EU environmental policy and law in France:
* improving air quality by taking forward-looking, rapid and effective action to reach EU-based air pollution limit values;
* taking the necessary measures to improve water quality, particularly reducing nitrate pollution;
* effectively protecting biodiversity by enforcing the applicable law to ensure the protection of habitats and species.

→ The Marine Protection assessment from the Environmental Implementation Review for France 2019, gave us insights about which goals have been achieved and what would be the next priority actions:
* Provide information about measures to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES), establish more measures that have a direct impact on pressures.
* Ensure reporting of the different elements under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

→ Finally, the biodiversity protection describes also priority actions in order to improve the challenges in the area:
* Assess the Natura 2000 implementation and management.
* Support sustainable partnerships for biodiversity protection, sustainable development, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
* Protect habitats and species affected by or dependent on agricultural management.

'''Limitations'''

→ The most of the readings seem to be addressed to De Panne (on the Belgian side) and Dunkirk (on the French side), attracting a lot more interest, as they are considered areas with great strategic, economical and social importance. As a result, development plans are directed around Bray-Dunes, leaving a very significant natural ecological area, which contributes widely to the ecological coastal balance in the area, lacking attention and strategic management planning.

→ Urban infrastructure creation may impact negatively the ecology, but will promote the economy and connectivity critically.

== B.5 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
CONTENT - BLUE AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/172/28-dune-du-perroquet-59_nord.htm
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/213/28-dune-fossile-59_nord.htm
* http://www.water-ways.net/d/info/frankreich/nord_aa_canal_de_calais_de_Bergues_de_Furnes_de_bourbourg_de_la_colme.php
CONTENT - ACCESS AND TRANSPORT:
* https://www.google.de/maps/search/bray+dunes+train+station/@51.0541114,2.4680149,12z?hl=en
IMAGE SOURCES - CULTURAL AND NATURAL ATTRACTIONS:
* [https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139%20/ https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139 / ]
* [https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand%20/ https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand /]
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/73290459@N07/25434107707/
DEVELOPMENT PLANS:
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_fr_en.pdf
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_be_en.pdf
* https://www.gov.uk/guidance/landscape-and-seascape-character-assessments
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/691184/landscape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396177/seascape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/Guidance%20Note%20-%20Coastal%20Character%20Assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape/coastal-character-assessment ''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==

Our main goals are:

'''→ PRESERVE NATURE RESERVES'''

'''→ IMPROVE CONNECTIVITY'''

'''→ ENHANCE ATTRACTIVITY'''

We selected 4 goals from the Sustainable Development Goals as related to our Project based on our strategic plan and the targets from previous phase:

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Capture_Goals - 1.PNG |''The goals relate to our main themes: Green/blue infrastructure, Accessibility and Attractiveness. We want to promote partnerships to develop the area economically, but we see the protection of the Nature Reserves as a high important target; therefore making Bray Dunnes a sustainable community is a clear goal.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND_Group_3_Presentation_3_-_Planning_and_Design (1).jpg|''Our project title, the vision and the strategic planning based on the evaluation findings and the whole process.''
</gallery>

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:ConceptBrayDunes.jpg|'''Spatial vision translate:''' '' In an attempt to express visually, our vision for Bray-Dunes, we developed a conceptual representation that includes the most important issues we wanted to address. The first goal includes the ecological fragmentation between the two Nature Reserves the area contains. The plan is to connect those fragmented areas through strategies that support the green belt creation and provide recreational and educational pedestrian and bike paths, enhancing at the same time the area to its trans-boundary extension. Ecological quality preservation for this diverse ecosystem and flood prevention through pumps and floodgates in the blue infrastructure are also suggested, while sustainable models for economic growth in the area are explained in the partnership and governance part extensively. Maybe a very important observation was the fact that the area does not have a train station. The railway though passes through Bray-Dunes and the old station building is used as a media library. Our suggestion is the reopening of the station as a mixed use building, which will attract tourists/young professionals and ease the transportation between De Panne and Dunkirk, two very financially developed cities. Finally new attractions are suggested on the economic growth tendency area, which is extended mostly on the beach.''
'' The non-spatial factors that also play an important role in these interventions come from the partnerships that we propose to build in our governance model. These internal and external partnerships would ensure the sensitive conservation of the dunes through awareness programs in various activities, while promoting sustainable local businesses to boost the economy''
File:Base_Map_Transect_Bray_Dunes.png|''Location of the Transects''
File:Transect1 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 1 - Parallel to the Coastline''
File:Transect 2 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 2''
File:Intervention111.jpg|'''1. Intervention:''' ''Transportation improvement through reopening of the old train station.''
File:Intervention222.jpg|'''2. Intervention:''' ''Visualization of the Nature Reserve with the implementation of green belts, bike paths and informative inscriptions.''
File:Intervention333.jpg|'''3. Intervention:''' ''Coast line area, suggestions of beautification and attractiveness increase.''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*'''Governance Model'''
In the search for a new governance model that could lift this small corner of France and also create a cross border dialogue, we found inspiration from on-going Interreg projects.Two of these projects share the same eco-sensitive and education goals as ours and also the project partner locations are as close as Dunkirk and De Panne. From the BIOGOV Interreg Europe (biodiversity in governance) and from The Interreg Annual meeting 2019 from European Commission, new models of governance were discovered, which as you can see, we have consolidated here to work in the case of Bray Dunes. Apart from the development of Policies and transparency the attractive features of this model would be capacity and trust building while ensuring sustainable solutions that will pull up the local small businesses.

*'''Who needs to act and how'''
We decided that the stakeholders need to be from a micro and macro level to pull Bray Dunes into cross border dialogue while keeping the sensitive ecology and also the economy from being overrun. So the internal stakeholders belong to Bray Dunes while the external stakeholders consist of partners at various levels who would collaborate in a strategic and transparent manner.
The key external partners would be larger education institutions, the Interreg partners and the tourism departments. For example, the educational partners bring learning groups from the outside when we conduct the educational tours in our nature conservation areas that you see in our intervention visualisations. These for example, would be run by the local schools and Bray Dunes tourism office for internal capacity and economy building while taking the expertise of Interreg partners , called DEMO and Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux who share our goal of awareness creation and knowledge sharing through various eco-friendly events like music concerts and local businesses.
Similar partnerships are developed in every intervention area to ensure sensitivity and sustainability at the same time.

*'''Timeline'''

*'''Resources and Assets to build on'''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-01.jpg|''A "biodiverse" Governance Model''
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-02.jpg|''Sustainable Governance: Who acts and How''
File:Timeline of the project.png|''Process model. Timeline of the project.''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cf/c5/d0/cfc5d0880997255e4ee06d908e6c2e74.jpg
* https://www.alltrails.com/de/france/hauts-de-france/bray-dunes
* https://www.alltrails.com/members/anne-molderez/photos
* https://www.cleanpng.com/free/kiss.html
* https://i0.wp.com/www.transparency-one.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UN-SDGs-overview.png?resize=800%2C418&ssl=1
* https://thenounproject.com/
READINGS:
* https://www.interregeurope.eu/biogov/
* https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/conferences/etc2018/plenary_session_2_moray_gilland.pdf
* http://www.mageteaux.eu/fr/projet
* https://demo-europe.eu/fr/page-daccueil/
* https://www.natuurenbos.be/projecten/west-vlaanderen/life-project-flandre/flandre/life-nature-project-flandre-english

= D. Process Reflection =

The outcomes of our study:

→ Positive internal evaluation of our results.

→ The order and process of the sessions and the project phases were coherent to understand the location and develop the strategies.

→ Long distance project requires extra effort and eventual assumptions.

→ Better understanding of coastal landscapes, mainly the potentials they have and possibilities they offer.

→ The connection people have with coastal areas highlight the importance of preserving them.

Limitations we faced:

→ Lack of exact knowledge of the site.

→ Lack of enough sources for a long distance project.

What we have learnt from each other:

→ Task distribution with intermediary talks worked really well.

→ Having different backgrounds results in good discussions.

What we would do differently:

→ The partnerships and governance part would be useful to be explored in an earlier phase.

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2020]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

COLAND Case Study 2020 - Bray-Dunes

2020-04-07T19:50:17Z

Arati.u: /* C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2020|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Hauts-de-France''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bray-Dunes''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''France''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Transboundary area, Coastal landscape, Nature and Heritage preservation, Tourism attraction''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Wasiliki Moreno, Arati Uttur, Raphaela Roming, Ho Ching Leung, Anna Fernanda Volken, Anca Strugariu''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Bray-Dunes.jpg |400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
The first keyword is dynamic, in terms of the protected landform and high biodiversity. In Bray-Dunes right adjacent to the Belgian border there is 250 hectares National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand classified in 1974 to protect the dunes of Flanders. The landform possesses high biodiversity of plant species and is home to many land animal and underwater species.

The second key word is memories, reflecting the historical significance of Bray-Dunes. Bray-Dunes was a significant site during World War II, and it is the site of many casualties during the period of Dunkirk evacuation. The physical ruins such as the wrecked Operation Dynamo ships on the Beach at Zuydcoote shape the sentimental atmosphere and give the place significant historical values.

The third word is recreation. Located at the Opal Coast near Belgian border, the seaside of Bray-Dunes offers a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports like sand yachting and speed sailing, making it a popular holiday spots.

Our hypothesis for Bray-Dunes is that Coastal exploration since 20th century is invading the natural ecology and landscape of the coast, together with the increased chance of flooding brought by climate change. Nature dynamics and cultural memories of Bray-Dunes will be destroyed without legit policies on coastal protection.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 51.099574827611775,2.5787597335926993~case study boundary west; 51.05017698110531,2.5653701461903555~Case study boundary south; 51.064419324157655,2.460313383495043~Case study boundary east}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
The coast of Bray-Dunes is a part of the Dunes de Flandre, a 15-kilometre dune field of fine sandy beach that stretches from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes. Within the long-stretching dune field, the coastal landscape is characterised by the carved sea ridge dunes and mega-parabolic dunes, with intervals of both high and humid dune slacks and low fossil dunes that started to stack up since 3,000 BC.

The sandbanks and dunes are formed by transportation of fine sediment landward by coastal wind and waves, and further on stabilized with vegetation such as native dune grass. This forms primary dunes which situated closer to the coast and significantly affected by waves, salt spray and erosion, and secondary dunes which are located further inland and not often directly exposed to marine influences but more prone to urban intrusion.

Coastal landscape further to the south of Bray-Dunes is characterised by polders, the maritime plains with their network of canals, which are patches of low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments of dikes.

Currently the rapid urbanisation, water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders have resulted in the overgrowth of dune landscape by scrub.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 1.jpg|15-km coast of Dunes de Flandre stretching from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 2.jpg|Sandbanks and primary dunes near the coast
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 3.png|Diagram showing the formation of sand dunes
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
The landuse does not change (almost nil) between 2006 to 2018. To support this is a second landuse map from a second source that shows the change from 1965 (!) to 2014. so the change has been gradual over 50 years.The first map shows main landuse is from urban fabric(red) non arable land (light yellow) ; moors and heathland (light green); tidal flats (light purple).

However, there are several municipal camping areas (marked with red dots) there are many private tourism companies offering bike tours across Dunkirk-BrayDunes-DePanne and there are walking trails in the two natural reserve areas - De la Dune and Marchand. So this indicates that the area is focusing on a lot of tourism related activities. However, there are only two hotels that show up in google maps - and a few airbnbs. In Dunkirk, sand sailing is a dominant sport. I did not find much information about how much it is active in Bray Dunes. Also, there are a few Interreg projects happening here as Bray Dunes is on the border - but the websites are in french. So I have not translated and read them yet.The land south from the railroad that connects Dunkirk , Bray Dunes and De Panne - infact along the whole strip that all case studies are being done - is below sea level and stands the danger of flooding if the sea level rises by 50 cm.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:LANDUSE_01.jpg|''Copernicus maps 2006 to 2018. ''
File:LANDUSE_02.jpg|''Landuse maps 1965 to 2014. ''
File:LANDUSE_03.jpg|''Bike trail between Dunkirk and Bray Dunes “circuit de la dune Marchand” with municipal camping sites (in red). ''
File:LANDUSE_04.jpg|''Bike Trails between De Panne and Bray Dunes - OSM. ''
File:LANDUSE_05.jpg|''“Le Dunes de Flandre” bike trails between Dunkirk, Bray Dunes and De Panne. ''
File:LANDUSE_06.jpg|''Marchand Natural Reserve, Bray Dunes. ''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
The blue infrastructure is first represented by the sea, of course, but in this area there are also the presence of wetlands (they continue after the Belgium border - in De Panne waters) and a canal between communes.

In the green infrastructure the two most common elements are grasslands between the urban area and the international border, and crop fields in the border with the other French commune - Ghyvelde.

Relevant in the area is the National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand, a natural and diverse environment in constant evolution. The reserve is exceptional on an ecological level, however also very fragile: repeated tramplings threaten the species of varied flora, birds and amphibians. (Also a Protected area Natura 2000)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Blue_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''North Sea, a canal following the commune border and wetlands in the sea line''
File:Green_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''Predominance of natural grassland around the urban area and crops near the commune border''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
Environmental partners and scientists can affect in the planning and management of a sustainable coastal landscape, the most affected groups include: community, land owners, marine occupations.

Media, Government-authorities and maritime need to be kept satisfied.

Industry and education require the least effort, while key players are: Regulators, investors, NPOs-NGOs, Tourists and cross border cooperations.
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Stakeholders1.jpg|''Stakeholders of Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===

The site holds onto powerful sacred spaces and heritage. Places and elements, such as the historical features (like cemetery, bunkers, monuments, memorials, ruins), have symbolic meaning and can be found as landmarks along the area. However, maybe the most representative element is the natural one, highlighted by the dunes. The site has two nature reserves: National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand which was classified in 1974 and Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet that has a wild dune massif of 250 hectares protected.

On the other hand, the site, viewed from the European Environment Agency’s perspective, The Natura 2000, consists of a network of protected areas covering valuable and threatened species and habitats - a different kind of heritage, one that involves biodiversity and ecosystems.

Regarding the architecture of Bray-Dunes, the villas of the nineteenth century are noticeable, recalling the flourishing age of the resort. Bray-Dunes was also marked by both World Wars, including the Operation Dynamo between May and June 1940. These kinds of elements, sacred places and heritage, hold important cultural value and meaning for the community, as well as for tourists, encouraging and presenting a piece of history.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map.png|''Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map''
File:(2) One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes.png|''One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes''
File:(3) Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance.png|''Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===

Landscape character is defined as the distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape. It is these patterns that give each locality its 'sense of place', making one landscape different from another. In defining the combinations of components which make each landscape unique, landscape character is a way of thinking about landscape more holistically and objectively, rather than focusing on scenic beauty and subjective responses. Landscapes have evolved over time as a result of both natural and cultural processes.

As mentioned, the site was significant during the World Wars, so many stories and writings are regarding this topic.

We discovered a book, "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer, published in 2012. According to the book, indeed WW1 bunkers were built in the region between Bray-Dunes and De Panne, on both sides of the border. In fact, some remaining bunkers on the French side of the border could actually be Belgian bunkers (or at least built under Belgian command).

Despite the historical features, the site is also well appreciated for its aesthetics, so many painters found their inspiration among the area.

In terms of events and festivities, the city of Bray-Dunes, very attached to its culture, offers a great cultural season throughout the year. Regularly, concerts, shows, plays or tales readings are organized for residents. The municipal library often organizes fun and interesting exhibitions. In September, the city opened a portion of its monuments to the public with the European Heritage Days. From late September to early October it is possible to have fun at the fair with rides, an opportunity to spend some time in a charming carnival.

Sport is no exception to Bray-Dunes with the organization of 6h rosalies on the beach in September and the championship coastal archers in the same period. Regularly, guided tours nature of the different dunes of the city are offered by the Tourist Office Bray-Dunes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Map from the book “Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918” by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer.jpg|''Map from the book "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer''
File:(2) The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan.png|''The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan''
File:(3) “Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre.png|''“Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre''
File:(4) “Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara''
File:(5) “Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of your landscape system analysis and your development targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="400px" perrow="5">
File:DPSIR Bray Dunes.png |''Landscape system analysis - DPSIR Model Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

DRIVERS: The Bray dunes are characterized by their natural and cultural heritage. This makes this place very interesting for tourism and related businesses. Therefore, this sector can be determined as the first driving force. Due to their direct influence by the sea the predicted climate change that causes a sea level rise is the second driving force.

PRESSURES: As a result of the focus and the enlargement of the tourism, the place expects greater use and changes in current uses. Recreation and tourist attractions like sailing in the dunes or bike / walking paths can create future pressures. Due to disturbances in this sensitive natural area and installations for tourists the place can also experience a loss of flora and fauna as well as historical heritage. And also because of the climate change a rise in sea level is expected which can be seen as a huge pressure on the site.

STATE: Currently the Bray dunes can be described as an interesting and really valuable site with a lot of natural and cultural heritage. But Water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders already caused an overgrowth of the dune landscape by scrub.

IMPACTS: Based on the analyzed influencing factors and changes at the location, the following effects can be expected: A loss of biodiversity (flora & fauna) and cultural heritage, Flooding and an extensive tourism related infrastructure.

RESPONSES: Environmental policies have to come into operation so the protected areas can remain in good condition and we can keep the biodiversity and cultural heritage in the future. Therefore, the paths and trails in the area should be predetermined so there is no trampling in the area that could cause further damage. Public awareness has to be raised so people get to know the value of the place which will then hopefully minimize the problem of garbage and waste.

<gallery caption=" " widths="800px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Scenarios.jpg|''Landscape system analysis - Hypothesis''
</gallery>

The extreme scenario represents the climate change forces creating a huge flooding problem. The assumptions for the area indicates that in a sea level rise of 50cm many places, including inhabited settlements, are in risk of flooding. Even though this is only a theoretical simulation, the land is partly under sea level and may need to adapt to climate change, particularly the possible rise in sea level.

The sustainable scenario, shown on the right side, with the new green zone design plans shows the changes after a 20-50 years period. Nothing changes much (as nothing changed much the last 50 years) except from greener areas and more tourism. In the current planning documents, the environment is a very important part.

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

'''National Document: Climate Policy in Hauts-de-France'''

The Hauts-de-France area was characterized by the prominence of heavy industries and an economy based on coal mining, steel production and textile manufacturing. Today only 19% of the population is still working for the industry sector and coal mining was slowly fully replaced by nuclear energy. Currently, nuclear power accounts for 80% of the electricity production in the region but for only 15% of the overall energy consumption, while renewable energy consumption is low compared to the national average (3.7% against 19% in France).

Hauts-de-France intensified its efforts to combat climate change with the adoption of an innovative regional plan bringing together climate, air and energy issues. A 20-year partnership with ADEME (French Environment and Energy Agency) helped the region develop the required expertise and capacity to create and implement impactful projects. With greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita reaching 30% higher levels than the French average and mainly attributed to the industry sector, there is a strong opportunity for Hauts-de-France to develop strategies to reduce emissions.

Climate regional strategy – SRADDT (Stratégie régionale climat) sets an overarching target to divide GHG emissions by 4 by 2050. This strategy is in line with the national commitments embedded in the legislation “Grenelle 2” from 2010. The plan is organized around 4 pillars:

- Improvements of way of life and production methods;

- Continuation of the energy transition;

- Integration of mitigation and adaptation actions in territorial planning; and

- Enhanced governance and participation of local actors.

'''European Document: The European Water Framework and The Marine Strategy Framework Directives'''

The European Water Framework (WFD) and Marine Strategy Framework (MSFD) Directives both require EU Member States to take the necessary measures to achieve a good coastal and oceanic environmental status by 2020.

The aim of the European Union's ambitious Marine Strategy Framework Directive is to protect more effectively the marine environment across Europe. It came into force in June 2008 and was transposed into each member's state national legislation by mid 2010. It is the first EU legislative instrument related to the protection of marine biodiversity and aims to protect the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend.

In France, the Directive was transposed into law in the Environment Code (articles L. 219-9 to L. 219-18 and R. 219-2 to R. 219-17). Through Action Plans for the Marine Environment (PAMM), it is applied to areas of continental Europe under French sovereignty or jurisdiction, subdivided into four marine sub-regions: the English Channel-North Sea, the Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay and the Western Mediterranean Sea.

In addition, in France, IFREMER (a French institute that undertakes research and expert assessments to advance knowledge on the oceans and their resources, monitor the marine environment and foster the sustainable development of maritime activities) is one of the national agencies in charge of implementing such measures.

The Copernicus is a marine environment monitoring service offered by the European Commision, providing products and services for all marine applications with the following benefits:

- Free and sustained information provision;

- Provision of merged satellite information along with in situ information;

- Ready to use, global coverage, expertised ocean colour satellite products.

Francis Gohin from IFREMER has stated that "the Copernicus Marine Service Ocean Colour data are central for the MSFD, as it allows us to improve coherence in eutrophication assessments based on chlorophyll, using satellite-derived chlorophyll provided by CMEMS". In conjunction with the Marine Protected Areas Agency (AAMP), IFREMER takes on the role of scientific and technical coordinator on behalf of the Ministry in charge of the environment on the different aspects of the Directive.

The MFSD pursues three main goals:

- To ensure the protection and the conservation of marine ecosystems and prevent their deterioration. In areas of high deterioration, ecosystem functioning must be restored.

- To prevent and progressively eliminate pollution.

- To contain the pressure of human activities (fishing, use of diverse services, etc.) on the marine environment within levels compatible with the achievement of good environmental status. Ecosystems must have the capacity to react to various natural and human-induced changes while enabling the sustainable use of the marine environment for future generations (e.g. Common Fisheries Policy).

'''International document: Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning'''

The document represents the result of a long process to distil lessons from a wide range of partners and stakeholders as to what provides for effective city-level climate action planning and a set of globally applicable principles.
This publication is really relevant for providing a framework that cities can use, in order to more effectively play their role in reducing gas emissions and building climate resilience, by being more ambitious in their climate action planning.

The driving principles for city climate action planning are that the planning should be:

1. Ambitious; 2. Inclusive; 3. Fair; 4. Comprehensive and integrated; 5. Relevant; 6. Actionable; 7. Evidence based and 8. Transparent.

The document at present stage of "version 1.0" intends to stay open to continuous improvement through knowledge gained from on-going practices. The Guiding Principles are aimed at city-level actors as local stakeholders, governing bodies and experts. Its resilience provides necessary support for locals as well as platforms for collaboration and documentation from active partners.

Apart from addressing the basic requirement of financial support from local government, the crucial role of public participation is given high value in the effective working of the climate action planning. The other main role would be from core stakeholders such as NGOs, experts and active organisations to constitute the actual leadership and working of the planning process.

A general outline for the planning process has been outlined as a process chart that could be used as a guide by cities and then adapted according to the goals that will drive towards the relevant local objectives such as “health, safety, food security, housing, biodiversity, air quality, land use, access to basic urban services, poverty reduction, local economic development and job creation”. The outline also gives guidance on maintaining transparency and continuous evaluation of the process. This would also include the timelines, distribution of responsibilities and maintaining costs.

The climate action plans would direct cities towards stand-alone plans or get integrated into long-term planning processes of the cities.
While the Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning urges cities to adopt the guidelines vigorously, the benefits are already visible from cities who have undertaken these measures for climate change action.

== A.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0615/2.5126&layers=C

BASIC INFORMATION:
* https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Nature/Les-Dunes-de-Flandre-nature-reserve
* https://www.france-voyage.com/tourism/bray-dunes-1146.htm
* https://ch.oui.sncf/fr/article/les-dunes-de-flandre
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_UNITELITTORAL/PAR_TPL_IDENTIFIANT/101/125-les-paysages-fiche.htm
* https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas
* https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9serve_naturelle_nationale_de_la_dune_Marchand#/media/Fichier:P%C3%A9rim%C3%A8tre_RNN_Dune_Marchand_rnn19.png
* http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/dune-marchand
* https://www.google.com/search?q=bray+dunes+camping+municipal&npsic=0&rflfq=1&rlha=0&rllag=51077997,2538343,1019&tbm=lcl&ved=2ahUKEwjp4pWf8trnAhUSilwKHY6bDw0QtgN6BAgLEAQ&tbs=lrf:!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:4&rldoc=1#rldoc=1&rlfi=hd:;si:,51.080248504007805,2.582632035253937;mv:[[51.102674420897195,2.6052913370117494],[51.03093797609536,2.413717240332062],null,[51.066820095899374,2.5095042886719057],13]
* http://sentierdunord.free.fr/Circuit%20de%20la%20dune%20marchand%20zuydcoote.html
* http://escapadenature-sansvoiture.fr/les-escapades-nature-sans-voiture/dunes-flandre
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391365
* http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20014/planning/1006/landscape_character_assessment
* https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=195244

IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/
* https://www.flickr.com/
* https://www.dunkerque-tourisme.fr/
* https://www.artmajeur.com/
* https://www.mutualart.com/
* https://thenounproject.com/
* https://www.cleanpng.com/

READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm
* https://www.msp-platform.eu/practices/french-national-maritime-and-coastline-strategies
* https://www.copernicus.eu/en/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive
* https://www.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2018-11/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive.pdf
* http://msp.ioc-unesco.org/world-applications/europe/france/
* https://wwz.ifremer.fr/en/Public-policy-support/Water-Biodiversity/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.aires-marines.com/International/European-relations/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.dcsmm-d4.fr/la-directive-cadre-strategie-pour-le-milieu-marin-dcsmm?lang=en
* https://www.theclimategroup.org/sites/default/files/etp_partnerprofile_hauts-de-france.pdf

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==

'''Goals'''

→ Have a general overview of both green and blue infrastructure and the relevance of these elements for the identity of the place. Going back to our analysis, we also understood the importance of public awareness to protect natural and cultural heritage and we want to understand better how the green infrastructure relates to the sea and how the character of these elements.

→ Evaluate the accessibility of the commune, focusing on bike and pedestrian paths and how they relate to the natural components. We currently have an overview of bike paths, but want to understand all the accessibility and connectivity of the commune.

→ Visualize the attractiveness of Bray Dunes, the focal interest points, what makes people go there and what could be better. Understanding how tourism can be enhanced clearly seems to be an important goal: however, the scale of the location cannot be forgotten.

'''Themes'''

→ Green / blue infrastructure

→ Accessibility

→ Attractiveness

Having tourism (and related business) as the most significant driving force, we chose these themes considering their relevance to the activity. At the same time, the protection of the green and blue infrastructure, besides necessary to tourism, is also imperative to avoid the extreme scenario.

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:BrayDunes_Green&BlueInfrastructure.jpg| '''Green & Blue Infrastructure:''' ''Bray-Dunes is located in the centre of the natural area of the "Dune flamandes". The municipality borders on the nature reserve: “Nature Reserve de la Dune Marchand” in the west and the “Dune du Perroquet” in the east. Further to the west the dune area "Dune Dewulf" can be found which is also a protected area. The predominant dune landscapes are characterized by their great diversity in flora and fauna. Another nature reserve which is of great value to the region: the “Dune Fossile de Ghyvelde” is located in a three kilometer distance from the coastline. This landscape developed around 5000 years ago by the North Sea on the coastline at the time. The landscape in the surrounding of Bray Dunes is characterized not only by the predominant dunes and the sea coast but also by agricultural use. The fields are clearly marked in light yellow. The following sequence of natural spaces is characteristic of the Dune flamandes: Coastline - dune - agricultural zone - infrastructure (roads and channel) - natural landscape. Forest areas only play a subordinate role in the region and can hardly be found. The two most prominent elements of blue infrastructure in this area are the North Sea which limits the entire west side of the area and the "Canal de Furnes". The coastline along the Dunes flamandes is characterized by a strip of marine wetlands. The "Canal de Furnes" runs parallel to the coastline at a distance of 2-3 kilometers. “Canal de Furnes” is the French name for the section of the Nieuspoort-Dunkirk Canal that runs in France. The Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal connects the Belgian coastal town of Nieuwpoort with the French port of Dunkirk. In addition, smaller rivers and streams such as the "Petit Mardyck" and "Grand Mardyck" run in the study area. Smaller lakes and ponds are also close to the canal, mostly found in the agricultural zone.''
File:Access_transport_map_02.png|'''Accessibility & Transport:''' ''It is interesting to notice that although Bray Dunes lies between two major cities - Dunkirk and De Panne, it stays heavily neglected in terms of ease of accessibility. The train line that connects De Panne to Dunkirk has no train stations in Bray Dunes. To arrive to Bray Dunes via public transport, one would have to take a train till De Panne, and then arrive by bus via highway D60. Highway D601 connects Dunkirk and Veurne and then onward to Nieuwpoort. There are very few public transport buses that actually make a halt in Bray Dunes, unless one takes a bus from any of the private transport companies. Another major observation is the lack of dedicated bike paths. There are major "regional" and "local" bike routes that are a part of bike trails going across Belgium and France while connecting Dunkirk to De Panne, as highlighted in our previous presentation on land use development - however, none of the eco-trails come to make a stop in Bray Dunes. As seen in this map, the bike paths from De Panne stop at the border and/or go around Bray Dunes without entering this area. The positive aspect is that the protected dune areas have a very good network of pedestrian trails that give us a good potential for development and could be expanded to become bike trails.''
File:BrayDunes_map3.jpg|'''Cultural & Natural Attractions:''' ''The unique location of Bray-Dunes on the Opal Coast, bordering France and Belgium, offers the place both cultural and nature attractions. Culturally the place is a significant site for WWII with war monuments, landmarks and ruins along the coastline, stretching from Bray-Dunes all the way to Dunkirk. The geographical location of Bray-Dunes also offer a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports such as sand yachting and speed sailing. In terms of natural attractions, Dunes de Flandres (the long-stretching fine sand beach) is a wonderful creation of nature. Relaxing hikes into the two nature reserves are also options to enjoy the tranquil and picturesque dune landscape. Along the coast there are also villas, seaside resorts, hotels and some cheaper options Airbnb for tourists’ short-term stay. Camping sites are also available. Most attractions and stay options took the advantage of the coastal landscape and are concentrated mostly along coast.''

</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==

Based on previous analysis we had to evaluate the outcomes. In order to characterize the results, to identify the potentials and the risks of the area, we used the SWOT analysis.
With the SWOT method we could explore the internal and the external factors that may influence our work and developed a fuller awareness of the situation.

'''Problems'''

→ The site has two nature reserves, “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland”, with rich fauna and flora, after mapping the green spaces it turned out there is no connection between the natural areas.

→ Accessibility: lack of bike paths, also there is no train station in Bray Dunes (the closest stations are in Dunkirk and De Panne).

'''Potentials'''

→ There is a powerful potential to increase the recreational function.

→ The natural areas could act as educational sites because of the variety of species.

'''Priorities and targets'''

→ Green belt creation in three large areas of Bray-Dunes coasts to connect the fragmented ecological areas between the Nature Reserves.

→ “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland” preservation and management. Inscriptions throughout the nature reserves informing about history, culture and environmental values.

→ Provision and management of better connectivity with educational and recreational features along bicycle and pedestrian paths.

→ Transportation development: train station in the area and more bike paths.

→ Better attractions for young professionals and tourists. Recreational opportunities that will attract visitors from both De Panne and Dunkirk to visit Bray-Dunes, like community gardens.

→ There is a high pressure of urbanization among the area, this could be an opportunity, as well as a risk at the same time - building new housing could develop the area, but it could disturb the nature reserves too.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks f.png|''SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==

'''Readings'''

→ Landscape character assessment (LCA) is defined as the process of identifying and describing variation in character of the landscape. In our process we used LCA documents to identify and explain the unique combination of elements and features that make our site distinctive by mapping and describing character types and areas. Landscape character assessment also shows how the landscape is perceived, experienced and valued by people.

→ Seascape character assessment (SCA) has emerged as a method for assessing, characterising, mapping and describing seascape character. Seascape is defined by Natural England in its position statement on All Landscapes Matter in 2010 as: “An area of sea, coastline and land, as perceived by people, whose character results from the actions and interactions of land with sea, by natural and/or human factors”.

→ Coastal character assessment (CCA) informs and guides coastal and marine planning, and individual development proposals, by informing landscape/seascape and visual impact assessments. As Bray Dunes is a coastal landscape, it was relevant to read about this assessment, it made us realise that the coast itself is complex and represents more than its physical characteristics.

→ Belgium and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 the main challenges identified for Belgium for the implementation of EU environmental policy and law were to:
* improve air quality, in particular nitrogen dioxide levels, by reducing traffic congestion;
* continue to address water pollution coming from urban wastewater and agricultural sources;
* manage the Natura 2000 network towards favourable conservation status for all species and habitats.

→ France and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 identified the following main challenges as regards the implementation of EU environmental policy and law in France:
* improving air quality by taking forward-looking, rapid and effective action to reach EU-based air pollution limit values;
* taking the necessary measures to improve water quality, particularly reducing nitrate pollution;
* effectively protecting biodiversity by enforcing the applicable law to ensure the protection of habitats and species.

→ The Marine Protection assessment from the Environmental Implementation Review for France 2019, gave us insights about which goals have been achieved and what would be the next priority actions:
* Provide information about measures to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES), establish more measures that have a direct impact on pressures.
* Ensure reporting of the different elements under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

→ Finally, the biodiversity protection describes also priority actions in order to improve the challenges in the area:
* Assess the Natura 2000 implementation and management.
* Support sustainable partnerships for biodiversity protection, sustainable development, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
* Protect habitats and species affected by or dependent on agricultural management.

'''Limitations'''

→ The most of the readings seem to be addressed to De Panne (on the Belgian side) and Dunkirk (on the French side), attracting a lot more interest, as they are considered areas with great strategic, economical and social importance. As a result, development plans are directed around Bray-Dunes, leaving a very significant natural ecological area, which contributes widely to the ecological coastal balance in the area, lacking attention and strategic management planning.

→ Urban infrastructure creation may impact negatively the ecology, but will promote the economy and connectivity critically.

== B.5 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
CONTENT - BLUE AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/172/28-dune-du-perroquet-59_nord.htm
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/213/28-dune-fossile-59_nord.htm
* http://www.water-ways.net/d/info/frankreich/nord_aa_canal_de_calais_de_Bergues_de_Furnes_de_bourbourg_de_la_colme.php
CONTENT - ACCESS AND TRANSPORT:
* https://www.google.de/maps/search/bray+dunes+train+station/@51.0541114,2.4680149,12z?hl=en
IMAGE SOURCES - CULTURAL AND NATURAL ATTRACTIONS:
* [https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139%20/ https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139 / ]
* [https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand%20/ https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand /]
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/73290459@N07/25434107707/
DEVELOPMENT PLANS:
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_fr_en.pdf
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_be_en.pdf
* https://www.gov.uk/guidance/landscape-and-seascape-character-assessments
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/691184/landscape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396177/seascape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/Guidance%20Note%20-%20Coastal%20Character%20Assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape/coastal-character-assessment ''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==

Our main goals are:

'''→ PRESERVE NATURE RESERVES'''

'''→ IMPROVE CONNECTIVITY'''

'''→ ENHANCE ATTRACTIVITY'''

We selected 4 goals from the Sustainable Development Goals as related to our Project based on our strategic plan and the targets from previous phase:

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Capture_Goals - 1.PNG |''The goals relate to our main themes: Green/blue infrastructure, Accessibility and Attractiveness. We want to promote partnerships to develop the area economically, but we see the protection of the Nature Reserves as a high important target; therefore making Bray Dunnes a sustainable community is a clear goal.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND_Group_3_Presentation_3_-_Planning_and_Design (1).jpg|''Our project title, the vision and the strategic planning based on the evaluation findings and the whole process.''
</gallery>

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:ConceptBrayDunes.jpg|'''Spatial vision translate:''' '' In an attempt to express visually, our vision for Bray-Dunes, we developed a conceptual representation that includes the most important issues we wanted to address. The first goal includes the ecological fragmentation between the two Nature Reserves the area contains. The plan is to connect those fragmented areas through strategies that support the green belt creation and provide recreational and educational pedestrian and bike paths, enhancing at the same time the area to its trans-boundary extension. Ecological quality preservation for this diverse ecosystem and flood prevention through pumps and floodgates in the blue infrastructure are also suggested, while sustainable models for economic growth in the area are explained in the partnership and governance part extensively. Maybe a very important observation was the fact that the area does not have a train station. The railway though passes through Bray-Dunes and the old station building is used as a media library. Our suggestion is the reopening of the station as a mixed use building, which will attract tourists/young professionals and ease the transportation between De Panne and Dunkirk, two very financially developed cities. Finally new attractions are suggested on the economic growth tendency area, which is extended mostly on the beach. The non-spatial factors that also play an important role in these interventions come from the partnerships that we propose to build in our governance model. These internal and external partnerships would ensure the sensitive conservation of the dunes through awareness programs in various activities, while promoting sustainable local businesses to boost the economy''
File:Base_Map_Transect_Bray_Dunes.png|''Location of the Transects''
File:Transect1 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 1 - Parallel to the Coastline''
File:Transect 2 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 2''
File:Intervention111.jpg|'''1. Intervention:''' ''Transportation improvement through reopening of the old train station.''
File:Intervention222.jpg|'''2. Intervention:''' ''Visualization of the Nature Reserve with the implementation of green belts, bike paths and informative inscriptions.''
File:Intervention333.jpg|'''3. Intervention:''' ''Coast line area, suggestions of beautification and attractiveness increase.''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*'''Governance Model'''
In the search for a new governance model that could lift this small corner of France and also create a cross border dialogue, we found inspiration from on-going Interreg projects.Two of these projects share the same eco-sensitive and education goals as ours and also the project partner locations are as close as Dunkirk and De Panne. From the BIOGOV Interreg Europe (biodiversity in governance) and from The Interreg Annual meeting 2019 from European Commission, new models of governance were discovered, which as you can see, we have consolidated here to work in the case of Bray Dunes. Apart from the development of Policies and transparency the attractive features of this model would be capacity and trust building while ensuring sustainable solutions that will pull up the local small businesses.

*'''Who needs to act and how'''
We decided that the stakeholders need to be from a micro and macro level to pull Bray Dunes into cross border dialogue while keeping the sensitive ecology and also the economy from being overrun. So the internal stakeholders belong to Bray Dunes while the external stakeholders consist of partners at various levels who would collaborate in a strategic and transparent manner.
The key external partners would be larger education institutions, the Interreg partners and the tourism departments. For example, the educational partners bring learning groups from the outside when we conduct the educational tours in our nature conservation areas that you see in our intervention visualisations. These for example, would be run by the local schools and Bray Dunes tourism office for internal capacity and economy building while taking the expertise of Interreg partners , called DEMO and Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux who share our goal of awareness creation and knowledge sharing through various eco-friendly events like music concerts and local businesses.
Similar partnerships are developed in every intervention area to ensure sensitivity and sustainability at the same time.

*'''Timeline'''

*'''Resources and Assets to build on'''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-01.jpg|''A "biodiverse" Governance Model''
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-02.jpg|''Sustainable Governance: Who acts and How''
File:Timeline of the project.png|''Process model. Timeline of the project.''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cf/c5/d0/cfc5d0880997255e4ee06d908e6c2e74.jpg
* https://www.alltrails.com/de/france/hauts-de-france/bray-dunes
* https://www.alltrails.com/members/anne-molderez/photos
* https://www.cleanpng.com/free/kiss.html
* https://i0.wp.com/www.transparency-one.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UN-SDGs-overview.png?resize=800%2C418&ssl=1
* https://thenounproject.com/
READINGS:
* https://www.interregeurope.eu/biogov/
* https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/conferences/etc2018/plenary_session_2_moray_gilland.pdf
* http://www.mageteaux.eu/fr/projet
* https://demo-europe.eu/fr/page-daccueil/
* https://www.natuurenbos.be/projecten/west-vlaanderen/life-project-flandre/flandre/life-nature-project-flandre-english

= D. Process Reflection =

The outcomes of our study:

→ Positive internal evaluation of our results.

→ The order and process of the sessions and the project phases were coherent to understand the location and develop the strategies.

→ Long distance project requires extra effort and eventual assumptions.

→ Better understanding of coastal landscapes, mainly the potentials they have and possibilities they offer.

→ The connection people have with coastal areas highlight the importance of preserving them.

Limitations we faced:

→ Lack of exact knowledge of the site.

→ Lack of enough sources for a long distance project.

What we have learnt from each other:

→ Task distribution with intermediary talks worked really well.

→ Having different backgrounds results in good discussions.

What we would do differently:

→ The partnerships and governance part would be useful to be explored in an earlier phase.

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2020]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

COLAND Case Study 2020 - Bray-Dunes

2020-04-07T19:49:03Z

Arati.u: /* C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2020|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Hauts-de-France''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bray-Dunes''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''France''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Transboundary area, Coastal landscape, Nature and Heritage preservation, Tourism attraction''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Wasiliki Moreno, Arati Uttur, Raphaela Roming, Ho Ching Leung, Anna Fernanda Volken, Anca Strugariu''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Bray-Dunes.jpg |400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
The first keyword is dynamic, in terms of the protected landform and high biodiversity. In Bray-Dunes right adjacent to the Belgian border there is 250 hectares National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand classified in 1974 to protect the dunes of Flanders. The landform possesses high biodiversity of plant species and is home to many land animal and underwater species.

The second key word is memories, reflecting the historical significance of Bray-Dunes. Bray-Dunes was a significant site during World War II, and it is the site of many casualties during the period of Dunkirk evacuation. The physical ruins such as the wrecked Operation Dynamo ships on the Beach at Zuydcoote shape the sentimental atmosphere and give the place significant historical values.

The third word is recreation. Located at the Opal Coast near Belgian border, the seaside of Bray-Dunes offers a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports like sand yachting and speed sailing, making it a popular holiday spots.

Our hypothesis for Bray-Dunes is that Coastal exploration since 20th century is invading the natural ecology and landscape of the coast, together with the increased chance of flooding brought by climate change. Nature dynamics and cultural memories of Bray-Dunes will be destroyed without legit policies on coastal protection.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 51.099574827611775,2.5787597335926993~case study boundary west; 51.05017698110531,2.5653701461903555~Case study boundary south; 51.064419324157655,2.460313383495043~Case study boundary east}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
The coast of Bray-Dunes is a part of the Dunes de Flandre, a 15-kilometre dune field of fine sandy beach that stretches from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes. Within the long-stretching dune field, the coastal landscape is characterised by the carved sea ridge dunes and mega-parabolic dunes, with intervals of both high and humid dune slacks and low fossil dunes that started to stack up since 3,000 BC.

The sandbanks and dunes are formed by transportation of fine sediment landward by coastal wind and waves, and further on stabilized with vegetation such as native dune grass. This forms primary dunes which situated closer to the coast and significantly affected by waves, salt spray and erosion, and secondary dunes which are located further inland and not often directly exposed to marine influences but more prone to urban intrusion.

Coastal landscape further to the south of Bray-Dunes is characterised by polders, the maritime plains with their network of canals, which are patches of low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments of dikes.

Currently the rapid urbanisation, water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders have resulted in the overgrowth of dune landscape by scrub.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 1.jpg|15-km coast of Dunes de Flandre stretching from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 2.jpg|Sandbanks and primary dunes near the coast
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 3.png|Diagram showing the formation of sand dunes
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
The landuse does not change (almost nil) between 2006 to 2018. To support this is a second landuse map from a second source that shows the change from 1965 (!) to 2014. so the change has been gradual over 50 years.The first map shows main landuse is from urban fabric(red) non arable land (light yellow) ; moors and heathland (light green); tidal flats (light purple).

However, there are several municipal camping areas (marked with red dots) there are many private tourism companies offering bike tours across Dunkirk-BrayDunes-DePanne and there are walking trails in the two natural reserve areas - De la Dune and Marchand. So this indicates that the area is focusing on a lot of tourism related activities. However, there are only two hotels that show up in google maps - and a few airbnbs. In Dunkirk, sand sailing is a dominant sport. I did not find much information about how much it is active in Bray Dunes. Also, there are a few Interreg projects happening here as Bray Dunes is on the border - but the websites are in french. So I have not translated and read them yet.The land south from the railroad that connects Dunkirk , Bray Dunes and De Panne - infact along the whole strip that all case studies are being done - is below sea level and stands the danger of flooding if the sea level rises by 50 cm.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:LANDUSE_01.jpg|''Copernicus maps 2006 to 2018. ''
File:LANDUSE_02.jpg|''Landuse maps 1965 to 2014. ''
File:LANDUSE_03.jpg|''Bike trail between Dunkirk and Bray Dunes “circuit de la dune Marchand” with municipal camping sites (in red). ''
File:LANDUSE_04.jpg|''Bike Trails between De Panne and Bray Dunes - OSM. ''
File:LANDUSE_05.jpg|''“Le Dunes de Flandre” bike trails between Dunkirk, Bray Dunes and De Panne. ''
File:LANDUSE_06.jpg|''Marchand Natural Reserve, Bray Dunes. ''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
The blue infrastructure is first represented by the sea, of course, but in this area there are also the presence of wetlands (they continue after the Belgium border - in De Panne waters) and a canal between communes.

In the green infrastructure the two most common elements are grasslands between the urban area and the international border, and crop fields in the border with the other French commune - Ghyvelde.

Relevant in the area is the National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand, a natural and diverse environment in constant evolution. The reserve is exceptional on an ecological level, however also very fragile: repeated tramplings threaten the species of varied flora, birds and amphibians. (Also a Protected area Natura 2000)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Blue_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''North Sea, a canal following the commune border and wetlands in the sea line''
File:Green_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''Predominance of natural grassland around the urban area and crops near the commune border''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
Environmental partners and scientists can affect in the planning and management of a sustainable coastal landscape, the most affected groups include: community, land owners, marine occupations.

Media, Government-authorities and maritime need to be kept satisfied.

Industry and education require the least effort, while key players are: Regulators, investors, NPOs-NGOs, Tourists and cross border cooperations.
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Stakeholders1.jpg|''Stakeholders of Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===

The site holds onto powerful sacred spaces and heritage. Places and elements, such as the historical features (like cemetery, bunkers, monuments, memorials, ruins), have symbolic meaning and can be found as landmarks along the area. However, maybe the most representative element is the natural one, highlighted by the dunes. The site has two nature reserves: National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand which was classified in 1974 and Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet that has a wild dune massif of 250 hectares protected.

On the other hand, the site, viewed from the European Environment Agency’s perspective, The Natura 2000, consists of a network of protected areas covering valuable and threatened species and habitats - a different kind of heritage, one that involves biodiversity and ecosystems.

Regarding the architecture of Bray-Dunes, the villas of the nineteenth century are noticeable, recalling the flourishing age of the resort. Bray-Dunes was also marked by both World Wars, including the Operation Dynamo between May and June 1940. These kinds of elements, sacred places and heritage, hold important cultural value and meaning for the community, as well as for tourists, encouraging and presenting a piece of history.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map.png|''Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map''
File:(2) One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes.png|''One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes''
File:(3) Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance.png|''Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===

Landscape character is defined as the distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape. It is these patterns that give each locality its 'sense of place', making one landscape different from another. In defining the combinations of components which make each landscape unique, landscape character is a way of thinking about landscape more holistically and objectively, rather than focusing on scenic beauty and subjective responses. Landscapes have evolved over time as a result of both natural and cultural processes.

As mentioned, the site was significant during the World Wars, so many stories and writings are regarding this topic.

We discovered a book, "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer, published in 2012. According to the book, indeed WW1 bunkers were built in the region between Bray-Dunes and De Panne, on both sides of the border. In fact, some remaining bunkers on the French side of the border could actually be Belgian bunkers (or at least built under Belgian command).

Despite the historical features, the site is also well appreciated for its aesthetics, so many painters found their inspiration among the area.

In terms of events and festivities, the city of Bray-Dunes, very attached to its culture, offers a great cultural season throughout the year. Regularly, concerts, shows, plays or tales readings are organized for residents. The municipal library often organizes fun and interesting exhibitions. In September, the city opened a portion of its monuments to the public with the European Heritage Days. From late September to early October it is possible to have fun at the fair with rides, an opportunity to spend some time in a charming carnival.

Sport is no exception to Bray-Dunes with the organization of 6h rosalies on the beach in September and the championship coastal archers in the same period. Regularly, guided tours nature of the different dunes of the city are offered by the Tourist Office Bray-Dunes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Map from the book “Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918” by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer.jpg|''Map from the book "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer''
File:(2) The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan.png|''The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan''
File:(3) “Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre.png|''“Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre''
File:(4) “Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara''
File:(5) “Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of your landscape system analysis and your development targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="400px" perrow="5">
File:DPSIR Bray Dunes.png |''Landscape system analysis - DPSIR Model Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

DRIVERS: The Bray dunes are characterized by their natural and cultural heritage. This makes this place very interesting for tourism and related businesses. Therefore, this sector can be determined as the first driving force. Due to their direct influence by the sea the predicted climate change that causes a sea level rise is the second driving force.

PRESSURES: As a result of the focus and the enlargement of the tourism, the place expects greater use and changes in current uses. Recreation and tourist attractions like sailing in the dunes or bike / walking paths can create future pressures. Due to disturbances in this sensitive natural area and installations for tourists the place can also experience a loss of flora and fauna as well as historical heritage. And also because of the climate change a rise in sea level is expected which can be seen as a huge pressure on the site.

STATE: Currently the Bray dunes can be described as an interesting and really valuable site with a lot of natural and cultural heritage. But Water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders already caused an overgrowth of the dune landscape by scrub.

IMPACTS: Based on the analyzed influencing factors and changes at the location, the following effects can be expected: A loss of biodiversity (flora & fauna) and cultural heritage, Flooding and an extensive tourism related infrastructure.

RESPONSES: Environmental policies have to come into operation so the protected areas can remain in good condition and we can keep the biodiversity and cultural heritage in the future. Therefore, the paths and trails in the area should be predetermined so there is no trampling in the area that could cause further damage. Public awareness has to be raised so people get to know the value of the place which will then hopefully minimize the problem of garbage and waste.

<gallery caption=" " widths="800px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Scenarios.jpg|''Landscape system analysis - Hypothesis''
</gallery>

The extreme scenario represents the climate change forces creating a huge flooding problem. The assumptions for the area indicates that in a sea level rise of 50cm many places, including inhabited settlements, are in risk of flooding. Even though this is only a theoretical simulation, the land is partly under sea level and may need to adapt to climate change, particularly the possible rise in sea level.

The sustainable scenario, shown on the right side, with the new green zone design plans shows the changes after a 20-50 years period. Nothing changes much (as nothing changed much the last 50 years) except from greener areas and more tourism. In the current planning documents, the environment is a very important part.

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

'''National Document: Climate Policy in Hauts-de-France'''

The Hauts-de-France area was characterized by the prominence of heavy industries and an economy based on coal mining, steel production and textile manufacturing. Today only 19% of the population is still working for the industry sector and coal mining was slowly fully replaced by nuclear energy. Currently, nuclear power accounts for 80% of the electricity production in the region but for only 15% of the overall energy consumption, while renewable energy consumption is low compared to the national average (3.7% against 19% in France).

Hauts-de-France intensified its efforts to combat climate change with the adoption of an innovative regional plan bringing together climate, air and energy issues. A 20-year partnership with ADEME (French Environment and Energy Agency) helped the region develop the required expertise and capacity to create and implement impactful projects. With greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita reaching 30% higher levels than the French average and mainly attributed to the industry sector, there is a strong opportunity for Hauts-de-France to develop strategies to reduce emissions.

Climate regional strategy – SRADDT (Stratégie régionale climat) sets an overarching target to divide GHG emissions by 4 by 2050. This strategy is in line with the national commitments embedded in the legislation “Grenelle 2” from 2010. The plan is organized around 4 pillars:

- Improvements of way of life and production methods;

- Continuation of the energy transition;

- Integration of mitigation and adaptation actions in territorial planning; and

- Enhanced governance and participation of local actors.

'''European Document: The European Water Framework and The Marine Strategy Framework Directives'''

The European Water Framework (WFD) and Marine Strategy Framework (MSFD) Directives both require EU Member States to take the necessary measures to achieve a good coastal and oceanic environmental status by 2020.

The aim of the European Union's ambitious Marine Strategy Framework Directive is to protect more effectively the marine environment across Europe. It came into force in June 2008 and was transposed into each member's state national legislation by mid 2010. It is the first EU legislative instrument related to the protection of marine biodiversity and aims to protect the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend.

In France, the Directive was transposed into law in the Environment Code (articles L. 219-9 to L. 219-18 and R. 219-2 to R. 219-17). Through Action Plans for the Marine Environment (PAMM), it is applied to areas of continental Europe under French sovereignty or jurisdiction, subdivided into four marine sub-regions: the English Channel-North Sea, the Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay and the Western Mediterranean Sea.

In addition, in France, IFREMER (a French institute that undertakes research and expert assessments to advance knowledge on the oceans and their resources, monitor the marine environment and foster the sustainable development of maritime activities) is one of the national agencies in charge of implementing such measures.

The Copernicus is a marine environment monitoring service offered by the European Commision, providing products and services for all marine applications with the following benefits:

- Free and sustained information provision;

- Provision of merged satellite information along with in situ information;

- Ready to use, global coverage, expertised ocean colour satellite products.

Francis Gohin from IFREMER has stated that "the Copernicus Marine Service Ocean Colour data are central for the MSFD, as it allows us to improve coherence in eutrophication assessments based on chlorophyll, using satellite-derived chlorophyll provided by CMEMS". In conjunction with the Marine Protected Areas Agency (AAMP), IFREMER takes on the role of scientific and technical coordinator on behalf of the Ministry in charge of the environment on the different aspects of the Directive.

The MFSD pursues three main goals:

- To ensure the protection and the conservation of marine ecosystems and prevent their deterioration. In areas of high deterioration, ecosystem functioning must be restored.

- To prevent and progressively eliminate pollution.

- To contain the pressure of human activities (fishing, use of diverse services, etc.) on the marine environment within levels compatible with the achievement of good environmental status. Ecosystems must have the capacity to react to various natural and human-induced changes while enabling the sustainable use of the marine environment for future generations (e.g. Common Fisheries Policy).

'''International document: Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning'''

The document represents the result of a long process to distil lessons from a wide range of partners and stakeholders as to what provides for effective city-level climate action planning and a set of globally applicable principles.
This publication is really relevant for providing a framework that cities can use, in order to more effectively play their role in reducing gas emissions and building climate resilience, by being more ambitious in their climate action planning.

The driving principles for city climate action planning are that the planning should be:

1. Ambitious; 2. Inclusive; 3. Fair; 4. Comprehensive and integrated; 5. Relevant; 6. Actionable; 7. Evidence based and 8. Transparent.

The document at present stage of "version 1.0" intends to stay open to continuous improvement through knowledge gained from on-going practices. The Guiding Principles are aimed at city-level actors as local stakeholders, governing bodies and experts. Its resilience provides necessary support for locals as well as platforms for collaboration and documentation from active partners.

Apart from addressing the basic requirement of financial support from local government, the crucial role of public participation is given high value in the effective working of the climate action planning. The other main role would be from core stakeholders such as NGOs, experts and active organisations to constitute the actual leadership and working of the planning process.

A general outline for the planning process has been outlined as a process chart that could be used as a guide by cities and then adapted according to the goals that will drive towards the relevant local objectives such as “health, safety, food security, housing, biodiversity, air quality, land use, access to basic urban services, poverty reduction, local economic development and job creation”. The outline also gives guidance on maintaining transparency and continuous evaluation of the process. This would also include the timelines, distribution of responsibilities and maintaining costs.

The climate action plans would direct cities towards stand-alone plans or get integrated into long-term planning processes of the cities.
While the Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning urges cities to adopt the guidelines vigorously, the benefits are already visible from cities who have undertaken these measures for climate change action.

== A.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0615/2.5126&layers=C

BASIC INFORMATION:
* https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Nature/Les-Dunes-de-Flandre-nature-reserve
* https://www.france-voyage.com/tourism/bray-dunes-1146.htm
* https://ch.oui.sncf/fr/article/les-dunes-de-flandre
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_UNITELITTORAL/PAR_TPL_IDENTIFIANT/101/125-les-paysages-fiche.htm
* https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas
* https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9serve_naturelle_nationale_de_la_dune_Marchand#/media/Fichier:P%C3%A9rim%C3%A8tre_RNN_Dune_Marchand_rnn19.png
* http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/dune-marchand
* https://www.google.com/search?q=bray+dunes+camping+municipal&npsic=0&rflfq=1&rlha=0&rllag=51077997,2538343,1019&tbm=lcl&ved=2ahUKEwjp4pWf8trnAhUSilwKHY6bDw0QtgN6BAgLEAQ&tbs=lrf:!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:4&rldoc=1#rldoc=1&rlfi=hd:;si:,51.080248504007805,2.582632035253937;mv:[[51.102674420897195,2.6052913370117494],[51.03093797609536,2.413717240332062],null,[51.066820095899374,2.5095042886719057],13]
* http://sentierdunord.free.fr/Circuit%20de%20la%20dune%20marchand%20zuydcoote.html
* http://escapadenature-sansvoiture.fr/les-escapades-nature-sans-voiture/dunes-flandre
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391365
* http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20014/planning/1006/landscape_character_assessment
* https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=195244

IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/
* https://www.flickr.com/
* https://www.dunkerque-tourisme.fr/
* https://www.artmajeur.com/
* https://www.mutualart.com/
* https://thenounproject.com/
* https://www.cleanpng.com/

READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm
* https://www.msp-platform.eu/practices/french-national-maritime-and-coastline-strategies
* https://www.copernicus.eu/en/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive
* https://www.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2018-11/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive.pdf
* http://msp.ioc-unesco.org/world-applications/europe/france/
* https://wwz.ifremer.fr/en/Public-policy-support/Water-Biodiversity/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.aires-marines.com/International/European-relations/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.dcsmm-d4.fr/la-directive-cadre-strategie-pour-le-milieu-marin-dcsmm?lang=en
* https://www.theclimategroup.org/sites/default/files/etp_partnerprofile_hauts-de-france.pdf

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==

'''Goals'''

→ Have a general overview of both green and blue infrastructure and the relevance of these elements for the identity of the place. Going back to our analysis, we also understood the importance of public awareness to protect natural and cultural heritage and we want to understand better how the green infrastructure relates to the sea and how the character of these elements.

→ Evaluate the accessibility of the commune, focusing on bike and pedestrian paths and how they relate to the natural components. We currently have an overview of bike paths, but want to understand all the accessibility and connectivity of the commune.

→ Visualize the attractiveness of Bray Dunes, the focal interest points, what makes people go there and what could be better. Understanding how tourism can be enhanced clearly seems to be an important goal: however, the scale of the location cannot be forgotten.

'''Themes'''

→ Green / blue infrastructure

→ Accessibility

→ Attractiveness

Having tourism (and related business) as the most significant driving force, we chose these themes considering their relevance to the activity. At the same time, the protection of the green and blue infrastructure, besides necessary to tourism, is also imperative to avoid the extreme scenario.

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:BrayDunes_Green&BlueInfrastructure.jpg| '''Green & Blue Infrastructure:''' ''Bray-Dunes is located in the centre of the natural area of the "Dune flamandes". The municipality borders on the nature reserve: “Nature Reserve de la Dune Marchand” in the west and the “Dune du Perroquet” in the east. Further to the west the dune area "Dune Dewulf" can be found which is also a protected area. The predominant dune landscapes are characterized by their great diversity in flora and fauna. Another nature reserve which is of great value to the region: the “Dune Fossile de Ghyvelde” is located in a three kilometer distance from the coastline. This landscape developed around 5000 years ago by the North Sea on the coastline at the time. The landscape in the surrounding of Bray Dunes is characterized not only by the predominant dunes and the sea coast but also by agricultural use. The fields are clearly marked in light yellow. The following sequence of natural spaces is characteristic of the Dune flamandes: Coastline - dune - agricultural zone - infrastructure (roads and channel) - natural landscape. Forest areas only play a subordinate role in the region and can hardly be found. The two most prominent elements of blue infrastructure in this area are the North Sea which limits the entire west side of the area and the "Canal de Furnes". The coastline along the Dunes flamandes is characterized by a strip of marine wetlands. The "Canal de Furnes" runs parallel to the coastline at a distance of 2-3 kilometers. “Canal de Furnes” is the French name for the section of the Nieuspoort-Dunkirk Canal that runs in France. The Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal connects the Belgian coastal town of Nieuwpoort with the French port of Dunkirk. In addition, smaller rivers and streams such as the "Petit Mardyck" and "Grand Mardyck" run in the study area. Smaller lakes and ponds are also close to the canal, mostly found in the agricultural zone.''
File:Access_transport_map_02.png|'''Accessibility & Transport:''' ''It is interesting to notice that although Bray Dunes lies between two major cities - Dunkirk and De Panne, it stays heavily neglected in terms of ease of accessibility. The train line that connects De Panne to Dunkirk has no train stations in Bray Dunes. To arrive to Bray Dunes via public transport, one would have to take a train till De Panne, and then arrive by bus via highway D60. Highway D601 connects Dunkirk and Veurne and then onward to Nieuwpoort. There are very few public transport buses that actually make a halt in Bray Dunes, unless one takes a bus from any of the private transport companies. Another major observation is the lack of dedicated bike paths. There are major "regional" and "local" bike routes that are a part of bike trails going across Belgium and France while connecting Dunkirk to De Panne, as highlighted in our previous presentation on land use development - however, none of the eco-trails come to make a stop in Bray Dunes. As seen in this map, the bike paths from De Panne stop at the border and/or go around Bray Dunes without entering this area. The positive aspect is that the protected dune areas have a very good network of pedestrian trails that give us a good potential for development and could be expanded to become bike trails.''
File:BrayDunes_map3.jpg|'''Cultural & Natural Attractions:''' ''The unique location of Bray-Dunes on the Opal Coast, bordering France and Belgium, offers the place both cultural and nature attractions. Culturally the place is a significant site for WWII with war monuments, landmarks and ruins along the coastline, stretching from Bray-Dunes all the way to Dunkirk. The geographical location of Bray-Dunes also offer a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports such as sand yachting and speed sailing. In terms of natural attractions, Dunes de Flandres (the long-stretching fine sand beach) is a wonderful creation of nature. Relaxing hikes into the two nature reserves are also options to enjoy the tranquil and picturesque dune landscape. Along the coast there are also villas, seaside resorts, hotels and some cheaper options Airbnb for tourists’ short-term stay. Camping sites are also available. Most attractions and stay options took the advantage of the coastal landscape and are concentrated mostly along coast.''

</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==

Based on previous analysis we had to evaluate the outcomes. In order to characterize the results, to identify the potentials and the risks of the area, we used the SWOT analysis.
With the SWOT method we could explore the internal and the external factors that may influence our work and developed a fuller awareness of the situation.

'''Problems'''

→ The site has two nature reserves, “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland”, with rich fauna and flora, after mapping the green spaces it turned out there is no connection between the natural areas.

→ Accessibility: lack of bike paths, also there is no train station in Bray Dunes (the closest stations are in Dunkirk and De Panne).

'''Potentials'''

→ There is a powerful potential to increase the recreational function.

→ The natural areas could act as educational sites because of the variety of species.

'''Priorities and targets'''

→ Green belt creation in three large areas of Bray-Dunes coasts to connect the fragmented ecological areas between the Nature Reserves.

→ “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland” preservation and management. Inscriptions throughout the nature reserves informing about history, culture and environmental values.

→ Provision and management of better connectivity with educational and recreational features along bicycle and pedestrian paths.

→ Transportation development: train station in the area and more bike paths.

→ Better attractions for young professionals and tourists. Recreational opportunities that will attract visitors from both De Panne and Dunkirk to visit Bray-Dunes, like community gardens.

→ There is a high pressure of urbanization among the area, this could be an opportunity, as well as a risk at the same time - building new housing could develop the area, but it could disturb the nature reserves too.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks f.png|''SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==

'''Readings'''

→ Landscape character assessment (LCA) is defined as the process of identifying and describing variation in character of the landscape. In our process we used LCA documents to identify and explain the unique combination of elements and features that make our site distinctive by mapping and describing character types and areas. Landscape character assessment also shows how the landscape is perceived, experienced and valued by people.

→ Seascape character assessment (SCA) has emerged as a method for assessing, characterising, mapping and describing seascape character. Seascape is defined by Natural England in its position statement on All Landscapes Matter in 2010 as: “An area of sea, coastline and land, as perceived by people, whose character results from the actions and interactions of land with sea, by natural and/or human factors”.

→ Coastal character assessment (CCA) informs and guides coastal and marine planning, and individual development proposals, by informing landscape/seascape and visual impact assessments. As Bray Dunes is a coastal landscape, it was relevant to read about this assessment, it made us realise that the coast itself is complex and represents more than its physical characteristics.

→ Belgium and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 the main challenges identified for Belgium for the implementation of EU environmental policy and law were to:
* improve air quality, in particular nitrogen dioxide levels, by reducing traffic congestion;
* continue to address water pollution coming from urban wastewater and agricultural sources;
* manage the Natura 2000 network towards favourable conservation status for all species and habitats.

→ France and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 identified the following main challenges as regards the implementation of EU environmental policy and law in France:
* improving air quality by taking forward-looking, rapid and effective action to reach EU-based air pollution limit values;
* taking the necessary measures to improve water quality, particularly reducing nitrate pollution;
* effectively protecting biodiversity by enforcing the applicable law to ensure the protection of habitats and species.

→ The Marine Protection assessment from the Environmental Implementation Review for France 2019, gave us insights about which goals have been achieved and what would be the next priority actions:
* Provide information about measures to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES), establish more measures that have a direct impact on pressures.
* Ensure reporting of the different elements under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

→ Finally, the biodiversity protection describes also priority actions in order to improve the challenges in the area:
* Assess the Natura 2000 implementation and management.
* Support sustainable partnerships for biodiversity protection, sustainable development, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
* Protect habitats and species affected by or dependent on agricultural management.

'''Limitations'''

→ The most of the readings seem to be addressed to De Panne (on the Belgian side) and Dunkirk (on the French side), attracting a lot more interest, as they are considered areas with great strategic, economical and social importance. As a result, development plans are directed around Bray-Dunes, leaving a very significant natural ecological area, which contributes widely to the ecological coastal balance in the area, lacking attention and strategic management planning.

→ Urban infrastructure creation may impact negatively the ecology, but will promote the economy and connectivity critically.

== B.5 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
CONTENT - BLUE AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/172/28-dune-du-perroquet-59_nord.htm
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/213/28-dune-fossile-59_nord.htm
* http://www.water-ways.net/d/info/frankreich/nord_aa_canal_de_calais_de_Bergues_de_Furnes_de_bourbourg_de_la_colme.php
CONTENT - ACCESS AND TRANSPORT:
* https://www.google.de/maps/search/bray+dunes+train+station/@51.0541114,2.4680149,12z?hl=en
IMAGE SOURCES - CULTURAL AND NATURAL ATTRACTIONS:
* [https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139%20/ https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139 / ]
* [https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand%20/ https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand /]
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/73290459@N07/25434107707/
DEVELOPMENT PLANS:
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_fr_en.pdf
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_be_en.pdf
* https://www.gov.uk/guidance/landscape-and-seascape-character-assessments
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/691184/landscape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396177/seascape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/Guidance%20Note%20-%20Coastal%20Character%20Assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape/coastal-character-assessment ''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==

Our main goals are:

'''→ PRESERVE NATURE RESERVES'''

'''→ IMPROVE CONNECTIVITY'''

'''→ ENHANCE ATTRACTIVITY'''

We selected 4 goals from the Sustainable Development Goals as related to our Project based on our strategic plan and the targets from previous phase:

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Capture_Goals - 1.PNG |''The goals relate to our main themes: Green/blue infrastructure, Accessibility and Attractiveness. We want to promote partnerships to develop the area economically, but we see the protection of the Nature Reserves as a high important target; therefore making Bray Dunnes a sustainable community is a clear goal.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND_Group_3_Presentation_3_-_Planning_and_Design (1).jpg|''Our project title, the vision and the strategic planning based on the evaluation findings and the whole process.''
</gallery>

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:ConceptBrayDunes.jpg|'''Spatial vision translate:''' '' In an attempt to express visually, our vision for Bray-Dunes, we developed a conceptual representation that includes the most important issues we wanted to address. The first goal includes the ecological fragmentation between the two Nature Reserves the area contains. The plan is to connect those fragmented areas through strategies that support the green belt creation and provide recreational and educational pedestrian and bike paths, enhancing at the same time the area to its trans-boundary extension. Ecological quality preservation for this diverse ecosystem and flood prevention through pumps and floodgates in the blue infrastructure are also suggested, while sustainable models for economic growth in the area are explained in the partnership and governance part extensively. Maybe a very important observation was the fact that the area does not have a train station. The railway though passes through Bray-Dunes and the old station building is used as a media library. Our suggestion is the reopening of the station as a mixed use building, which will attract tourists/young professionals and ease the transportation between De Panne and Dunkirk, two very financially developed cities. Finally new attractions are suggested on the economic growth tendency area, which is extended mostly on the beach.
The non-spatial factors that also play an important role in these interventions come from the partnerships that we propose to build in our governance model. These internal and external partnerships would ensure the sensitive conservation of the dunes through awareness programs in various activities, while promoting sustainable local businesses to boost the economy''
File:Base_Map_Transect_Bray_Dunes.png|''Location of the Transects''
File:Transect1 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 1 - Parallel to the Coastline''
File:Transect 2 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 2''
File:Intervention111.jpg|'''1. Intervention:''' ''Transportation improvement through reopening of the old train station.''
File:Intervention222.jpg|'''2. Intervention:''' ''Visualization of the Nature Reserve with the implementation of green belts, bike paths and informative inscriptions.''
File:Intervention333.jpg|'''3. Intervention:''' ''Coast line area, suggestions of beautification and attractiveness increase.''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*'''Governance Model'''
In the search for a new governance model that could lift this small corner of France and also create a cross border dialogue, we found inspiration from on-going Interreg projects.Two of these projects share the same eco-sensitive and education goals as ours and also the project partner locations are as close as Dunkirk and De Panne. From the BIOGOV Interreg Europe (biodiversity in governance) and from The Interreg Annual meeting 2019 from European Commission, new models of governance were discovered, which as you can see, we have consolidated here to work in the case of Bray Dunes. Apart from the development of Policies and transparency the attractive features of this model would be capacity and trust building while ensuring sustainable solutions that will pull up the local small businesses.

*'''Who needs to act and how'''
We decided that the stakeholders need to be from a micro and macro level to pull Bray Dunes into cross border dialogue while keeping the sensitive ecology and also the economy from being overrun. So the internal stakeholders belong to Bray Dunes while the external stakeholders consist of partners at various levels who would collaborate in a strategic and transparent manner.
The key external partners would be larger education institutions, the Interreg partners and the tourism departments. For example, the educational partners bring learning groups from the outside when we conduct the educational tours in our nature conservation areas that you see in our intervention visualisations. These for example, would be run by the local schools and Bray Dunes tourism office for internal capacity and economy building while taking the expertise of Interreg partners , called DEMO and Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux who share our goal of awareness creation and knowledge sharing through various eco-friendly events like music concerts and local businesses.
Similar partnerships are developed in every intervention area to ensure sensitivity and sustainability at the same time.

*'''Timeline'''

*'''Resources and Assets to build on'''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-01.jpg|''A "biodiverse" Governance Model''
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-02.jpg|''Sustainable Governance: Who acts and How''
File:Timeline of the project.png|''Process model. Timeline of the project.''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cf/c5/d0/cfc5d0880997255e4ee06d908e6c2e74.jpg
* https://www.alltrails.com/de/france/hauts-de-france/bray-dunes
* https://www.alltrails.com/members/anne-molderez/photos
* https://www.cleanpng.com/free/kiss.html
* https://i0.wp.com/www.transparency-one.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UN-SDGs-overview.png?resize=800%2C418&ssl=1
* https://thenounproject.com/
READINGS:
* https://www.interregeurope.eu/biogov/
* https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/conferences/etc2018/plenary_session_2_moray_gilland.pdf
* http://www.mageteaux.eu/fr/projet
* https://demo-europe.eu/fr/page-daccueil/
* https://www.natuurenbos.be/projecten/west-vlaanderen/life-project-flandre/flandre/life-nature-project-flandre-english

= D. Process Reflection =

The outcomes of our study:

→ Positive internal evaluation of our results.

→ The order and process of the sessions and the project phases were coherent to understand the location and develop the strategies.

→ Long distance project requires extra effort and eventual assumptions.

→ Better understanding of coastal landscapes, mainly the potentials they have and possibilities they offer.

→ The connection people have with coastal areas highlight the importance of preserving them.

Limitations we faced:

→ Lack of exact knowledge of the site.

→ Lack of enough sources for a long distance project.

What we have learnt from each other:

→ Task distribution with intermediary talks worked really well.

→ Having different backgrounds results in good discussions.

What we would do differently:

→ The partnerships and governance part would be useful to be explored in an earlier phase.

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2020]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

COLAND Case Study 2020 - Bray-Dunes

2020-04-07T19:43:18Z

Arati.u: /* C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2020|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Hauts-de-France''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bray-Dunes''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''France''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Transboundary area, Coastal landscape, Nature and Heritage preservation, Tourism attraction''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Wasiliki Moreno, Arati Uttur, Raphaela Roming, Ho Ching Leung, Anna Fernanda Volken, Anca Strugariu''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Bray-Dunes.jpg |400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
The first keyword is dynamic, in terms of the protected landform and high biodiversity. In Bray-Dunes right adjacent to the Belgian border there is 250 hectares National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand classified in 1974 to protect the dunes of Flanders. The landform possesses high biodiversity of plant species and is home to many land animal and underwater species.

The second key word is memories, reflecting the historical significance of Bray-Dunes. Bray-Dunes was a significant site during World War II, and it is the site of many casualties during the period of Dunkirk evacuation. The physical ruins such as the wrecked Operation Dynamo ships on the Beach at Zuydcoote shape the sentimental atmosphere and give the place significant historical values.

The third word is recreation. Located at the Opal Coast near Belgian border, the seaside of Bray-Dunes offers a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports like sand yachting and speed sailing, making it a popular holiday spots.

Our hypothesis for Bray-Dunes is that Coastal exploration since 20th century is invading the natural ecology and landscape of the coast, together with the increased chance of flooding brought by climate change. Nature dynamics and cultural memories of Bray-Dunes will be destroyed without legit policies on coastal protection.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 51.099574827611775,2.5787597335926993~case study boundary west; 51.05017698110531,2.5653701461903555~Case study boundary south; 51.064419324157655,2.460313383495043~Case study boundary east}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
The coast of Bray-Dunes is a part of the Dunes de Flandre, a 15-kilometre dune field of fine sandy beach that stretches from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes. Within the long-stretching dune field, the coastal landscape is characterised by the carved sea ridge dunes and mega-parabolic dunes, with intervals of both high and humid dune slacks and low fossil dunes that started to stack up since 3,000 BC.

The sandbanks and dunes are formed by transportation of fine sediment landward by coastal wind and waves, and further on stabilized with vegetation such as native dune grass. This forms primary dunes which situated closer to the coast and significantly affected by waves, salt spray and erosion, and secondary dunes which are located further inland and not often directly exposed to marine influences but more prone to urban intrusion.

Coastal landscape further to the south of Bray-Dunes is characterised by polders, the maritime plains with their network of canals, which are patches of low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments of dikes.

Currently the rapid urbanisation, water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders have resulted in the overgrowth of dune landscape by scrub.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 1.jpg|15-km coast of Dunes de Flandre stretching from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 2.jpg|Sandbanks and primary dunes near the coast
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 3.png|Diagram showing the formation of sand dunes
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
The landuse does not change (almost nil) between 2006 to 2018. To support this is a second landuse map from a second source that shows the change from 1965 (!) to 2014. so the change has been gradual over 50 years.The first map shows main landuse is from urban fabric(red) non arable land (light yellow) ; moors and heathland (light green); tidal flats (light purple).

However, there are several municipal camping areas (marked with red dots) there are many private tourism companies offering bike tours across Dunkirk-BrayDunes-DePanne and there are walking trails in the two natural reserve areas - De la Dune and Marchand. So this indicates that the area is focusing on a lot of tourism related activities. However, there are only two hotels that show up in google maps - and a few airbnbs. In Dunkirk, sand sailing is a dominant sport. I did not find much information about how much it is active in Bray Dunes. Also, there are a few Interreg projects happening here as Bray Dunes is on the border - but the websites are in french. So I have not translated and read them yet.The land south from the railroad that connects Dunkirk , Bray Dunes and De Panne - infact along the whole strip that all case studies are being done - is below sea level and stands the danger of flooding if the sea level rises by 50 cm.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:LANDUSE_01.jpg|''Copernicus maps 2006 to 2018. ''
File:LANDUSE_02.jpg|''Landuse maps 1965 to 2014. ''
File:LANDUSE_03.jpg|''Bike trail between Dunkirk and Bray Dunes “circuit de la dune Marchand” with municipal camping sites (in red). ''
File:LANDUSE_04.jpg|''Bike Trails between De Panne and Bray Dunes - OSM. ''
File:LANDUSE_05.jpg|''“Le Dunes de Flandre” bike trails between Dunkirk, Bray Dunes and De Panne. ''
File:LANDUSE_06.jpg|''Marchand Natural Reserve, Bray Dunes. ''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
The blue infrastructure is first represented by the sea, of course, but in this area there are also the presence of wetlands (they continue after the Belgium border - in De Panne waters) and a canal between communes.

In the green infrastructure the two most common elements are grasslands between the urban area and the international border, and crop fields in the border with the other French commune - Ghyvelde.

Relevant in the area is the National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand, a natural and diverse environment in constant evolution. The reserve is exceptional on an ecological level, however also very fragile: repeated tramplings threaten the species of varied flora, birds and amphibians. (Also a Protected area Natura 2000)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Blue_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''North Sea, a canal following the commune border and wetlands in the sea line''
File:Green_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''Predominance of natural grassland around the urban area and crops near the commune border''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
Environmental partners and scientists can affect in the planning and management of a sustainable coastal landscape, the most affected groups include: community, land owners, marine occupations.

Media, Government-authorities and maritime need to be kept satisfied.

Industry and education require the least effort, while key players are: Regulators, investors, NPOs-NGOs, Tourists and cross border cooperations.
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Stakeholders1.jpg|''Stakeholders of Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===

The site holds onto powerful sacred spaces and heritage. Places and elements, such as the historical features (like cemetery, bunkers, monuments, memorials, ruins), have symbolic meaning and can be found as landmarks along the area. However, maybe the most representative element is the natural one, highlighted by the dunes. The site has two nature reserves: National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand which was classified in 1974 and Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet that has a wild dune massif of 250 hectares protected.

On the other hand, the site, viewed from the European Environment Agency’s perspective, The Natura 2000, consists of a network of protected areas covering valuable and threatened species and habitats - a different kind of heritage, one that involves biodiversity and ecosystems.

Regarding the architecture of Bray-Dunes, the villas of the nineteenth century are noticeable, recalling the flourishing age of the resort. Bray-Dunes was also marked by both World Wars, including the Operation Dynamo between May and June 1940. These kinds of elements, sacred places and heritage, hold important cultural value and meaning for the community, as well as for tourists, encouraging and presenting a piece of history.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map.png|''Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map''
File:(2) One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes.png|''One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes''
File:(3) Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance.png|''Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===

Landscape character is defined as the distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape. It is these patterns that give each locality its 'sense of place', making one landscape different from another. In defining the combinations of components which make each landscape unique, landscape character is a way of thinking about landscape more holistically and objectively, rather than focusing on scenic beauty and subjective responses. Landscapes have evolved over time as a result of both natural and cultural processes.

As mentioned, the site was significant during the World Wars, so many stories and writings are regarding this topic.

We discovered a book, "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer, published in 2012. According to the book, indeed WW1 bunkers were built in the region between Bray-Dunes and De Panne, on both sides of the border. In fact, some remaining bunkers on the French side of the border could actually be Belgian bunkers (or at least built under Belgian command).

Despite the historical features, the site is also well appreciated for its aesthetics, so many painters found their inspiration among the area.

In terms of events and festivities, the city of Bray-Dunes, very attached to its culture, offers a great cultural season throughout the year. Regularly, concerts, shows, plays or tales readings are organized for residents. The municipal library often organizes fun and interesting exhibitions. In September, the city opened a portion of its monuments to the public with the European Heritage Days. From late September to early October it is possible to have fun at the fair with rides, an opportunity to spend some time in a charming carnival.

Sport is no exception to Bray-Dunes with the organization of 6h rosalies on the beach in September and the championship coastal archers in the same period. Regularly, guided tours nature of the different dunes of the city are offered by the Tourist Office Bray-Dunes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Map from the book “Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918” by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer.jpg|''Map from the book "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer''
File:(2) The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan.png|''The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan''
File:(3) “Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre.png|''“Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre''
File:(4) “Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara''
File:(5) “Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of your landscape system analysis and your development targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="400px" perrow="5">
File:DPSIR Bray Dunes.png |''Landscape system analysis - DPSIR Model Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

DRIVERS: The Bray dunes are characterized by their natural and cultural heritage. This makes this place very interesting for tourism and related businesses. Therefore, this sector can be determined as the first driving force. Due to their direct influence by the sea the predicted climate change that causes a sea level rise is the second driving force.

PRESSURES: As a result of the focus and the enlargement of the tourism, the place expects greater use and changes in current uses. Recreation and tourist attractions like sailing in the dunes or bike / walking paths can create future pressures. Due to disturbances in this sensitive natural area and installations for tourists the place can also experience a loss of flora and fauna as well as historical heritage. And also because of the climate change a rise in sea level is expected which can be seen as a huge pressure on the site.

STATE: Currently the Bray dunes can be described as an interesting and really valuable site with a lot of natural and cultural heritage. But Water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders already caused an overgrowth of the dune landscape by scrub.

IMPACTS: Based on the analyzed influencing factors and changes at the location, the following effects can be expected: A loss of biodiversity (flora & fauna) and cultural heritage, Flooding and an extensive tourism related infrastructure.

RESPONSES: Environmental policies have to come into operation so the protected areas can remain in good condition and we can keep the biodiversity and cultural heritage in the future. Therefore, the paths and trails in the area should be predetermined so there is no trampling in the area that could cause further damage. Public awareness has to be raised so people get to know the value of the place which will then hopefully minimize the problem of garbage and waste.

<gallery caption=" " widths="800px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Scenarios.jpg|''Landscape system analysis - Hypothesis''
</gallery>

The extreme scenario represents the climate change forces creating a huge flooding problem. The assumptions for the area indicates that in a sea level rise of 50cm many places, including inhabited settlements, are in risk of flooding. Even though this is only a theoretical simulation, the land is partly under sea level and may need to adapt to climate change, particularly the possible rise in sea level.

The sustainable scenario, shown on the right side, with the new green zone design plans shows the changes after a 20-50 years period. Nothing changes much (as nothing changed much the last 50 years) except from greener areas and more tourism. In the current planning documents, the environment is a very important part.

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

'''National Document: Climate Policy in Hauts-de-France'''

The Hauts-de-France area was characterized by the prominence of heavy industries and an economy based on coal mining, steel production and textile manufacturing. Today only 19% of the population is still working for the industry sector and coal mining was slowly fully replaced by nuclear energy. Currently, nuclear power accounts for 80% of the electricity production in the region but for only 15% of the overall energy consumption, while renewable energy consumption is low compared to the national average (3.7% against 19% in France).

Hauts-de-France intensified its efforts to combat climate change with the adoption of an innovative regional plan bringing together climate, air and energy issues. A 20-year partnership with ADEME (French Environment and Energy Agency) helped the region develop the required expertise and capacity to create and implement impactful projects. With greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita reaching 30% higher levels than the French average and mainly attributed to the industry sector, there is a strong opportunity for Hauts-de-France to develop strategies to reduce emissions.

Climate regional strategy – SRADDT (Stratégie régionale climat) sets an overarching target to divide GHG emissions by 4 by 2050. This strategy is in line with the national commitments embedded in the legislation “Grenelle 2” from 2010. The plan is organized around 4 pillars:

- Improvements of way of life and production methods;

- Continuation of the energy transition;

- Integration of mitigation and adaptation actions in territorial planning; and

- Enhanced governance and participation of local actors.

'''European Document: The European Water Framework and The Marine Strategy Framework Directives'''

The European Water Framework (WFD) and Marine Strategy Framework (MSFD) Directives both require EU Member States to take the necessary measures to achieve a good coastal and oceanic environmental status by 2020.

The aim of the European Union's ambitious Marine Strategy Framework Directive is to protect more effectively the marine environment across Europe. It came into force in June 2008 and was transposed into each member's state national legislation by mid 2010. It is the first EU legislative instrument related to the protection of marine biodiversity and aims to protect the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend.

In France, the Directive was transposed into law in the Environment Code (articles L. 219-9 to L. 219-18 and R. 219-2 to R. 219-17). Through Action Plans for the Marine Environment (PAMM), it is applied to areas of continental Europe under French sovereignty or jurisdiction, subdivided into four marine sub-regions: the English Channel-North Sea, the Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay and the Western Mediterranean Sea.

In addition, in France, IFREMER (a French institute that undertakes research and expert assessments to advance knowledge on the oceans and their resources, monitor the marine environment and foster the sustainable development of maritime activities) is one of the national agencies in charge of implementing such measures.

The Copernicus is a marine environment monitoring service offered by the European Commision, providing products and services for all marine applications with the following benefits:

- Free and sustained information provision;

- Provision of merged satellite information along with in situ information;

- Ready to use, global coverage, expertised ocean colour satellite products.

Francis Gohin from IFREMER has stated that "the Copernicus Marine Service Ocean Colour data are central for the MSFD, as it allows us to improve coherence in eutrophication assessments based on chlorophyll, using satellite-derived chlorophyll provided by CMEMS". In conjunction with the Marine Protected Areas Agency (AAMP), IFREMER takes on the role of scientific and technical coordinator on behalf of the Ministry in charge of the environment on the different aspects of the Directive.

The MFSD pursues three main goals:

- To ensure the protection and the conservation of marine ecosystems and prevent their deterioration. In areas of high deterioration, ecosystem functioning must be restored.

- To prevent and progressively eliminate pollution.

- To contain the pressure of human activities (fishing, use of diverse services, etc.) on the marine environment within levels compatible with the achievement of good environmental status. Ecosystems must have the capacity to react to various natural and human-induced changes while enabling the sustainable use of the marine environment for future generations (e.g. Common Fisheries Policy).

'''International document: Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning'''

The document represents the result of a long process to distil lessons from a wide range of partners and stakeholders as to what provides for effective city-level climate action planning and a set of globally applicable principles.
This publication is really relevant for providing a framework that cities can use, in order to more effectively play their role in reducing gas emissions and building climate resilience, by being more ambitious in their climate action planning.

The driving principles for city climate action planning are that the planning should be:

1. Ambitious; 2. Inclusive; 3. Fair; 4. Comprehensive and integrated; 5. Relevant; 6. Actionable; 7. Evidence based and 8. Transparent.

The document at present stage of "version 1.0" intends to stay open to continuous improvement through knowledge gained from on-going practices. The Guiding Principles are aimed at city-level actors as local stakeholders, governing bodies and experts. Its resilience provides necessary support for locals as well as platforms for collaboration and documentation from active partners.

Apart from addressing the basic requirement of financial support from local government, the crucial role of public participation is given high value in the effective working of the climate action planning. The other main role would be from core stakeholders such as NGOs, experts and active organisations to constitute the actual leadership and working of the planning process.

A general outline for the planning process has been outlined as a process chart that could be used as a guide by cities and then adapted according to the goals that will drive towards the relevant local objectives such as “health, safety, food security, housing, biodiversity, air quality, land use, access to basic urban services, poverty reduction, local economic development and job creation”. The outline also gives guidance on maintaining transparency and continuous evaluation of the process. This would also include the timelines, distribution of responsibilities and maintaining costs.

The climate action plans would direct cities towards stand-alone plans or get integrated into long-term planning processes of the cities.
While the Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning urges cities to adopt the guidelines vigorously, the benefits are already visible from cities who have undertaken these measures for climate change action.

== A.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0615/2.5126&layers=C

BASIC INFORMATION:
* https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Nature/Les-Dunes-de-Flandre-nature-reserve
* https://www.france-voyage.com/tourism/bray-dunes-1146.htm
* https://ch.oui.sncf/fr/article/les-dunes-de-flandre
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_UNITELITTORAL/PAR_TPL_IDENTIFIANT/101/125-les-paysages-fiche.htm
* https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas
* https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9serve_naturelle_nationale_de_la_dune_Marchand#/media/Fichier:P%C3%A9rim%C3%A8tre_RNN_Dune_Marchand_rnn19.png
* http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/dune-marchand
* https://www.google.com/search?q=bray+dunes+camping+municipal&npsic=0&rflfq=1&rlha=0&rllag=51077997,2538343,1019&tbm=lcl&ved=2ahUKEwjp4pWf8trnAhUSilwKHY6bDw0QtgN6BAgLEAQ&tbs=lrf:!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:4&rldoc=1#rldoc=1&rlfi=hd:;si:,51.080248504007805,2.582632035253937;mv:[[51.102674420897195,2.6052913370117494],[51.03093797609536,2.413717240332062],null,[51.066820095899374,2.5095042886719057],13]
* http://sentierdunord.free.fr/Circuit%20de%20la%20dune%20marchand%20zuydcoote.html
* http://escapadenature-sansvoiture.fr/les-escapades-nature-sans-voiture/dunes-flandre
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391365
* http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20014/planning/1006/landscape_character_assessment
* https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=195244

IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/
* https://www.flickr.com/
* https://www.dunkerque-tourisme.fr/
* https://www.artmajeur.com/
* https://www.mutualart.com/
* https://thenounproject.com/
* https://www.cleanpng.com/

READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm
* https://www.msp-platform.eu/practices/french-national-maritime-and-coastline-strategies
* https://www.copernicus.eu/en/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive
* https://www.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2018-11/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive.pdf
* http://msp.ioc-unesco.org/world-applications/europe/france/
* https://wwz.ifremer.fr/en/Public-policy-support/Water-Biodiversity/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.aires-marines.com/International/European-relations/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive
* http://www.dcsmm-d4.fr/la-directive-cadre-strategie-pour-le-milieu-marin-dcsmm?lang=en
* https://www.theclimategroup.org/sites/default/files/etp_partnerprofile_hauts-de-france.pdf

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==

'''Goals'''

→ Have a general overview of both green and blue infrastructure and the relevance of these elements for the identity of the place. Going back to our analysis, we also understood the importance of public awareness to protect natural and cultural heritage and we want to understand better how the green infrastructure relates to the sea and how the character of these elements.

→ Evaluate the accessibility of the commune, focusing on bike and pedestrian paths and how they relate to the natural components. We currently have an overview of bike paths, but want to understand all the accessibility and connectivity of the commune.

→ Visualize the attractiveness of Bray Dunes, the focal interest points, what makes people go there and what could be better. Understanding how tourism can be enhanced clearly seems to be an important goal: however, the scale of the location cannot be forgotten.

'''Themes'''

→ Green / blue infrastructure

→ Accessibility

→ Attractiveness

Having tourism (and related business) as the most significant driving force, we chose these themes considering their relevance to the activity. At the same time, the protection of the green and blue infrastructure, besides necessary to tourism, is also imperative to avoid the extreme scenario.

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:BrayDunes_Green&BlueInfrastructure.jpg| '''Green & Blue Infrastructure:''' ''Bray-Dunes is located in the centre of the natural area of the "Dune flamandes". The municipality borders on the nature reserve: “Nature Reserve de la Dune Marchand” in the west and the “Dune du Perroquet” in the east. Further to the west the dune area "Dune Dewulf" can be found which is also a protected area. The predominant dune landscapes are characterized by their great diversity in flora and fauna. Another nature reserve which is of great value to the region: the “Dune Fossile de Ghyvelde” is located in a three kilometer distance from the coastline. This landscape developed around 5000 years ago by the North Sea on the coastline at the time. The landscape in the surrounding of Bray Dunes is characterized not only by the predominant dunes and the sea coast but also by agricultural use. The fields are clearly marked in light yellow. The following sequence of natural spaces is characteristic of the Dune flamandes: Coastline - dune - agricultural zone - infrastructure (roads and channel) - natural landscape. Forest areas only play a subordinate role in the region and can hardly be found. The two most prominent elements of blue infrastructure in this area are the North Sea which limits the entire west side of the area and the "Canal de Furnes". The coastline along the Dunes flamandes is characterized by a strip of marine wetlands. The "Canal de Furnes" runs parallel to the coastline at a distance of 2-3 kilometers. “Canal de Furnes” is the French name for the section of the Nieuspoort-Dunkirk Canal that runs in France. The Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal connects the Belgian coastal town of Nieuwpoort with the French port of Dunkirk. In addition, smaller rivers and streams such as the "Petit Mardyck" and "Grand Mardyck" run in the study area. Smaller lakes and ponds are also close to the canal, mostly found in the agricultural zone.''
File:Access_transport_map_02.png|'''Accessibility & Transport:''' ''It is interesting to notice that although Bray Dunes lies between two major cities - Dunkirk and De Panne, it stays heavily neglected in terms of ease of accessibility. The train line that connects De Panne to Dunkirk has no train stations in Bray Dunes. To arrive to Bray Dunes via public transport, one would have to take a train till De Panne, and then arrive by bus via highway D60. Highway D601 connects Dunkirk and Veurne and then onward to Nieuwpoort. There are very few public transport buses that actually make a halt in Bray Dunes, unless one takes a bus from any of the private transport companies. Another major observation is the lack of dedicated bike paths. There are major "regional" and "local" bike routes that are a part of bike trails going across Belgium and France while connecting Dunkirk to De Panne, as highlighted in our previous presentation on land use development - however, none of the eco-trails come to make a stop in Bray Dunes. As seen in this map, the bike paths from De Panne stop at the border and/or go around Bray Dunes without entering this area. The positive aspect is that the protected dune areas have a very good network of pedestrian trails that give us a good potential for development and could be expanded to become bike trails.''
File:BrayDunes_map3.jpg|'''Cultural & Natural Attractions:''' ''The unique location of Bray-Dunes on the Opal Coast, bordering France and Belgium, offers the place both cultural and nature attractions. Culturally the place is a significant site for WWII with war monuments, landmarks and ruins along the coastline, stretching from Bray-Dunes all the way to Dunkirk. The geographical location of Bray-Dunes also offer a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports such as sand yachting and speed sailing. In terms of natural attractions, Dunes de Flandres (the long-stretching fine sand beach) is a wonderful creation of nature. Relaxing hikes into the two nature reserves are also options to enjoy the tranquil and picturesque dune landscape. Along the coast there are also villas, seaside resorts, hotels and some cheaper options Airbnb for tourists’ short-term stay. Camping sites are also available. Most attractions and stay options took the advantage of the coastal landscape and are concentrated mostly along coast.''

</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==

Based on previous analysis we had to evaluate the outcomes. In order to characterize the results, to identify the potentials and the risks of the area, we used the SWOT analysis.
With the SWOT method we could explore the internal and the external factors that may influence our work and developed a fuller awareness of the situation.

'''Problems'''

→ The site has two nature reserves, “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland”, with rich fauna and flora, after mapping the green spaces it turned out there is no connection between the natural areas.

→ Accessibility: lack of bike paths, also there is no train station in Bray Dunes (the closest stations are in Dunkirk and De Panne).

'''Potentials'''

→ There is a powerful potential to increase the recreational function.

→ The natural areas could act as educational sites because of the variety of species.

'''Priorities and targets'''

→ Green belt creation in three large areas of Bray-Dunes coasts to connect the fragmented ecological areas between the Nature Reserves.

→ “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland” preservation and management. Inscriptions throughout the nature reserves informing about history, culture and environmental values.

→ Provision and management of better connectivity with educational and recreational features along bicycle and pedestrian paths.

→ Transportation development: train station in the area and more bike paths.

→ Better attractions for young professionals and tourists. Recreational opportunities that will attract visitors from both De Panne and Dunkirk to visit Bray-Dunes, like community gardens.

→ There is a high pressure of urbanization among the area, this could be an opportunity, as well as a risk at the same time - building new housing could develop the area, but it could disturb the nature reserves too.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks f.png|''SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==

'''Readings'''

→ Landscape character assessment (LCA) is defined as the process of identifying and describing variation in character of the landscape. In our process we used LCA documents to identify and explain the unique combination of elements and features that make our site distinctive by mapping and describing character types and areas. Landscape character assessment also shows how the landscape is perceived, experienced and valued by people.

→ Seascape character assessment (SCA) has emerged as a method for assessing, characterising, mapping and describing seascape character. Seascape is defined by Natural England in its position statement on All Landscapes Matter in 2010 as: “An area of sea, coastline and land, as perceived by people, whose character results from the actions and interactions of land with sea, by natural and/or human factors”.

→ Coastal character assessment (CCA) informs and guides coastal and marine planning, and individual development proposals, by informing landscape/seascape and visual impact assessments. As Bray Dunes is a coastal landscape, it was relevant to read about this assessment, it made us realise that the coast itself is complex and represents more than its physical characteristics.

→ Belgium and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 the main challenges identified for Belgium for the implementation of EU environmental policy and law were to:
* improve air quality, in particular nitrogen dioxide levels, by reducing traffic congestion;
* continue to address water pollution coming from urban wastewater and agricultural sources;
* manage the Natura 2000 network towards favourable conservation status for all species and habitats.

→ France and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 identified the following main challenges as regards the implementation of EU environmental policy and law in France:
* improving air quality by taking forward-looking, rapid and effective action to reach EU-based air pollution limit values;
* taking the necessary measures to improve water quality, particularly reducing nitrate pollution;
* effectively protecting biodiversity by enforcing the applicable law to ensure the protection of habitats and species.

→ The Marine Protection assessment from the Environmental Implementation Review for France 2019, gave us insights about which goals have been achieved and what would be the next priority actions:
* Provide information about measures to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES), establish more measures that have a direct impact on pressures.
* Ensure reporting of the different elements under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

→ Finally, the biodiversity protection describes also priority actions in order to improve the challenges in the area:
* Assess the Natura 2000 implementation and management.
* Support sustainable partnerships for biodiversity protection, sustainable development, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
* Protect habitats and species affected by or dependent on agricultural management.

'''Limitations'''

→ The most of the readings seem to be addressed to De Panne (on the Belgian side) and Dunkirk (on the French side), attracting a lot more interest, as they are considered areas with great strategic, economical and social importance. As a result, development plans are directed around Bray-Dunes, leaving a very significant natural ecological area, which contributes widely to the ecological coastal balance in the area, lacking attention and strategic management planning.

→ Urban infrastructure creation may impact negatively the ecology, but will promote the economy and connectivity critically.

== B.5 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
CONTENT - BLUE AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/172/28-dune-du-perroquet-59_nord.htm
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/213/28-dune-fossile-59_nord.htm
* http://www.water-ways.net/d/info/frankreich/nord_aa_canal_de_calais_de_Bergues_de_Furnes_de_bourbourg_de_la_colme.php
CONTENT - ACCESS AND TRANSPORT:
* https://www.google.de/maps/search/bray+dunes+train+station/@51.0541114,2.4680149,12z?hl=en
IMAGE SOURCES - CULTURAL AND NATURAL ATTRACTIONS:
* [https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139%20/ https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139 / ]
* [https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand%20/ https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand /]
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/73290459@N07/25434107707/
DEVELOPMENT PLANS:
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_fr_en.pdf
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_be_en.pdf
* https://www.gov.uk/guidance/landscape-and-seascape-character-assessments
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/691184/landscape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396177/seascape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/Guidance%20Note%20-%20Coastal%20Character%20Assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape/coastal-character-assessment ''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==

Our main goals are:

'''→ PRESERVE NATURE RESERVES'''

'''→ IMPROVE CONNECTIVITY'''

'''→ ENHANCE ATTRACTIVITY'''

We selected 4 goals from the Sustainable Development Goals as related to our Project based on our strategic plan and the targets from previous phase:

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Capture_Goals - 1.PNG |''The goals relate to our main themes: Green/blue infrastructure, Accessibility and Attractiveness. We want to promote partnerships to develop the area economically, but we see the protection of the Nature Reserves as a high important target; therefore making Bray Dunnes a sustainable community is a clear goal.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND_Group_3_Presentation_3_-_Planning_and_Design (1).jpg|''Our project title, the vision and the strategic planning based on the evaluation findings and the whole process.''
</gallery>

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:ConceptBrayDunes.jpg|'''Spatial vision translate:''' '' In an attempt to express visually, our vision for Bray-Dunes, we developed a conceptual representation that includes the most important issues we wanted to address. The first goal includes the ecological fragmentation between the two Nature Reserves the area contains. The plan is to connect those fragmented areas through strategies that support the green belt creation and provide recreational and educational pedestrian and bike paths, enhancing at the same time the area to its trans-boundary extension. Ecological quality preservation for this diverse ecosystem and flood prevention through pumps and floodgates in the blue infrastructure are also suggested, while sustainable models for economic growth in the area are explained in the partnership and governance part extensively. Maybe a very important observation was the fact that the area does not have a train station. The railway though passes through Bray-Dunes and the old station building is used as a media library. Our suggestion is the reopening of the station as a mixed use building, which will attract tourists/young professionals and ease the transportation between De Panne and Dunkirk, two very financially developed cities. Finally new attractions are suggested on the economic growth tendency area, which is extended mostly on the beach.''
File:Base_Map_Transect_Bray_Dunes.png|''Location of the Transects''
File:Transect1 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 1 - Parallel to the Coastline''
File:Transect 2 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 2''
File:Intervention111.jpg|'''1. Intervention:''' ''Transportation improvement through reopening of the old train station.''
File:Intervention222.jpg|'''2. Intervention:''' ''Visualization of the Nature Reserve with the implementation of green belts, bike paths and informative inscriptions.''
File:Intervention333.jpg|'''3. Intervention:''' ''Coast line area, suggestions of beautification and attractiveness increase.''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*'''Governance Model'''
In the search for a new governance model that could lift this small corner of France and also create a cross border dialogue, we found inspiration from on-going Interreg projects.Two of these projects share the same eco-sensitive and education goals as ours and also the project partner locations are as close as Dunkirk and De Panne. From the BIOGOV Interreg Europe (biodiversity in governance) and from The Interreg Annual meeting 2019 from European Commission, new models of governance were discovered, which as you can see, we have consolidated here to work in the case of Bray Dunes. Apart from the development of Policies and transparency the attractive features of this model would be capacity and trust building while ensuring sustainable solutions that will pull up the local small businesses.

*'''Who needs to act and how'''
We decided that the stakeholders need to be from a micro and macro level to pull Bray Dunes into cross border dialogue while keeping the sensitive ecology and also the economy from being overrun. So the internal stakeholders belong to Bray Dunes while the external stakeholders consist of partners at various levels who would collaborate in a strategic and transparent manner.
The key external partners would be larger education institutions, the Interreg partners and the tourism departments. For example, the educational partners bring learning groups from the outside when we conduct the educational tours in our nature conservation areas that you see in our intervention visualisations. These for example, would be run by the local schools and Bray Dunes tourism office for internal capacity and economy building while taking the expertise of Interreg partners , called DEMO and Flandria Rhei - Mageteaux who share our goal of awareness creation and knowledge sharing through various eco-friendly events like music concerts and local businesses.
Similar partnerships are developed in every intervention area to ensure sensitivity and sustainability at the same time.

*'''Timeline'''

*'''Resources and Assets to build on'''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-01.jpg|''A "biodiverse" Governance Model''
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-02.jpg|''Sustainable Governance: Who acts and How''
File:Timeline of the project.png|''Process model. Timeline of the project.''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cf/c5/d0/cfc5d0880997255e4ee06d908e6c2e74.jpg
* https://www.alltrails.com/de/france/hauts-de-france/bray-dunes
* https://www.alltrails.com/members/anne-molderez/photos
* https://www.cleanpng.com/free/kiss.html
* https://i0.wp.com/www.transparency-one.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UN-SDGs-overview.png?resize=800%2C418&ssl=1
* https://thenounproject.com/
READINGS:
* https://www.interregeurope.eu/biogov/
* https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/conferences/etc2018/plenary_session_2_moray_gilland.pdf
* http://www.mageteaux.eu/fr/projet
* https://demo-europe.eu/fr/page-daccueil/
* https://www.natuurenbos.be/projecten/west-vlaanderen/life-project-flandre/flandre/life-nature-project-flandre-english

= D. Process Reflection =

The outcomes of our study:

→ Positive internal evaluation of our results.

→ The order and process of the sessions and the project phases were coherent to understand the location and develop the strategies.

→ Long distance project requires extra effort and eventual assumptions.

→ Better understanding of coastal landscapes, mainly the potentials they have and possibilities they offer.

→ The connection people have with coastal areas highlight the importance of preserving them.

Limitations we faced:

→ Lack of exact knowledge of the site.

→ Lack of enough sources for a long distance project.

What we have learnt from each other:

→ Task distribution with intermediary talks worked really well.

→ Having different backgrounds results in good discussions.

What we would do differently:

→ The partnerships and governance part would be useful to be explored in an earlier phase.

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2020]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-02.jpg

2020-04-07T17:59:18Z

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File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-01.jpg

2020-04-07T17:58:45Z

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COLAND Case Study 2020 - Bray-Dunes

2020-04-07T17:50:49Z

Arati.u: /* C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2020|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Hauts-de-France''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bray-Dunes''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''France''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Transboundary area, Coastal landscape, Nature and Heritage preservation, Tourism attraction''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Wasiliki Moreno, Arati Uttur, Raphaela Roming, Ho Ching Leung, Anna Fernanda Volken, Anca Strugariu''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Bray-Dunes.jpg |400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
The first keyword is dynamic, in terms of the protected landform and high biodiversity. In Bray-Dunes right adjacent to the Belgian border there is 250 hectares National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand classified in 1974 to protect the dunes of Flanders. The landform possesses high biodiversity of plant species and is home to many land animal and underwater species.

The second key word is memories, reflecting the historical significance of Bray-Dunes. Bray-Dunes was a significant site during World War II, and it is the site of many casualties during the period of Dunkirk evacuation. The physical ruins such as the wrecked Operation Dynamo ships on the Beach at Zuydcoote shape the sentimental atmosphere and give the place significant historical values.

The third word is recreation. Located at the Opal Coast near Belgian border, the seaside of Bray-Dunes offers a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports like sand yachting and speed sailing, making it a popular holiday spots.

Our hypothesis for Bray-Dunes is that Coastal exploration since 20th century is invading the natural ecology and landscape of the coast, together with the increased chance of flooding brought by climate change. Nature dynamics and cultural memories of Bray-Dunes will be destroyed without legit policies on coastal protection.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 51.099574827611775,2.5787597335926993~case study boundary west; 51.05017698110531,2.5653701461903555~Case study boundary south; 51.064419324157655,2.460313383495043~Case study boundary east}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
The coast of Bray-Dunes is a part of the Dunes de Flandre, a 15-kilometre dune field of fine sandy beach that stretches from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes. Within the long-stretching dune field, the coastal landscape is characterised by the carved sea ridge dunes and mega-parabolic dunes, with intervals of both high and humid dune slacks and low fossil dunes that started to stack up since 3,000 BC.

The sandbanks and dunes are formed by transportation of fine sediment landward by coastal wind and waves, and further on stabilized with vegetation such as native dune grass. This forms primary dunes which situated closer to the coast and significantly affected by waves, salt spray and erosion, and secondary dunes which are located further inland and not often directly exposed to marine influences but more prone to urban intrusion.

Coastal landscape further to the south of Bray-Dunes is characterised by polders, the maritime plains with their network of canals, which are patches of low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments of dikes.

Currently the rapid urbanisation, water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders have resulted in the overgrowth of dune landscape by scrub.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 1.jpg|15-km coast of Dunes de Flandre stretching from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 2.jpg|Sandbanks and primary dunes near the coast
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 3.png|Diagram showing the formation of sand dunes
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
The landuse does not change (almost nil) between 2006 to 2018. To support this is a second landuse map from a second source that shows the change from 1965 (!) to 2014. so the change has been gradual over 50 years.The first map shows main landuse is from urban fabric(red) non arable land (light yellow) ; moors and heathland (light green); tidal flats (light purple).

However, there are several municipal camping areas (marked with red dots) there are many private tourism companies offering bike tours across Dunkirk-BrayDunes-DePanne and there are walking trails in the two natural reserve areas - De la Dune and Marchand. So this indicates that the area is focusing on a lot of tourism related activities. However, there are only two hotels that show up in google maps - and a few airbnbs. In Dunkirk, sand sailing is a dominant sport. I did not find much information about how much it is active in Bray Dunes. Also, there are a few Interreg projects happening here as Bray Dunes is on the border - but the websites are in french. So I have not translated and read them yet.The land south from the railroad that connects Dunkirk , Bray Dunes and De Panne - infact along the whole strip that all case studies are being done - is below sea level and stands the danger of flooding if the sea level rises by 50 cm.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:LANDUSE_01.jpg|''Copernicus maps 2006 to 2018. ''
File:LANDUSE_02.jpg|''Landuse maps 1965 to 2014. ''
File:LANDUSE_03.jpg|''Bike trail between Dunkirk and Bray Dunes “circuit de la dune Marchand” with municipal camping sites (in red). ''
File:LANDUSE_04.jpg|''Bike Trails between De Panne and Bray Dunes - OSM. ''
File:LANDUSE_05.jpg|''“Le Dunes de Flandre” bike trails between Dunkirk, Bray Dunes and De Panne. ''
File:LANDUSE_06.jpg|''Marchand Natural Reserve, Bray Dunes. ''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
The blue infrastructure is first represented by the sea, of course, but in this area there are also the presence of wetlands (they continue after the Belgium border - in De Panne waters) and a canal between communes.

In the green infrastructure the two most common elements are grasslands between the urban area and the international border, and crop fields in the border with the other French commune - Ghyvelde.

Relevant in the area is the National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand, a natural and diverse environment in constant evolution. The reserve is exceptional on an ecological level, however also very fragile: repeated tramplings threaten the species of varied flora, birds and amphibians. (Also a Protected area Natura 2000)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Blue_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''North Sea, a canal following the commune border and wetlands in the sea line''
File:Green_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''Predominance of natural grassland around the urban area and crops near the commune border''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
Environmental partners and scientists can affect in the planning and management of a sustainable coastal landscape, the most affected groups include: community, land owners, marine occupations.

Media, Government-authorities and maritime need to be kept satisfied.

Industry and education require the least effort, while key players are: Regulators, investors, NPOs-NGOs, Tourists and cross border cooperations.
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Stakeholders1.jpg|''Stakeholders of Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===

The site holds onto powerful sacred spaces and heritage. Places and elements, such as the historical features (like cemetery, bunkers, monuments, memorials, ruins), have symbolic meaning and can be found as landmarks along the area. However, maybe the most representative element is the natural one, highlighted by the dunes. The site has two nature reserves: National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand which was classified in 1974 and Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet that has a wild dune massif of 250 hectares protected.

On the other hand, the site, viewed from the European Environment Agency’s perspective, The Natura 2000, consists of a network of protected areas covering valuable and threatened species and habitats - a different kind of heritage, one that involves biodiversity and ecosystems.

Regarding the architecture of Bray-Dunes, the villas of the nineteenth century are noticeable, recalling the flourishing age of the resort. Bray-Dunes was also marked by both World Wars, including the Operation Dynamo between May and June 1940. These kinds of elements, sacred places and heritage, hold important cultural value and meaning for the community, as well as for tourists, encouraging and presenting a piece of history.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map.png|''Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map''
File:(2) One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes.png|''One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes''
File:(3) Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance.png|''Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===

Landscape character is defined as the distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape. It is these patterns that give each locality its 'sense of place', making one landscape different from another. In defining the combinations of components which make each landscape unique, landscape character is a way of thinking about landscape more holistically and objectively, rather than focusing on scenic beauty and subjective responses. Landscapes have evolved over time as a result of both natural and cultural processes.

As mentioned, the site was significant during the World Wars, so many stories and writings are regarding this topic.

We discovered a book, "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer, published in 2012. According to the book, indeed WW1 bunkers were built in the region between Bray-Dunes and De Panne, on both sides of the border. In fact, some remaining bunkers on the French side of the border could actually be Belgian bunkers (or at least built under Belgian command).

Despite the historical features, the site is also well appreciated for its aesthetics, so many painters found their inspiration among the area.

In terms of events and festivities, the city of Bray-Dunes, very attached to its culture, offers a great cultural season throughout the year. Regularly, concerts, shows, plays or tales readings are organized for residents. The municipal library often organizes fun and interesting exhibitions. In September, the city opened a portion of its monuments to the public with the European Heritage Days. From late September to early October it is possible to have fun at the fair with rides, an opportunity to spend some time in a charming carnival.

Sport is no exception to Bray-Dunes with the organization of 6h rosalies on the beach in September and the championship coastal archers in the same period. Regularly, guided tours nature of the different dunes of the city are offered by the Tourist Office Bray-Dunes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Map from the book “Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918” by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer.jpg|''Map from the book "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer''
File:(2) The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan.png|''The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan''
File:(3) “Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre.png|''“Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre''
File:(4) “Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara''
File:(5) “Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of your landscape system analysis and your development targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="400px" perrow="5">
File:DPSIR Bray Dunes.png |''Landscape system analysis - DPSIR Model Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

DRIVERS: The Bray dunes are characterized by their natural and cultural heritage. This makes this place very interesting for tourism and related businesses. Therefore, this sector can be determined as the first driving force. Due to their direct influence by the sea the predicted climate change that causes a sea level rise is the second driving force.

PRESSURES: As a result of the focus and the enlargement of the tourism, the place expects greater use and changes in current uses. Recreation and tourist attractions like sailing in the dunes or bike / walking paths can create future pressures. Due to disturbances in this sensitive natural area and installations for tourists the place can also experience a loss of flora and fauna as well as historical heritage. And also because of the climate change a rise in sea level is expected which can be seen as a huge pressure on the site.

STATE: Currently the Bray dunes can be described as an interesting and really valuable site with a lot of natural and cultural heritage. But Water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders already caused an overgrowth of the dune landscape by scrub.

IMPACTS: Based on the analyzed influencing factors and changes at the location, the following effects can be expected: A loss of biodiversity (flora & fauna) and cultural heritage, Flooding and an extensive tourism related infrastructure.

RESPONSES: Environmental policies have to come into operation so the protected areas can remain in good condition and we can keep the biodiversity and cultural heritage in the future. Therefore, the paths and trails in the area should be predetermined so there is no trampling in the area that could cause further damage. Public awareness has to be raised so people get to know the value of the place which will then hopefully minimize the problem of garbage and waste.

<gallery caption=" " widths="800px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Scenarios.jpg|''Landscape system analysis - Hypothesis''
</gallery>

The extreme scenario represents the climate change forces creating a huge flooding problem. The assumptions for the area indicates that in a sea level rise of 50cm many places, including inhabited settlements, are in risk of flooding. Even though this is only a theoretical simulation, the land is partly under sea level and may need to adapt to climate change, particularly the possible rise in sea level.

The sustainable scenario, shown on the right side, with the new green zone design plans shows the changes after a 20-50 years period. Nothing changes much (as nothing changed much the last 50 years) except from greener areas and more tourism. In the current planning documents, the environment is a very important part.

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

'''National Document: Climate Policy in Hauts-de-France'''

The Hauts-de-France area was characterized by the prominence of heavy industries and an economy based on coal mining, steel production and textile manufacturing. Today only 19% of the population is still working for the industry sector and coal mining was slowly fully replaced by nuclear energy. Currently, nuclear power accounts for 80% of the electricity production in the region but for only 15% of the overall energy consumption, while renewable energy consumption is low compared to the national average (3.7% against 19% in France).

Hauts-de-France intensified its efforts to combat climate change with the adoption of an innovative regional plan bringing together climate, air and energy issues. A 20-year partnership with ADEME (French Environment and Energy Agency) helped the region develop the required expertise and capacity to create and implement impactful projects. With greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita reaching 30% higher levels than the French average and mainly attributed to the industry sector, there is a strong opportunity for Hauts-de-France to develop strategies to reduce emissions.

Climate regional strategy – SRADDT (Stratégie régionale climat) sets an overarching target to divide GHG emissions by 4 by 2050. This strategy is in line with the national commitments embedded in the legislation “Grenelle 2” from 2010. The plan is organized around 4 pillars:

- Improvements of way of life and production methods;

- Continuation of the energy transition;

- Integration of mitigation and adaptation actions in territorial planning; and

- Enhanced governance and participation of local actors.

'''European Document: The European Water Framework and The Marine Strategy Framework Directives'''

The European Water Framework (WFD) and Marine Strategy Framework (MSFD) Directives both require EU Member States to take the necessary measures to achieve a good coastal and oceanic environmental status by 2020.

The aim of the European Union's ambitious Marine Strategy Framework Directive is to protect more effectively the marine environment across Europe. It came into force in June 2008 and was transposed into each member's state national legislation by mid 2010. It is the first EU legislative instrument related to the protection of marine biodiversity and aims to protect the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend.

In France, the Directive was transposed into law in the Environment Code (articles L. 219-9 to L. 219-18 and R. 219-2 to R. 219-17). Through Action Plans for the Marine Environment (PAMM), it is applied to areas of continental Europe under French sovereignty or jurisdiction, subdivided into four marine sub-regions: the English Channel-North Sea, the Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay and the Western Mediterranean Sea.

In addition, in France, IFREMER (a French institute that undertakes research and expert assessments to advance knowledge on the oceans and their resources, monitor the marine environment and foster the sustainable development of maritime activities) is one of the national agencies in charge of implementing such measures.

The Copernicus is a marine environment monitoring service offered by the European Commision, providing products and services for all marine applications with the following benefits:

- Free and sustained information provision;

- Provision of merged satellite information along with in situ information;

- Ready to use, global coverage, expertised ocean colour satellite products.

Francis Gohin from IFREMER has stated that "the Copernicus Marine Service Ocean Colour data are central for the MSFD, as it allows us to improve coherence in eutrophication assessments based on chlorophyll, using satellite-derived chlorophyll provided by CMEMS". In conjunction with the Marine Protected Areas Agency (AAMP), IFREMER takes on the role of scientific and technical coordinator on behalf of the Ministry in charge of the environment on the different aspects of the Directive.

The MFSD pursues three main goals:

- To ensure the protection and the conservation of marine ecosystems and prevent their deterioration. In areas of high deterioration, ecosystem functioning must be restored.

- To prevent and progressively eliminate pollution.

- To contain the pressure of human activities (fishing, use of diverse services, etc.) on the marine environment within levels compatible with the achievement of good environmental status. Ecosystems must have the capacity to react to various natural and human-induced changes while enabling the sustainable use of the marine environment for future generations (e.g. Common Fisheries Policy).

'''International document: Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning'''

The document represents the result of a long process to distil lessons from a wide range of partners and stakeholders as to what provides for effective city-level climate action planning and a set of globally applicable principles.
This publication is really relevant for providing a framework that cities can use, in order to more effectively play their role in reducing gas emissions and building climate resilience, by being more ambitious in their climate action planning.

The driving principles for city climate action planning are that the planning should be:

1. Ambitious; 2. Inclusive; 3. Fair; 4. Comprehensive and integrated; 5. Relevant; 6. Actionable; 7. Evidence based and 8. Transparent.

The document at present stage of "version 1.0" intends to stay open to continuous improvement through knowledge gained from on-going practices. The Guiding Principles are aimed at city-level actors as local stakeholders, governing bodies and experts. Its resilience provides necessary support for locals as well as platforms for collaboration and documentation from active partners.

Apart from addressing the basic requirement of financial support from local government, the crucial role of public participation is given high value in the effective working of the climate action planning. The other main role would be from core stakeholders such as NGOs, experts and active organisations to constitute the actual leadership and working of the planning process.

A general outline for the planning process has been outlined as a process chart that could be used as a guide by cities and then adapted according to the goals that will drive towards the relevant local objectives such as “health, safety, food security, housing, biodiversity, air quality, land use, access to basic urban services, poverty reduction, local economic development and job creation”. The outline also gives guidance on maintaining transparency and continuous evaluation of the process. This would also include the timelines, distribution of responsibilities and maintaining costs.

The climate action plans would direct cities towards stand-alone plans or get integrated into long-term planning processes of the cities.
While the Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning urges cities to adopt the guidelines vigorously, the benefits are already visible from cities who have undertaken these measures for climate change action.

== A.4 References ==
* ''https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Nature/Les-Dunes-de-Flandre-nature-reserve''
* ''https://ch.oui.sncf/fr/article/les-dunes-de-flandre''
* ''http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_UNITELITTORAL/PAR_TPL_IDENTIFIANT/101/125-les-paysages-fiche.htm''
* ''https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas''
* ''https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0615/2.5126&layers=C''
* ''https://www.google.com/search?q=bray+dunes+camping+municipal&npsic=0&rflfq=1&rlha=0&rllag=51077997,2538343,1019&tbm=lcl&ved=2ahUKEwjp4pWf8trnAhUSilwKHY6bDw0QtgN6BAgLEAQ&tbs=lrf:!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:4&rldoc=1#rldoc=1&rlfi=hd:;si:,51.080248504007805,2.582632035253937;mv:[[51.102674420897195,2.6052913370117494],[51.03093797609536,2.413717240332062],null,[51.066820095899374,2.5095042886719057],13]''
* ''http://sentierdunord.free.fr/Circuit%20de%20la%20dune%20marchand%20zuydcoote.html''
* ''http://escapadenature-sansvoiture.fr/les-escapades-nature-sans-voiture/dunes-flandre''
* ''https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9serve_naturelle_nationale_de_la_dune_Marchand#/media/Fichier:P%C3%A9rim%C3%A8tre_RNN_Dune_Marchand_rnn19.png''
* ''http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/dune-marchand''
* ''https://www.openstreetmap.org/''
* ''https://www.flickr.com/''
* ''https://www.dunkerque-tourisme.fr/''
* ''https://www.artmajeur.com/''
* ''https://www.mutualart.com/''
* ''https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf''
* ''https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391365''
* ''https://www.cleanpng.com/''
* ''https://www.france-voyage.com/tourism/bray-dunes-1146.htm''
* ''http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20014/planning/1006/landscape_character_assessment''
* ''https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=195244''
* ''https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html''
* ''https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm''
* ''https://www.msp-platform.eu/practices/french-national-maritime-and-coastline-strategies''
* ''https://www.copernicus.eu/en/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive''
* ''https://www.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2018-11/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive.pdf''
* ''http://msp.ioc-unesco.org/world-applications/europe/france/''
* ''https://wwz.ifremer.fr/en/Public-policy-support/Water-Biodiversity/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive''
* ''http://www.aires-marines.com/International/European-relations/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive''
* ''http://www.dcsmm-d4.fr/la-directive-cadre-strategie-pour-le-milieu-marin-dcsmm?lang=en''
* ''https://www.theclimategroup.org/sites/default/files/etp_partnerprofile_hauts-de-france.pdf''

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==

'''Goals'''

→ Have a general overview of both green and blue infrastructure and the relevance of these elements for the identity of the place. Going back to our analysis, we also understood the importance of public awareness to protect natural and cultural heritage and we want to understand better how the green infrastructure relates to the sea and how the character of these elements.

→ Evaluate the accessibility of the commune, focusing on bike and pedestrian paths and how they relate to the natural components. We currently have an overview of bike paths, but want to understand all the accessibility and connectivity of the commune.

→ Visualize the attractiveness of Bray Dunes, the focal interest points, what makes people go there and what could be better. Understanding how tourism can be enhanced clearly seems to be an important goal: however, the scale of the location cannot be forgotten.

'''Themes'''

→ Green / blue infrastructure

→ Accessibility

→ Attractiveness

Having tourism (and related business) as the most significant driving force, we chose these themes considering their relevance to the activity. At the same time, the protection of the green and blue infrastructure, besides necessary to tourism, is also imperative to avoid the extreme scenario.

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:BrayDunes_Green&BlueInfrastructure.jpg| '''Green & Blue Infrastructure:''' ''Bray-Dunes is located in the centre of the natural area of the "Dune flamandes". The municipality borders on the nature reserve: “Nature Reserve de la Dune Marchand” in the west and the “Dune du Perroquet” in the east. Further to the west the dune area "Dune Dewulf" can be found which is also a protected area. The predominant dune landscapes are characterized by their great diversity in flora and fauna. Another nature reserve which is of great value to the region: the “Dune Fossile de Ghyvelde” is located in a three kilometer distance from the coastline. This landscape developed around 5000 years ago by the North Sea on the coastline at the time. The landscape in the surrounding of Bray Dunes is characterized not only by the predominant dunes and the sea coast but also by agricultural use. The fields are clearly marked in light yellow. The following sequence of natural spaces is characteristic of the Dune flamandes: Coastline - dune - agricultural zone - infrastructure (roads and channel) - natural landscape. Forest areas only play a subordinate role in the region and can hardly be found. The two most prominent elements of blue infrastructure in this area are the North Sea which limits the entire west side of the area and the "Canal de Furnes". The coastline along the Dunes flamandes is characterized by a strip of marine wetlands. The "Canal de Furnes" runs parallel to the coastline at a distance of 2-3 kilometers. “Canal de Furnes” is the French name for the section of the Nieuspoort-Dunkirk Canal that runs in France. The Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal connects the Belgian coastal town of Nieuwpoort with the French port of Dunkirk. In addition, smaller rivers and streams such as the "Petit Mardyck" and "Grand Mardyck" run in the study area. Smaller lakes and ponds are also close to the canal, mostly found in the agricultural zone.''
File:Access_transport_map_02.png|'''Accessibility & Transport:''' ''It is interesting to notice that although Bray Dunes lies between two major cities - Dunkirk and De Panne, it stays heavily neglected in terms of ease of accessibility. The train line that connects De Panne to Dunkirk has no train stations in Bray Dunes. To arrive to Bray Dunes via public transport, one would have to take a train till De Panne, and then arrive by bus via highway D60. Highway D601 connects Dunkirk and Veurne and then onward to Nieuwpoort. There are very few public transport buses that actually make a halt in Bray Dunes, unless one takes a bus from any of the private transport companies. Another major observation is the lack of dedicated bike paths. There are major "regional" and "local" bike routes that are a part of bike trails going across Belgium and France while connecting Dunkirk to De Panne, as highlighted in our previous presentation on land use development - however, none of the eco-trails come to make a stop in Bray Dunes. As seen in this map, the bike paths from De Panne stop at the border and/or go around Bray Dunes without entering this area. The positive aspect is that the protected dune areas have a very good network of pedestrian trails that give us a good potential for development and could be expanded to become bike trails.''
File:BrayDunes_map3.jpg|'''Cultural & Natural Attractions:''' ''The unique location of Bray-Dunes on the Opal Coast, bordering France and Belgium, offers the place both cultural and nature attractions. Culturally the place is a significant site for WWII with war monuments, landmarks and ruins along the coastline, stretching from Bray-Dunes all the way to Dunkirk. The geographical location of Bray-Dunes also offer a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports such as sand yachting and speed sailing. In terms of natural attractions, Dunes de Flandres (the long-stretching fine sand beach) is a wonderful creation of nature. Relaxing hikes into the two nature reserves are also options to enjoy the tranquil and picturesque dune landscape. Along the coast there are also villas, seaside resorts, hotels and some cheaper options Airbnb for tourists’ short-term stay. Camping sites are also available. Most attractions and stay options took the advantage of the coastal landscape and are concentrated mostly along coast.''

</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==

Based on previous analysis we had to evaluate the outcomes. In order to characterize the results, to identify the potentials and the risks of the area, we used the SWOT analysis.
With the SWOT method we could explore the internal and the external factors that may influence our work and developed a fuller awareness of the situation.

'''Problems'''

→ The site has two nature reserves, “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland”, with rich fauna and flora, after mapping the green spaces it turned out there is no connection between the natural areas.

→ Accessibility: lack of bike paths, also there is no train station in Bray Dunes (the closest stations are in Dunkirk and De Panne).

'''Potentials'''

→ There is a powerful potential to increase the recreational function.

→ The natural areas could act as educational sites because of the variety of species.

'''Priorities and targets'''

→ Green belt creation in three large areas of Bray-Dunes coasts to connect the fragmented ecological areas between the Nature Reserves.

→ “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland” preservation and management. Inscriptions throughout the nature reserves informing about history, culture and environmental values.

→ Provision and management of better connectivity with educational and recreational features along bicycle and pedestrian paths.

→ Transportation development: train station in the area and more bike paths.

→ Better attractions for young professionals and tourists. Recreational opportunities that will attract visitors from both De Panne and Dunkirk to visit Bray-Dunes, like community gardens.

→ There is a high pressure of urbanization among the area, this could be an opportunity, as well as a risk at the same time - building new housing could develop the area, but it could disturb the nature reserves too.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks f.png|''SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==

'''Readings'''

→ Landscape character assessment (LCA) is defined as the process of identifying and describing variation in character of the landscape. In our process we used LCA documents to identify and explain the unique combination of elements and features that make our site distinctive by mapping and describing character types and areas. Landscape character assessment also shows how the landscape is perceived, experienced and valued by people.

→ Seascape character assessment (SCA) has emerged as a method for assessing, characterising, mapping and describing seascape character. Seascape is defined by Natural England in its position statement on All Landscapes Matter in 2010 as: “An area of sea, coastline and land, as perceived by people, whose character results from the actions and interactions of land with sea, by natural and/or human factors”.

→ Coastal character assessment (CCA) informs and guides coastal and marine planning, and individual development proposals, by informing landscape/seascape and visual impact assessments. As Bray Dunes is a coastal landscape, it was relevant to read about this assessment, it made us realise that the coast itself is complex and represents more than its physical characteristics.

→ Belgium and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 the main challenges identified for Belgium for the implementation of EU environmental policy and law were to:
* improve air quality, in particular nitrogen dioxide levels, by reducing traffic congestion;
* continue to address water pollution coming from urban wastewater and agricultural sources;
* manage the Natura 2000 network towards favourable conservation status for all species and habitats.

→ France and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 identified the following main challenges as regards the implementation of EU environmental policy and law in France:
* improving air quality by taking forward-looking, rapid and effective action to reach EU-based air pollution limit values;
* taking the necessary measures to improve water quality, particularly reducing nitrate pollution;
* effectively protecting biodiversity by enforcing the applicable law to ensure the protection of habitats and species.

→ The Marine Protection assessment from the Environmental Implementation Review for France 2019, gave us insights about which goals have been achieved and what would be the next priority actions:
* Provide information about measures to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES), establish more measures that have a direct impact on pressures.
* Ensure reporting of the different elements under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

→ Finally, the biodiversity protection describes also priority actions in order to improve the challenges in the area:
* Assess the Natura 2000 implementation and management.
* Support sustainable partnerships for biodiversity protection, sustainable development, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
* Protect habitats and species affected by or dependent on agricultural management.

'''Limitations'''

→ The most of the readings seem to be addressed to De Panne (on the Belgian side) and Dunkirk (on the French side), attracting a lot more interest, as they are considered areas with great strategic, economical and social importance. As a result, development plans are directed around Bray-Dunes, leaving a very significant natural ecological area, which contributes widely to the ecological coastal balance in the area, lacking attention and strategic management planning.

→ Urban infrastructure creation may impact negatively the ecology, but will promote the economy and connectivity critically.

== B.5 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
CONTENT - BLUE AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/172/28-dune-du-perroquet-59_nord.htm
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/213/28-dune-fossile-59_nord.htm
* http://www.water-ways.net/d/info/frankreich/nord_aa_canal_de_calais_de_Bergues_de_Furnes_de_bourbourg_de_la_colme.php
CONTENT - ACCESS AND TRANSPORT:
* https://www.google.de/maps/search/bray+dunes+train+station/@51.0541114,2.4680149,12z?hl=en
IMAGE SOURCES - CULTURAL AND NATURAL ATTRACTIONS:
* [https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139%20/ https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139 / ]
* [https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand%20/ https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand /]
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/73290459@N07/25434107707/
DEVELOPMENT PLANS:
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_fr_en.pdf
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_be_en.pdf
* https://www.gov.uk/guidance/landscape-and-seascape-character-assessments
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/691184/landscape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396177/seascape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/Guidance%20Note%20-%20Coastal%20Character%20Assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape/coastal-character-assessment ''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==

Our main goals are:

'''→ PRESERVE NATURE RESERVES'''

'''→ IMPROVE CONNECTIVITY'''

'''→ ENHANCE ATTRACTIVITY'''

We selected 4 goals from the Sustainable Development Goals as related to our Project based on our strategic plan and the targets from previous phase:

→ Good health and well-being, Sustainable cities and communities, Life on Land and Partnership for the goals.

The goals relate to our main themes: Green/blue infrastructure, Accessibility and Attractiveness. We want to promote partnerships to develop the area economically, but we see the protection of the Nature Reserves as a high important target; therefore making Bray Dunnes a sustainable community is a clear goal.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND_Group_3_Presentation_3_-_Planning_and_Design (1).jpg|''Our project title, the vision and the strategic planning based on the evaluation findings and the whole process.''
</gallery>

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:ConceptBrayDunes.jpg|'''Spatial vision translate:''' '' In an attempt to express visually, our vision for Bray-Dunes, we developed a conceptual representation that includes the most important issues we wanted to address. The first goal includes the ecological fragmentation between the two Nature Reserves the area contains. The plan is to connect those fragmented areas through strategies that support the green belt creation and provide recreational and educational pedestrian and bike paths, enhancing at the same time the area to its trans-boundary extension. Ecological quality preservation for this diverse ecosystem and flood prevention through pumps and floodgates in the blue infrastructure are also suggested, while sustainable models for economic growth in the area are explained in the partnership and governance part extensively. Maybe a very important observation was the fact that the area does not have a train station. The railway though passes through Bray-Dunes and the old station building is used as a media library. Our suggestion is the reopening of the station as a mixed use building, which will attract tourists/young professionals and ease the transportation between De Panne and Dunkirk, two very financially developed cities. Finally new attractions are suggested on the economic growth tendency area, which is extended mostly on the beach.''
File:Base_Map_Transect_Bray_Dunes.png|''Location of the Transects''
File:Transect1 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 1 - Parallel to the Coastline''
File:Transect 2 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 2''
File:Intervention111.jpg|'''1. Intervention:''' ''Transportation improvement through reopening of the old train station.''
File:Intervention222.jpg|'''2. Intervention:''' ''Visualization of the Nature Reserve with the implementation of green belts, bike paths and informative inscriptions.''
File:Intervention333.jpg|'''3. Intervention:''' ''Coast line area, suggestions of beautification and attractiveness increase.''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-01.jpg|''A "biodiverse" Governance Model''
File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-02.jpg|''Sustainable Governance: Who acts and How''
File:Timeline of the project.png|''Process model. Timeline of the project.''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cf/c5/d0/cfc5d0880997255e4ee06d908e6c2e74.jpg
* https://www.alltrails.com/de/france/hauts-de-france/bray-dunes
* https://www.alltrails.com/members/anne-molderez/photos
* https://www.cleanpng.com/free/kiss.html
* https://i0.wp.com/www.transparency-one.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UN-SDGs-overview.png?resize=800%2C418&ssl=1
* https://thenounproject.com/
READINGS:
* https://www.interregeurope.eu/biogov/
* https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/conferences/etc2018/plenary_session_2_moray_gilland.pdf
* http://www.mageteaux.eu/fr/projet
* https://demo-europe.eu/fr/page-daccueil/
* https://www.natuurenbos.be/projecten/west-vlaanderen/life-project-flandre/flandre/life-nature-project-flandre-english

= D. Process Reflection =

The outcomes of our study:

→ Positive internal evaluation of our results.

→ The order and process of the sessions and the project phases were coherent to understand the location and develop the strategies.

→ Long distance project requires extra effort and eventual assumptions.

→ Better understanding of coastal landscapes, mainly the potentials they have and possibilities they offer.

→ The connection people have with coastal areas highlight the importance of preserving them.

Limitations we faced:

→ Lack of exact knowledge of the site.

→ Lack of enough sources for a long distance project.

What we have learnt from each other:

→ Task distribution with intermediary talks worked really well.

→ Having different backgrounds results in good discussions.

What we would do differently:

→ The partnerships and governance part would be useful to be explored in an earlier phase.

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2020]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-02.jpg

2020-04-07T17:46:01Z

Arati.u:

File:CO-LAND Group 3 Presentation 3 - GOV-01.jpg

2020-04-07T17:44:17Z

Arati.u:

COLAND Case Study 2020 - Bray-Dunes

2020-04-07T17:33:37Z

Arati.u: /* C.1 Goal Setting */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2020|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
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| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Hauts-de-France''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bray-Dunes''
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| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''France''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Transboundary area, Coastal landscape, Nature and Heritage preservation, Tourism attraction''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Wasiliki Moreno, Arati Uttur, Raphaela Roming, Ho Ching Leung, Anna Fernanda Volken, Anca Strugariu''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Bray-Dunes.jpg |400px]]
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| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
The first keyword is dynamic, in terms of the protected landform and high biodiversity. In Bray-Dunes right adjacent to the Belgian border there is 250 hectares National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand classified in 1974 to protect the dunes of Flanders. The landform possesses high biodiversity of plant species and is home to many land animal and underwater species.

The second key word is memories, reflecting the historical significance of Bray-Dunes. Bray-Dunes was a significant site during World War II, and it is the site of many casualties during the period of Dunkirk evacuation. The physical ruins such as the wrecked Operation Dynamo ships on the Beach at Zuydcoote shape the sentimental atmosphere and give the place significant historical values.

The third word is recreation. Located at the Opal Coast near Belgian border, the seaside of Bray-Dunes offers a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports like sand yachting and speed sailing, making it a popular holiday spots.

Our hypothesis for Bray-Dunes is that Coastal exploration since 20th century is invading the natural ecology and landscape of the coast, together with the increased chance of flooding brought by climate change. Nature dynamics and cultural memories of Bray-Dunes will be destroyed without legit policies on coastal protection.

= Location and scope =

''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 51.099574827611775,2.5787597335926993~case study boundary west; 51.05017698110531,2.5653701461903555~Case study boundary south; 51.064419324157655,2.460313383495043~Case study boundary east}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
The coast of Bray-Dunes is a part of the Dunes de Flandre, a 15-kilometre dune field of fine sandy beach that stretches from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes. Within the long-stretching dune field, the coastal landscape is characterised by the carved sea ridge dunes and mega-parabolic dunes, with intervals of both high and humid dune slacks and low fossil dunes that started to stack up since 3,000 BC.

The sandbanks and dunes are formed by transportation of fine sediment landward by coastal wind and waves, and further on stabilized with vegetation such as native dune grass. This forms primary dunes which situated closer to the coast and significantly affected by waves, salt spray and erosion, and secondary dunes which are located further inland and not often directly exposed to marine influences but more prone to urban intrusion.

Coastal landscape further to the south of Bray-Dunes is characterised by polders, the maritime plains with their network of canals, which are patches of low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments of dikes.

Currently the rapid urbanisation, water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders have resulted in the overgrowth of dune landscape by scrub.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 1.jpg|15-km coast of Dunes de Flandre stretching from Dunkirk to Bray-Dunes
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 2.jpg|Sandbanks and primary dunes near the coast
File:Bray-dunes coastal typology 3.png|Diagram showing the formation of sand dunes
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
*The landuse does not change (almost nil) between 2006 to 2018. To support this is a second landuse map from a second source that shows the change from 1965 (!) to 2014. so the change has been gradual over 50 years.The first map shows main landuse is from urban fabric(red) non arable land (light yellow) ; moors and heathland (light green); tidal flats (light purple).
*However, there are several municipal camping areas (marked with red dots) there are many private tourism companies offering bike tours across Dunkirk-BrayDunes-DePanne and there are walking trails in the two natural reserve areas - De la Dune and Marchand. So this indicates that the area is focusing on a lot of tourism related activities. However, there are only two hotels that show up in google maps - and a few airbnbs. In Dunkirk, sand sailing is a dominant sport. I did not find much information about how much it is active in Bray Dunes. Also, there are a few Interreg projects happening here as Bray Dunes is on the border - but the websites are in french. So I have not translated and read them yet.The land south from the railroad that connects Dunkirk , Bray Dunes and De Panne - infact along the whole strip that all case studies are being done - is below sea level and stands the danger of flooding if the sea level rises by 50 cm.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:LANDUSE_01.jpg|''Copernicus maps 2006 to 2018. ''
File:LANDUSE_02.jpg|''Landuse maps 1965 to 2014. ''
File:LANDUSE_03.jpg|''Bike trail between Dunkirk and Bray Dunes “circuit de la dune Marchand” with municipal camping sites (in red). ''
File:LANDUSE_04.jpg|''Bike Trails between De Panne and Bray Dunes - OSM. ''
File:LANDUSE_05.jpg|''“Le Dunes de Flandre” bike trails between Dunkirk, Bray Dunes and De Panne. ''
File:LANDUSE_06.jpg|''Marchand Natural Reserve, Bray Dunes. ''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
* The blue infrastructure is first represented by the sea, of course, but in this area there are also the presence of wetlands (they continue after the Belgium border - in De Panne waters) and a canal between communes.
* In the green infrastructure the two most common elements are grasslands between the urban area and the international border, and crop fields in the border with the other French commune - Ghyvelde.
* Relevant in the area is the National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand, a natural and diverse environment in constant evolution. The reserve is exceptional on an ecological level, however also very fragile: repeated tramplings threaten the species of varied flora, birds and amphibians. (Also a Protected area Natura 2000)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Blue_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''North Sea, a canal following the commune border and wetlands in the sea line''
File:Green_infrastructure_braydunes.png|''Predominance of natural grassland around the urban area and crops near the commune border''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
* Environmental partners and scientists can affect in the planning and management of a sustainable coastal landscape, the most affected groups include: community, land owners, marine occupations.
* Media, Government-authorities and maritime need to be kept satisfied.
* Industry and education require the least effort, while key players are: Regulators, investors, NPOs-NGOs, Tourists and cross border cooperations.
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Stakeholders1.jpg|''Stakeholders of Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===

The site holds onto powerful sacred spaces and heritage. Places and elements, such as the historical features (like cemetery, bunkers, monuments, memorials, ruins), have symbolic meaning and can be found as landmarks along the area. However, maybe the most representative element is the natural one, highlighted by the dunes. The site has two nature reserves: National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchand which was classified in 1974 and Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet that has a wild dune massif of 250 hectares protected.

On the other hand, the site, viewed from the European Environment Agency’s perspective, The Natura 2000, consists of a network of protected areas covering valuable and threatened species and habitats - a different kind of heritage, one that involves biodiversity and ecosystems.

Regarding the architecture of Bray-Dunes, the villas of the nineteenth century are noticeable, recalling the flourishing age of the resort. Bray-Dunes was also marked by both World Wars, including the Operation Dynamo between May and June 1940. These kinds of elements, sacred places and heritage, hold important cultural value and meaning for the community, as well as for tourists, encouraging and presenting a piece of history.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map.png|''Places and elements that hold cultural value pinned on a map''
File:(2) One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes.png|''One of the bunkers (historical monuments) along the beach in Bray-Dunes''
File:(3) Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance.png|''Ruins from the operation Dynamo WW2 have great historical importance''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===

Landscape character is defined as the distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape. It is these patterns that give each locality its 'sense of place', making one landscape different from another. In defining the combinations of components which make each landscape unique, landscape character is a way of thinking about landscape more holistically and objectively, rather than focusing on scenic beauty and subjective responses. Landscapes have evolved over time as a result of both natural and cultural processes.

As mentioned, the site was significant during the World Wars, so many stories and writings are regarding this topic.

We discovered a book, "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer, published in 2012. According to the book, indeed WW1 bunkers were built in the region between Bray-Dunes and De Panne, on both sides of the border. In fact, some remaining bunkers on the French side of the border could actually be Belgian bunkers (or at least built under Belgian command).

Despite the historical features, the site is also well appreciated for its aesthetics, so many painters found their inspiration among the area.

In terms of events and festivities, the city of Bray-Dunes, very attached to its culture, offers a great cultural season throughout the year. Regularly, concerts, shows, plays or tales readings are organized for residents. The municipal library often organizes fun and interesting exhibitions. In September, the city opened a portion of its monuments to the public with the European Heritage Days. From late September to early October it is possible to have fun at the fair with rides, an opportunity to spend some time in a charming carnival.

Sport is no exception to Bray-Dunes with the organization of 6h rosalies on the beach in September and the championship coastal archers in the same period. Regularly, guided tours nature of the different dunes of the city are offered by the Tourist Office Bray-Dunes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:(1) Map from the book “Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918” by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer.jpg|''Map from the book "Het hospitaal van de Koningin - Rode Kruis, L'Océan en De Panne 1914 - 1918" by L. De Munck & L. Vandeweyer''
File:(2) The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan.png|''The full extend of this region and the details provided on the plan''
File:(3) “Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre.png|''“Plage de Bray-Dunes” by Martine Lefèvre''
File:(4) “Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Three Sailboats” by Andrew Macara''
File:(5) “Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara.png|''“Bray Dunes” by Andrew Macara''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of your landscape system analysis and your development targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="400px" perrow="5">
File:DPSIR Bray Dunes.png |''Landscape system analysis - DPSIR Model Bray Dunes''
</gallery>

DRIVERS: The Bray dunes are characterized by their natural and cultural heritage. This makes this place very interesting for tourism and related businesses. Therefore, this sector can be determined as the first driving force. Due to their direct influence by the sea the predicted climate change that causes a sea level rise is the second driving force.

PRESSURES: As a result of the focus and the enlargement of the tourism, the place expects greater use and changes in current uses. Recreation and tourist attractions like sailing in the dunes or bike / walking paths can create future pressures. Due to disturbances in this sensitive natural area and installations for tourists the place can also experience a loss of flora and fauna as well as historical heritage. And also because of the climate change a rise in sea level is expected which can be seen as a huge pressure on the site.

STATE: Currently the Bray dunes can be described as an interesting and really valuable site with a lot of natural and cultural heritage. But Water extraction and intensification of agriculture in zones between dunes and polders already caused an overgrowth of the dune landscape by scrub.

IMPACTS: Based on the analyzed influencing factors and changes at the location, the following effects can be expected: A loss of biodiversity (flora & fauna) and cultural heritage, Flooding and an extensive tourism related infrastructure.

RESPONSES: Environmental policies have to come into operation so the protected areas can remain in good condition and we can keep the biodiversity and cultural heritage in the future. Therefore, the paths and trails in the area should be predetermined so there is no trampling in the area that could cause further damage. Public awareness has to be raised so people get to know the value of the place which will then hopefully minimize the problem of garbage and waste.

<gallery caption=" " widths="800px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Scenarios.jpg|''Landscape system analysis - Hypothesis''
</gallery>

The extreme scenario represents the climate change forces creating a huge flooding problem. The assumptions for the area indicates that in a sea level rise of 50cm many places, including inhabited settlements, are in risk of flooding. Even though this is only a theoretical simulation, the land is partly under sea level and may need to adapt to climate change, particularly the possible rise in sea level.

The sustainable scenario, shown on the right side, with the new green zone design plans shows the changes after a 20-50 years period. Nothing changes much (as nothing changed much the last 50 years) except from greener areas and more tourism. In the current planning documents, the environment is a very important part.

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

'''National Document: Climate Policy in Hauts-de-France'''

The Hauts-de-France area was characterized by the prominence of heavy industries and an economy based on coal mining, steel production and textile manufacturing. Today only 19% of the population is still working for the industry sector and coal mining was slowly fully replaced by nuclear energy. Currently, nuclear power accounts for 80% of the electricity production in the region but for only 15% of the overall energy consumption, while renewable energy consumption is low compared to the national average (3.7% against 19% in France).

Hauts-de-France intensified its efforts to combat climate change with the adoption of an innovative regional plan bringing together climate, air and energy issues. A 20-year partnership with ADEME (French Environment and Energy Agency) helped the region develop the required expertise and capacity to create and implement impactful projects. With greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita reaching 30% higher levels than the French average and mainly attributed to the industry sector, there is a strong opportunity for Hauts-de-France to develop strategies to reduce emissions.

Climate regional strategy – SRADDT (Stratégie régionale climat) sets an overarching target to divide GHG emissions by 4 by 2050. This strategy is in line with the national commitments embedded in the legislation “Grenelle 2” from 2010. The plan is organized around 4 pillars:

- Improvements of way of life and production methods;

- Continuation of the energy transition;

- Integration of mitigation and adaptation actions in territorial planning; and

- Enhanced governance and participation of local actors.

'''European Document: The European Water Framework and The Marine Strategy Framework Directives'''

The European Water Framework (WFD) and Marine Strategy Framework (MSFD) Directives both require EU Member States to take the necessary measures to achieve a good coastal and oceanic environmental status by 2020.

The aim of the European Union's ambitious Marine Strategy Framework Directive is to protect more effectively the marine environment across Europe. It came into force in June 2008 and was transposed into each member's state national legislation by mid 2010. It is the first EU legislative instrument related to the protection of marine biodiversity and aims to protect the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend.

In France, the Directive was transposed into law in the Environment Code (articles L. 219-9 to L. 219-18 and R. 219-2 to R. 219-17). Through Action Plans for the Marine Environment (PAMM), it is applied to areas of continental Europe under French sovereignty or jurisdiction, subdivided into four marine sub-regions: the English Channel-North Sea, the Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay and the Western Mediterranean Sea.

In addition, in France, IFREMER (a French institute that undertakes research and expert assessments to advance knowledge on the oceans and their resources, monitor the marine environment and foster the sustainable development of maritime activities) is one of the national agencies in charge of implementing such measures.

The Copernicus is a marine environment monitoring service offered by the European Commision, providing products and services for all marine applications with the following benefits:

- Free and sustained information provision;

- Provision of merged satellite information along with in situ information;

- Ready to use, global coverage, expertised ocean colour satellite products.

Francis Gohin from IFREMER has stated that "the Copernicus Marine Service Ocean Colour data are central for the MSFD, as it allows us to improve coherence in eutrophication assessments based on chlorophyll, using satellite-derived chlorophyll provided by CMEMS". In conjunction with the Marine Protected Areas Agency (AAMP), IFREMER takes on the role of scientific and technical coordinator on behalf of the Ministry in charge of the environment on the different aspects of the Directive.

The MFSD pursues three main goals:

- To ensure the protection and the conservation of marine ecosystems and prevent their deterioration. In areas of high deterioration, ecosystem functioning must be restored.

- To prevent and progressively eliminate pollution.

- To contain the pressure of human activities (fishing, use of diverse services, etc.) on the marine environment within levels compatible with the achievement of good environmental status. Ecosystems must have the capacity to react to various natural and human-induced changes while enabling the sustainable use of the marine environment for future generations (e.g. Common Fisheries Policy).

'''International document: Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning'''

The document represents the result of a long process to distil lessons from a wide range of partners and stakeholders as to what provides for effective city-level climate action planning and a set of globally applicable principles.
This publication is really relevant for providing a framework that cities can use, in order to more effectively play their role in reducing gas emissions and building climate resilience, by being more ambitious in their climate action planning.

The driving principles for city climate action planning are that the planning should be:

1. Ambitious; 2. Inclusive; 3. Fair; 4. Comprehensive and integrated; 5. Relevant; 6. Actionable; 7. Evidence based and 8. Transparent.

The document at present stage of "version 1.0" intends to stay open to continuous improvement through knowledge gained from on-going practices. The Guiding Principles are aimed at city-level actors as local stakeholders, governing bodies and experts. Its resilience provides necessary support for locals as well as platforms for collaboration and documentation from active partners.

Apart from addressing the basic requirement of financial support from local government, the crucial role of public participation is given high value in the effective working of the climate action planning. The other main role would be from core stakeholders such as NGOs, experts and active organisations to constitute the actual leadership and working of the planning process.

A general outline for the planning process has been outlined as a process chart that could be used as a guide by cities and then adapted according to the goals that will drive towards the relevant local objectives such as “health, safety, food security, housing, biodiversity, air quality, land use, access to basic urban services, poverty reduction, local economic development and job creation”. The outline also gives guidance on maintaining transparency and continuous evaluation of the process. This would also include the timelines, distribution of responsibilities and maintaining costs.

The climate action plans would direct cities towards stand-alone plans or get integrated into long-term planning processes of the cities.
While the Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning urges cities to adopt the guidelines vigorously, the benefits are already visible from cities who have undertaken these measures for climate change action.

== A.4 References ==
* ''https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Nature/Les-Dunes-de-Flandre-nature-reserve''
* ''https://ch.oui.sncf/fr/article/les-dunes-de-flandre''
* ''http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_UNITELITTORAL/PAR_TPL_IDENTIFIANT/101/125-les-paysages-fiche.htm''
* ''https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas''
* ''https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0615/2.5126&layers=C''
* ''https://www.google.com/search?q=bray+dunes+camping+municipal&npsic=0&rflfq=1&rlha=0&rllag=51077997,2538343,1019&tbm=lcl&ved=2ahUKEwjp4pWf8trnAhUSilwKHY6bDw0QtgN6BAgLEAQ&tbs=lrf:!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:4&rldoc=1#rldoc=1&rlfi=hd:;si:,51.080248504007805,2.582632035253937;mv:[[51.102674420897195,2.6052913370117494],[51.03093797609536,2.413717240332062],null,[51.066820095899374,2.5095042886719057],13]''
* ''http://sentierdunord.free.fr/Circuit%20de%20la%20dune%20marchand%20zuydcoote.html''
* ''http://escapadenature-sansvoiture.fr/les-escapades-nature-sans-voiture/dunes-flandre''
* ''https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9serve_naturelle_nationale_de_la_dune_Marchand#/media/Fichier:P%C3%A9rim%C3%A8tre_RNN_Dune_Marchand_rnn19.png''
* ''http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/dune-marchand''
* ''https://www.openstreetmap.org/''
* ''https://www.flickr.com/''
* ''https://www.dunkerque-tourisme.fr/''
* ''https://www.artmajeur.com/''
* ''https://www.mutualart.com/''
* ''https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf''
* ''https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391365''
* ''https://www.cleanpng.com/''
* ''https://www.france-voyage.com/tourism/bray-dunes-1146.htm''
* ''http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/info/20014/planning/1006/landscape_character_assessment''
* ''https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=195244''
* ''https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html''
* ''https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm''
* ''https://www.msp-platform.eu/practices/french-national-maritime-and-coastline-strategies''
* ''https://www.copernicus.eu/en/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive''
* ''https://www.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2018-11/supporting-france-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive.pdf''
* ''http://msp.ioc-unesco.org/world-applications/europe/france/''
* ''https://wwz.ifremer.fr/en/Public-policy-support/Water-Biodiversity/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive''
* ''http://www.aires-marines.com/International/European-relations/Marine-Strategy-Framework-Directive''
* ''http://www.dcsmm-d4.fr/la-directive-cadre-strategie-pour-le-milieu-marin-dcsmm?lang=en''
* ''https://www.theclimategroup.org/sites/default/files/etp_partnerprofile_hauts-de-france.pdf''

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==

'''Goals'''

→ Have a general overview of both green and blue infrastructure and the relevance of these elements for the identity of the place. Going back to our analysis, we also understood the importance of public awareness to protect natural and cultural heritage and we want to understand better how the green infrastructure relates to the sea and how the character of these elements.

→ Evaluate the accessibility of the commune, focusing on bike and pedestrian paths and how they relate to the natural components. We currently have an overview of bike paths, but want to understand all the accessibility and connectivity of the commune.

→ Visualize the attractiveness of Bray Dunes, the focal interest points, what makes people go there and what could be better. Understanding how tourism can be enhanced clearly seems to be an important goal: however, the scale of the location cannot be forgotten.

'''Themes'''

→ Green / blue infrastructure

→ Accessibility

→ Attractiveness

Having tourism (and related business) as the most significant driving force, we chose these themes considering their relevance to the activity. At the same time, the protection of the green and blue infrastructure, besides necessary to tourism, is also imperative to avoid the extreme scenario.

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:BrayDunes_Green&BlueInfrastructure.jpg| '''Green & Blue Infrastructure:''' ''Bray-Dunes is located in the centre of the natural area of the "Dune flamandes". The municipality borders on the nature reserve: “Nature Reserve de la Dune Marchand” in the west and the “Dune du Perroquet” in the east. Further to the west the dune area "Dune Dewulf" can be found which is also a protected area. The predominant dune landscapes are characterized by their great diversity in flora and fauna. Another nature reserve which is of great value to the region: the “Dune Fossile de Ghyvelde” is located in a three kilometer distance from the coastline. This landscape developed around 5000 years ago by the North Sea on the coastline at the time. The landscape in the surrounding of Bray Dunes is characterized not only by the predominant dunes and the sea coast but also by agricultural use. The fields are clearly marked in light yellow. The following sequence of natural spaces is characteristic of the Dune flamandes: Coastline - dune - agricultural zone - infrastructure (roads and channel) - natural landscape. Forest areas only play a subordinate role in the region and can hardly be found. The two most prominent elements of blue infrastructure in this area are the North Sea which limits the entire west side of the area and the "Canal de Furnes". The coastline along the Dunes flamandes is characterized by a strip of marine wetlands. The "Canal de Furnes" runs parallel to the coastline at a distance of 2-3 kilometers. “Canal de Furnes” is the French name for the section of the Nieuspoort-Dunkirk Canal that runs in France. The Nieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal connects the Belgian coastal town of Nieuwpoort with the French port of Dunkirk. In addition, smaller rivers and streams such as the "Petit Mardyck" and "Grand Mardyck" run in the study area. Smaller lakes and ponds are also close to the canal, mostly found in the agricultural zone.''
File:Access_transport_map_02.png|'''Accessibility & Transport:''' ''It is interesting to notice that although Bray Dunes lies between two major cities - Dunkirk and De Panne, it stays heavily neglected in terms of ease of accessibility. The train line that connects De Panne to Dunkirk has no train stations in Bray Dunes. To arrive to Bray Dunes via public transport, one would have to take a train till De Panne, and then arrive by bus via highway D60. Highway D601 connects Dunkirk and Veurne and then onward to Nieuwpoort. There are very few public transport buses that actually make a halt in Bray Dunes, unless one takes a bus from any of the private transport companies. Another major observation is the lack of dedicated bike paths. There are major "regional" and "local" bike routes that are a part of bike trails going across Belgium and France while connecting Dunkirk to De Panne, as highlighted in our previous presentation on land use development - however, none of the eco-trails come to make a stop in Bray Dunes. As seen in this map, the bike paths from De Panne stop at the border and/or go around Bray Dunes without entering this area. The positive aspect is that the protected dune areas have a very good network of pedestrian trails that give us a good potential for development and could be expanded to become bike trails.''
File:BrayDunes_map3.jpg|'''Cultural & Natural Attractions:''' ''The unique location of Bray-Dunes on the Opal Coast, bordering France and Belgium, offers the place both cultural and nature attractions. Culturally the place is a significant site for WWII with war monuments, landmarks and ruins along the coastline, stretching from Bray-Dunes all the way to Dunkirk. The geographical location of Bray-Dunes also offer a long and beautiful fine sand beach that is perfect for both relaxing and sports such as sand yachting and speed sailing. In terms of natural attractions, Dunes de Flandres (the long-stretching fine sand beach) is a wonderful creation of nature. Relaxing hikes into the two nature reserves are also options to enjoy the tranquil and picturesque dune landscape. Along the coast there are also villas, seaside resorts, hotels and some cheaper options Airbnb for tourists’ short-term stay. Camping sites are also available. Most attractions and stay options took the advantage of the coastal landscape and are concentrated mostly along coast.''

</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==

Based on previous analysis we had to evaluate the outcomes. In order to characterize the results, to identify the potentials and the risks of the area, we used the SWOT analysis.
With the SWOT method we could explore the internal and the external factors that may influence our work and developed a fuller awareness of the situation.

'''Problems'''

→ The site has two nature reserves, “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland”, with rich fauna and flora, after mapping the green spaces it turned out there is no connection between the natural areas.

→ Accessibility: lack of bike paths, also there is no train station in Bray Dunes (the closest stations are in Dunkirk and De Panne).

'''Potentials'''

→ There is a powerful potential to increase the recreational function.

→ The natural areas could act as educational sites because of the variety of species.

'''Priorities and targets'''

→ Green belt creation in three large areas of Bray-Dunes coasts to connect the fragmented ecological areas between the Nature Reserves.

→ “Nature Reserve of the Dune du Perroquet” and “National Nature Reserve of the Dune Marchland” preservation and management. Inscriptions throughout the nature reserves informing about history, culture and environmental values.

→ Provision and management of better connectivity with educational and recreational features along bicycle and pedestrian paths.

→ Transportation development: train station in the area and more bike paths.

→ Better attractions for young professionals and tourists. Recreational opportunities that will attract visitors from both De Panne and Dunkirk to visit Bray-Dunes, like community gardens.

→ There is a high pressure of urbanization among the area, this could be an opportunity, as well as a risk at the same time - building new housing could develop the area, but it could disturb the nature reserves too.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks f.png|''SWOT method to indetify the potentials and risks''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==

'''Readings'''

→ Landscape character assessment (LCA) is defined as the process of identifying and describing variation in character of the landscape. In our process we used LCA documents to identify and explain the unique combination of elements and features that make our site distinctive by mapping and describing character types and areas. Landscape character assessment also shows how the landscape is perceived, experienced and valued by people.

→ Seascape character assessment (SCA) has emerged as a method for assessing, characterising, mapping and describing seascape character. Seascape is defined by Natural England in its position statement on All Landscapes Matter in 2010 as: “An area of sea, coastline and land, as perceived by people, whose character results from the actions and interactions of land with sea, by natural and/or human factors”.

→ Coastal character assessment (CCA) informs and guides coastal and marine planning, and individual development proposals, by informing landscape/seascape and visual impact assessments. As Bray Dunes is a coastal landscape, it was relevant to read about this assessment, it made us realise that the coast itself is complex and represents more than its physical characteristics.

→ Belgium and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 the main challenges identified for Belgium for the implementation of EU environmental policy and law were to:
* improve air quality, in particular nitrogen dioxide levels, by reducing traffic congestion;
* continue to address water pollution coming from urban wastewater and agricultural sources;
* manage the Natura 2000 network towards favourable conservation status for all species and habitats.

→ France and the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR) in 2017 identified the following main challenges as regards the implementation of EU environmental policy and law in France:
* improving air quality by taking forward-looking, rapid and effective action to reach EU-based air pollution limit values;
* taking the necessary measures to improve water quality, particularly reducing nitrate pollution;
* effectively protecting biodiversity by enforcing the applicable law to ensure the protection of habitats and species.

→ The Marine Protection assessment from the Environmental Implementation Review for France 2019, gave us insights about which goals have been achieved and what would be the next priority actions:
* Provide information about measures to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES), establish more measures that have a direct impact on pressures.
* Ensure reporting of the different elements under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

→ Finally, the biodiversity protection describes also priority actions in order to improve the challenges in the area:
* Assess the Natura 2000 implementation and management.
* Support sustainable partnerships for biodiversity protection, sustainable development, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
* Protect habitats and species affected by or dependent on agricultural management.

'''Limitations'''

→ The most of the readings seem to be addressed to De Panne (on the Belgian side) and Dunkirk (on the French side), attracting a lot more interest, as they are considered areas with great strategic, economical and social importance. As a result, development plans are directed around Bray-Dunes, leaving a very significant natural ecological area, which contributes widely to the ecological coastal balance in the area, lacking attention and strategic management planning.

→ Urban infrastructure creation may impact negatively the ecology, but will promote the economy and connectivity critically.

== B.5 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
CONTENT - BLUE AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/172/28-dune-du-perroquet-59_nord.htm
* http://www.conservatoire-du-littoral.fr/siteLittoral/213/28-dune-fossile-59_nord.htm
* http://www.water-ways.net/d/info/frankreich/nord_aa_canal_de_calais_de_Bergues_de_Furnes_de_bourbourg_de_la_colme.php
CONTENT - ACCESS AND TRANSPORT:
* https://www.google.de/maps/search/bray+dunes+train+station/@51.0541114,2.4680149,12z?hl=en
IMAGE SOURCES - CULTURAL AND NATURAL ATTRACTIONS:
* [https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139%20/ https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/Bray-Dunes.htm?provinceid=139 / ]
* [https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand%20/ https://lenord.fr/jcms/pnw_5321/decouvrez-la-reserve-naturelle-dune-marchand /]
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/73290459@N07/25434107707/
DEVELOPMENT PLANS:
* https://www.ateliers.org/media/workshop/documents/atelier_dunkerque_presentation_en.pdf
READINGS:
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_fr_en.pdf
* https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_be_en.pdf
* https://www.gov.uk/guidance/landscape-and-seascape-character-assessments
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/691184/landscape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396177/seascape-character-assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/Guidance%20Note%20-%20Coastal%20Character%20Assessment.pdf
* https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape/coastal-character-assessment ''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==

Our main goals are:

→ PRESERVE NATURE RESERVES

→ IMPROVE CONNECTIVITY

→ ENHANCE ATTRACTIVITY

We selected 4 goals from the Sustainable Development Goals as related to our Project:

- Good health and well-being

- Sustainable cities and communities

- Life on Land

- Partnership for the goals

The goals relate XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:CO-LAND_Group_3_Presentation_3_-_Planning_and_Design (1).jpg|''The strategic planning based on the evaluation findings and the whole process''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==

*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:ConceptBrayDunes.jpg|'''Spatial vision translate:''' '' In an attempt to express visually, our vision for Bray-Dunes, we developed a conceptual representation that includes the most important issues we wanted to address. The first goal includes the ecological fragmentation between the two Nature Reserves the area contains. The plan is to connect those fragmented areas through strategies that support the green belt creation and provide recreational and educational pedestrian and bike paths, enhancing at the same time the area to its trans-boundary extension. Ecological quality preservation for this diverse ecosystem and flood prevention through pumps and floodgates in the blue infrastructure are also suggested, while sustainable models for economic growth in the area are explained in the partnership and governance part extensively. Maybe a very important observation was the fact that the area does not have a train station. The railway though passes through Bray-Dunes and the old station building is used as a media library. Our suggestion is the reopening of the station as a mixed use building, which will attract tourists/young professionals and ease the transportation between De Panne and Dunkirk, two very financially developed cities. Finally new attractions are suggested on the economic growth tendency area, which is extended mostly on the beach.''
File:Base_Map_Transect_Bray_Dunes.png|''Location Transects''
File:Transect1 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 1''
File:Transect 2 BrayDunes.png|''Transect 2''
File:InterventionNo1.jpg|'''1. Intervention:''' ''Transportation improvement through reopening of the old train station.''
File:InterventionNo2.jpg|'''2. Intervention:''' ''Visualization of the Nature Reserve with the implementation of green belts, bike paths and informative inscriptions.''
File:InterventionNo3.jpg|'''3. Intervention:''' ''Coast line area, suggestions of beautification and attractiveness increase.''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
BASE MAP SOURCE:
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/51.0639/2.5114
IMAGES AND ICONS:
* https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cf/c5/d0/cfc5d0880997255e4ee06d908e6c2e74.jpg
* https://www.alltrails.com/de/france/hauts-de-france/bray-dunes
* https://www.alltrails.com/members/anne-molderez/photos
* https://www.cleanpng.com/free/kiss.html
* https://i0.wp.com/www.transparency-one.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UN-SDGs-overview.png?resize=800%2C418&ssl=1
* https://thenounproject.com/
READINGS:
* https://www.interregeurope.eu/biogov/
* https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/conferences/etc2018/plenary_session_2_moray_gilland.pdf
* http://www.mageteaux.eu/fr/projet
* https://demo-europe.eu/fr/page-daccueil/
* https://www.natuurenbos.be/projecten/west-vlaanderen/life-project-flandre/flandre/life-nature-project-flandre-english

= D. Process Reflection =

The outcomes of our study:

→ Positive internal evaluation of our results.

→ The order and process of the sessions and the project phases were coherent to understand the location and develop the strategies.

→ Long distance project requires extra effort and eventual assumptions.

→ Better understanding of coastal landscapes, mainly the potentials they have and possibilities they offer.

→ The connection people have with coastal areas highlight the importance of preserving them.

Limitations we faced:

→ Lack of exact knowledge of the site.

→ Lack of enough sources for a long distance project.

What we have learnt from each other:

→ Task distribution with intermediary talks worked really well.

→ Having different backgrounds results in good discussions.

What we would do differently:

→ The partnerships and governance part would be useful to be explored in an earlier phase.

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2020]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

File:01 coland transect arati.jpg

2020-03-27T15:18:09Z

Arati.u: