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Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:48:40Z

Mafaldal: /* B.2 Mapping */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*'''''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city.''' Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*'''''2: The attractability.''' It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*'''''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality.''' The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*'''''City character :''' define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*'''''Access to the lake :''' This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*'''''Cultural layer :''' We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
''File:Kallaste character map.jpg|''
''File:Accessible map.jpg|''
''File:Cultural heritage map.jpg|''

== B.3 Problem, Definition and Priority setting ==
'''''Two extreme and contrast future scenarios of your landscape'''

[[“what if every worst prediction will happen in the area”]]
*Fishing industry closed down
*People will move out
*Population get really old
*Area gets abandoned
*More seaweeds on the lake (eutrophication)

[[“what if everything will go in the best direction”]]
*Active local community
*More younger people
*Buildings will be renovated
*Summer holiday hotspot
*Winter holiday hotspot
*Conservation of the fishers traditional harbours

'''SWOT'''

'''Strengths'''
*History and cultural heritage
*Natural resources (lake, fishes...)
*Surroundings (villages, greenery…)
*Typical character
'''Weaknesses'''
*Bad connection lake-city
*Population getting older
*Lack of activities during winter
*Lack of facilities for tourists
'''Opportunities'''
*A lot of wasted spaces that we can use
*Abandoned places
*Access to the lake and aquatic activities
'''Threats'''
*Growth of the seasonality aspect
*Population moving out
*Loss of the cultural heritage

'''Using strengths and opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats:'''
*Use the empty houses to create tourists’ facilities
*Use the wasted lands to create parking areas for tourists and people
*Conserve the cultural heritage to attract tourists and use the resources to avoid the seasonality effect
*Keeping the typical character of the place will give it recognition and avoid the loss of the cultural heritage, even if all the original people from the area are gone.
*The surroundings are full of heritage as well, so they can lead the way to the lake, telling the story of the place.

'''Ecosystemic services'''
*[[Lake :]] Provides fishes → nutrition (health) → can be sold and create jobs (economical value) → Rule for fishing (protection)
*[[Beaches :]] Provides access to the water → Recreation → social value → need of rules and maintenance (for social and safety interest)
*[[Green area :]] Provides climate and CO2 regulation → health value → needs maintenance (safety) + Provides recreation → social values → needs users
*[[Typical houses :]] Provide cultural heritage → aesthetic and belonging for population → well being and social values → conservation and protection

'''Priority setting'''
*[[Local’s quality of life :]] Make sure that the local people have a sufficient source of income all along the year. In this case, they will be able to leave there the all year long, and less people will leave the city. Indeed, when you have a nice job in a nice area, you don’t want to leave the place you are living. This is the priority, because without the local people, the city won’t exist anymore. Moreover, everything is linked to the aborigines, they are the persons who created the city, its history and they are keep the culture alive. It is so really important to have local people living here as much as possible. This is also linked directly to the lake ,which is a source of income for fishermen and that local people need for resting and recovering.
*[[Cultural heritage conservation :]] The area of Peipsi lake is known for the huge cultural heritage that it contains. During the past, it has been soviet, fisherman place, Estonian, Old russians’ believers… and all of them left some cultural elements. More than just a landscape, these are ways of life, like onion farming, fish smoking or religious celebration who belongs here today. But nowadays, people tend to leave this area to go to biggers cities, and even if the population is today mostly Russian, it is important to keep the areas traditions, giving values to the area and attracting tourists. And as majority of these activities are linked to the lake like fishing or even just the connection with russia, it is important the take care of the lake as well. We should improve the access to it and keep all the resources it is full of.
*[[Attractability :]] Actually the city is victim of the seasonality. This is a problem, because the city is active only during summer time. The point is that the city needs activity during winter as well, otherwise, the problem of the seasonality is that it will become more and more important, but with only two months of summer income during the year, it is impossible to live one full year. So we need a year round hotspot, with cultural activities and periodic events, who will attract people even during the winter, for exemple just for a weekend, especially people from Tartu, just coming for rest, away from a big city. Because even if Tartu gets some beaches, Peipsi lake is another character, different from the river and inn a smaller city. It is then really important to improve the connections with the lake, mostly to make it really easy for the tourists, so they won’t disturb the local people who doesn’t want.

All of those together will impact each other. Having locals will improve the wants to keep the cultural heritage and have a permanent income plus activities even during winter, then the culture will be maintained and cultural heritage is supposed to attract tourists, so the tourists will come, any time of the year, so the local people will have income and won’t leave the city anymore. But as everything is linked, it is important to be careful to don’t be extreme : too many locals won’t have enough economical activities, too many tourists will disturb locals and be hard to manage, and to many cultural activities can do not fit in the small town.

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* '''''Assessment methods and limitations :'''
[[1. Landscape Character Assessment:]] Gives overview of the area. Zone definitions to see which ones need more attention and the connections between all of them.
*Limitations: Survey period too short to have a real overview along the year and communication problems with locals.

[[2. SWOT:]] Used to have a look on what we already have in the area : strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the territory. Then, to analyse it, we have to define how we can improve the strengths and use the opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats.
*Limitations: Time limited, it is just like a picture in time

[[3. Ecosystem Services:]] What we can benefit from the nature. The goal is to be aware of the ecosystem services to use them correctly and protect them, so we can keep using them with the purpose of the well-being of the population.
*Limitations: No data from local’s habits and connections with surroundings

[[4. Extreme Scenario:]] Made to realize how far the issues can go. Also helps to determine which issue is the most important.
*Limitations: Lack of informations about the economics trends and daily activities

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:47:48Z

Mafaldal: /* B.3 Problem, Definition and Priority setting */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*'''''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city.''' Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*'''''2: The attractability.''' It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*'''''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality.''' The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*'''''City character :''' define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*'''''Access to the lake :''' This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*'''''Cultural layer :''' We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Kallaste character map.jpg|
File:Accessible map.jpg|
File:Cultural heritage map.jpg|''

== B.3 Problem, Definition and Priority setting ==
'''''Two extreme and contrast future scenarios of your landscape'''

[[“what if every worst prediction will happen in the area”]]
*Fishing industry closed down
*People will move out
*Population get really old
*Area gets abandoned
*More seaweeds on the lake (eutrophication)

[[“what if everything will go in the best direction”]]
*Active local community
*More younger people
*Buildings will be renovated
*Summer holiday hotspot
*Winter holiday hotspot
*Conservation of the fishers traditional harbours

'''SWOT'''

'''Strengths'''
*History and cultural heritage
*Natural resources (lake, fishes...)
*Surroundings (villages, greenery…)
*Typical character
'''Weaknesses'''
*Bad connection lake-city
*Population getting older
*Lack of activities during winter
*Lack of facilities for tourists
'''Opportunities'''
*A lot of wasted spaces that we can use
*Abandoned places
*Access to the lake and aquatic activities
'''Threats'''
*Growth of the seasonality aspect
*Population moving out
*Loss of the cultural heritage

'''Using strengths and opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats:'''
*Use the empty houses to create tourists’ facilities
*Use the wasted lands to create parking areas for tourists and people
*Conserve the cultural heritage to attract tourists and use the resources to avoid the seasonality effect
*Keeping the typical character of the place will give it recognition and avoid the loss of the cultural heritage, even if all the original people from the area are gone.
*The surroundings are full of heritage as well, so they can lead the way to the lake, telling the story of the place.

'''Ecosystemic services'''
*[[Lake :]] Provides fishes → nutrition (health) → can be sold and create jobs (economical value) → Rule for fishing (protection)
*[[Beaches :]] Provides access to the water → Recreation → social value → need of rules and maintenance (for social and safety interest)
*[[Green area :]] Provides climate and CO2 regulation → health value → needs maintenance (safety) + Provides recreation → social values → needs users
*[[Typical houses :]] Provide cultural heritage → aesthetic and belonging for population → well being and social values → conservation and protection

'''Priority setting'''
*[[Local’s quality of life :]] Make sure that the local people have a sufficient source of income all along the year. In this case, they will be able to leave there the all year long, and less people will leave the city. Indeed, when you have a nice job in a nice area, you don’t want to leave the place you are living. This is the priority, because without the local people, the city won’t exist anymore. Moreover, everything is linked to the aborigines, they are the persons who created the city, its history and they are keep the culture alive. It is so really important to have local people living here as much as possible. This is also linked directly to the lake ,which is a source of income for fishermen and that local people need for resting and recovering.
*[[Cultural heritage conservation :]] The area of Peipsi lake is known for the huge cultural heritage that it contains. During the past, it has been soviet, fisherman place, Estonian, Old russians’ believers… and all of them left some cultural elements. More than just a landscape, these are ways of life, like onion farming, fish smoking or religious celebration who belongs here today. But nowadays, people tend to leave this area to go to biggers cities, and even if the population is today mostly Russian, it is important to keep the areas traditions, giving values to the area and attracting tourists. And as majority of these activities are linked to the lake like fishing or even just the connection with russia, it is important the take care of the lake as well. We should improve the access to it and keep all the resources it is full of.
*[[Attractability :]] Actually the city is victim of the seasonality. This is a problem, because the city is active only during summer time. The point is that the city needs activity during winter as well, otherwise, the problem of the seasonality is that it will become more and more important, but with only two months of summer income during the year, it is impossible to live one full year. So we need a year round hotspot, with cultural activities and periodic events, who will attract people even during the winter, for exemple just for a weekend, especially people from Tartu, just coming for rest, away from a big city. Because even if Tartu gets some beaches, Peipsi lake is another character, different from the river and inn a smaller city. It is then really important to improve the connections with the lake, mostly to make it really easy for the tourists, so they won’t disturb the local people who doesn’t want.

All of those together will impact each other. Having locals will improve the wants to keep the cultural heritage and have a permanent income plus activities even during winter, then the culture will be maintained and cultural heritage is supposed to attract tourists, so the tourists will come, any time of the year, so the local people will have income and won’t leave the city anymore. But as everything is linked, it is important to be careful to don’t be extreme : too many locals won’t have enough economical activities, too many tourists will disturb locals and be hard to manage, and to many cultural activities can do not fit in the small town.

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* '''''Assessment methods and limitations :'''
[[1. Landscape Character Assessment:]] Gives overview of the area. Zone definitions to see which ones need more attention and the connections between all of them.
*Limitations: Survey period too short to have a real overview along the year and communication problems with locals.

[[2. SWOT:]] Used to have a look on what we already have in the area : strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the territory. Then, to analyse it, we have to define how we can improve the strengths and use the opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats.
*Limitations: Time limited, it is just like a picture in time

[[3. Ecosystem Services:]] What we can benefit from the nature. The goal is to be aware of the ecosystem services to use them correctly and protect them, so we can keep using them with the purpose of the well-being of the population.
*Limitations: No data from local’s habits and connections with surroundings

[[4. Extreme Scenario:]] Made to realize how far the issues can go. Also helps to determine which issue is the most important.
*Limitations: Lack of informations about the economics trends and daily activities

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:46:15Z

Mafaldal: /* B.3 Problem, Definition and Priority setting */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*'''''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city.''' Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*'''''2: The attractability.''' It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*'''''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality.''' The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*'''''City character :''' define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*'''''Access to the lake :''' This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*'''''Cultural layer :''' We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Kallaste character map.jpg|
File:Accessible map.jpg|
File:Cultural heritage map.jpg|''

== B.3 Problem, Definition and Priority setting ==
'''SWOT'''

'''Strengths'''
*History and cultural heritage
*Natural resources (lake, fishes...)
*Surroundings (villages, greenery…)
*Typical character
'''Weaknesses'''
*Bad connection lake-city
*Population getting older
*Lack of activities during winter
*Lack of facilities for tourists
'''Opportunities'''
*A lot of wasted spaces that we can use
*Abandoned places
*Access to the lake and aquatic activities
'''Threats'''
*Growth of the seasonality aspect
*Population moving out
*Loss of the cultural heritage

'''Using strengths and opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats:'''
*Use the empty houses to create tourists’ facilities
*Use the wasted lands to create parking areas for tourists and people
*Conserve the cultural heritage to attract tourists and use the resources to avoid the seasonality effect
*Keeping the typical character of the place will give it recognition and avoid the loss of the cultural heritage, even if all the original people from the area are gone.
*The surroundings are full of heritage as well, so they can lead the way to the lake, telling the story of the place.

'''Ecosystemic services'''
*[[Lake :]] Provides fishes → nutrition (health) → can be sold and create jobs (economical value) → Rule for fishing (protection)
*[[Beaches :]] Provides access to the water → Recreation → social value → need of rules and maintenance (for social and safety interest)
*[[Green area :]] Provides climate and CO2 regulation → health value → needs maintenance (safety) + Provides recreation → social values → needs users
*[[Typical houses :]] Provide cultural heritage → aesthetic and belonging for population → well being and social values → conservation and protection

'''Priority setting'''
*[[Local’s quality of life :]] Make sure that the local people have a sufficient source of income all along the year. In this case, they will be able to leave there the all year long, and less people will leave the city. Indeed, when you have a nice job in a nice area, you don’t want to leave the place you are living. This is the priority, because without the local people, the city won’t exist anymore. Moreover, everything is linked to the aborigines, they are the persons who created the city, its history and they are keep the culture alive. It is so really important to have local people living here as much as possible. This is also linked directly to the lake ,which is a source of income for fishermen and that local people need for resting and recovering.
*[[Cultural heritage conservation :]] The area of Peipsi lake is known for the huge cultural heritage that it contains. During the past, it has been soviet, fisherman place, Estonian, Old russians’ believers… and all of them left some cultural elements. More than just a landscape, these are ways of life, like onion farming, fish smoking or religious celebration who belongs here today. But nowadays, people tend to leave this area to go to biggers cities, and even if the population is today mostly Russian, it is important to keep the areas traditions, giving values to the area and attracting tourists. And as majority of these activities are linked to the lake like fishing or even just the connection with russia, it is important the take care of the lake as well. We should improve the access to it and keep all the resources it is full of.
*[[Attractability :]] Actually the city is victim of the seasonality. This is a problem, because the city is active only during summer time. The point is that the city needs activity during winter as well, otherwise, the problem of the seasonality is that it will become more and more important, but with only two months of summer income during the year, it is impossible to live one full year. So we need a year round hotspot, with cultural activities and periodic events, who will attract people even during the winter, for exemple just for a weekend, especially people from Tartu, just coming for rest, away from a big city. Because even if Tartu gets some beaches, Peipsi lake is another character, different from the river and inn a smaller city. It is then really important to improve the connections with the lake, mostly to make it really easy for the tourists, so they won’t disturb the local people who doesn’t want.

All of those together will impact each other. Having locals will improve the wants to keep the cultural heritage and have a permanent income plus activities even during winter, then the culture will be maintained and cultural heritage is supposed to attract tourists, so the tourists will come, any time of the year, so the local people will have income and won’t leave the city anymore. But as everything is linked, it is important to be careful to don’t be extreme : too many locals won’t have enough economical activities, too many tourists will disturb locals and be hard to manage, and to many cultural activities can do not fit in the small town.

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* '''''Assessment methods and limitations :'''
[[1. Landscape Character Assessment:]] Gives overview of the area. Zone definitions to see which ones need more attention and the connections between all of them.
*Limitations: Survey period too short to have a real overview along the year and communication problems with locals.

[[2. SWOT:]] Used to have a look on what we already have in the area : strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the territory. Then, to analyse it, we have to define how we can improve the strengths and use the opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats.
*Limitations: Time limited, it is just like a picture in time

[[3. Ecosystem Services:]] What we can benefit from the nature. The goal is to be aware of the ecosystem services to use them correctly and protect them, so we can keep using them with the purpose of the well-being of the population.
*Limitations: No data from local’s habits and connections with surroundings

[[4. Extreme Scenario:]] Made to realize how far the issues can go. Also helps to determine which issue is the most important.
*Limitations: Lack of informations about the economics trends and daily activities

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:45:30Z

Mafaldal: /* Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*'''''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city.''' Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*'''''2: The attractability.''' It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*'''''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality.''' The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*'''''City character :''' define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*'''''Access to the lake :''' This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*'''''Cultural layer :''' We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Kallaste character map.jpg|
File:Accessible map.jpg|
File:Cultural heritage map.jpg|''

== B.3 Problem, Definition and Priority setting ==
'''SWOT'''

'''Strengths'''
*History and cultural heritage
*Natural resources (lake, fishes...)
*Surroundings (villages, greenery…)
*Typical character
'''Weaknesses'''
*Bad connection lake-city
*Population getting older
*Lack of activities during winter
*Lack of facilities for tourists
'''Opportunities'''
*A lot of wasted spaces that we can use
*Abandoned places
*Access to the lake and aquatic activities
'''Threats'''
*Growth of the seasonality aspect
*Population moving out
*Loss of the cultural heritage

'''Using strengths and opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats:'''
*Use the empty houses to create tourists’ facilities
*Use the wasted lands to create parking areas for tourists and people
*Conserve the cultural heritage to attract tourists and use the resources to avoid the seasonality effect
*Keeping the typical character of the place will give it recognition and avoid the loss of the cultural heritage, even if all the original people from the area are gone.
*The surroundings are full of heritage as well, so they can lead the way to the lake, telling the story of the place.

'''Ecosystemic services'''
[[Lake :]] Provides fishes → nutrition (health) → can be sold and create jobs (economical value) → Rule for fishing (protection)
[[Beaches :]] Provides access to the water → Recreation → social value → need of rules and maintenance (for social and safety interest)
[[Green area :]] Provides climate and CO2 regulation → health value → needs maintenance (safety) + Provides recreation → social values → needs users
[[Typical houses :]] Provide cultural heritage → aesthetic and belonging for population → well being and social values → conservation and protection

'''Priority setting'''
*[[Local’s quality of life :]] Make sure that the local people have a sufficient source of income all along the year. In this case, they will be able to leave there the all year long, and less people will leave the city. Indeed, when you have a nice job in a nice area, you don’t want to leave the place you are living. This is the priority, because without the local people, the city won’t exist anymore. Moreover, everything is linked to the aborigines, they are the persons who created the city, its history and they are keep the culture alive. It is so really important to have local people living here as much as possible. This is also linked directly to the lake ,which is a source of income for fishermen and that local people need for resting and recovering.
*[[Cultural heritage conservation :]] The area of Peipsi lake is known for the huge cultural heritage that it contains. During the past, it has been soviet, fisherman place, Estonian, Old russians’ believers… and all of them left some cultural elements. More than just a landscape, these are ways of life, like onion farming, fish smoking or religious celebration who belongs here today. But nowadays, people tend to leave this area to go to biggers cities, and even if the population is today mostly Russian, it is important to keep the areas traditions, giving values to the area and attracting tourists. And as majority of these activities are linked to the lake like fishing or even just the connection with russia, it is important the take care of the lake as well. We should improve the access to it and keep all the resources it is full of.
*[[Attractability :]] Actually the city is victim of the seasonality. This is a problem, because the city is active only during summer time. The point is that the city needs activity during winter as well, otherwise, the problem of the seasonality is that it will become more and more important, but with only two months of summer income during the year, it is impossible to live one full year. So we need a year round hotspot, with cultural activities and periodic events, who will attract people even during the winter, for exemple just for a weekend, especially people from Tartu, just coming for rest, away from a big city. Because even if Tartu gets some beaches, Peipsi lake is another character, different from the river and inn a smaller city. It is then really important to improve the connections with the lake, mostly to make it really easy for the tourists, so they won’t disturb the local people who doesn’t want.

All of those together will impact each other. Having locals will improve the wants to keep the cultural heritage and have a permanent income plus activities even during winter, then the culture will be maintained and cultural heritage is supposed to attract tourists, so the tourists will come, any time of the year, so the local people will have income and won’t leave the city anymore. But as everything is linked, it is important to be careful to don’t be extreme : too many locals won’t have enough economical activities, too many tourists will disturb locals and be hard to manage, and to many cultural activities can do not fit in the small town.

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* '''''Assessment methods and limitations :'''
[[1. Landscape Character Assessment:]] Gives overview of the area. Zone definitions to see which ones need more attention and the connections between all of them.
*Limitations: Survey period too short to have a real overview along the year and communication problems with locals.

[[2. SWOT:]] Used to have a look on what we already have in the area : strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the territory. Then, to analyse it, we have to define how we can improve the strengths and use the opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats.
*Limitations: Time limited, it is just like a picture in time

[[3. Ecosystem Services:]] What we can benefit from the nature. The goal is to be aware of the ecosystem services to use them correctly and protect them, so we can keep using them with the purpose of the well-being of the population.
*Limitations: No data from local’s habits and connections with surroundings

[[4. Extreme Scenario:]] Made to realize how far the issues can go. Also helps to determine which issue is the most important.
*Limitations: Lack of informations about the economics trends and daily activities

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:38:34Z

Mafaldal: /* Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*'''''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city.''' Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*'''''2: The attractability.''' It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*'''''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality.''' The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*'''''City character :''' define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*'''''Access to the lake :''' This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*'''''Cultural layer :''' We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Kallaste character map.jpg|
File:Accessible map.jpg|
File:Cultural heritage map.jpg|''

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* '''''Assessment methods and limitations :'''
[[1. Landscape Character Assessment:]] Gives overview of the area. Zone definitions to see which ones need more attention and the connections between all of them.
*Limitations: Survey period too short to have a real overview along the year and communication problems with locals.

[[2. SWOT:]] Used to have a look on what we already have in the area : strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the territory. Then, to analyse it, we have to define how we can improve the strengths and use the opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats.
*Limitations: Time limited, it is just like a picture in time

[[3. Ecosystem Services:]] What we can benefit from the nature. The goal is to be aware of the ecosystem services to use them correctly and protect them, so we can keep using them with the purpose of the well-being of the population.
*Limitations: No data from local’s habits and connections with surroundings

[[4. Extreme Scenario:]] Made to realize how far the issues can go. Also helps to determine which issue is the most important.
*Limitations: Lack of informations about the economics trends and daily activities

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:37:44Z

Mafaldal: /* B.2 Mapping */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*'''''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city.''' Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*'''''2: The attractability.''' It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*'''''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality.''' The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*'''''City character :''' define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*'''''Access to the lake :''' This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*'''''Cultural layer :''' We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Kallaste character map.jpg|
File:Accessible map.jpg|
File:Cultural heritage map.jpg|''

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:36:33Z

Mafaldal: /* Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*'''''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city.''' Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*'''''2: The attractability.''' It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*'''''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality.''' The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*'''''City character :''' define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*'''''Access to the lake :''' This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*'''''Cultural layer :''' We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Kallaste character map.jpg|
File:Accessible map.jpg|
File:Cultural heritage map.jpg|''

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* '''''Assessment methods and limitations :'''
[[1. Landscape Character Assessment:]] Gives overview of the area. Zone definitions to see which ones need more attention and the connections between all of them.
*Limitations: Survey period too short to have a real overview along the year and communication problems with locals.

[[2. SWOT:]] Used to have a look on what we already have in the area : strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the territory. Then, to analyse it, we have to define how we can improve the strengths and use the opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats.
*Limitations: Time limited, it is just like a picture in time

[[3. Ecosystem Services:]] What we can benefit from the nature. The goal is to be aware of the ecosystem services to use them correctly and protect them, so we can keep using them with the purpose of the well-being of the population.
*Limitations: No data from local’s habits and connections with surroundings

[[4. Extreme Scenario:]] Made to realize how far the issues can go. Also helps to determine which issue is the most important.
*Limitations: Lack of informations about the economics trends and daily activities

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:34:12Z

Mafaldal: /* B.2 Mapping */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*'''''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city.''' Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*'''''2: The attractability.''' It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*'''''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality.''' The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*'''''City character :''' define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*'''''Access to the lake :''' This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*'''''Cultural layer :''' We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Kallaste character map.jpg|
File:Accessible map.jpg|
File:Cultural heritage map.jpg|

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* '''''Assessment methods and limitations :'''
[[1. Landscape Character Assessment:]] Gives overview of the area. Zone definitions to see which ones need more attention and the connections between all of them.
*Limitations: Survey period too short to have a real overview along the year and communication problems with locals.

[[2. SWOT:]] Used to have a look on what we already have in the area : strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the territory. Then, to analyse it, we have to define how we can improve the strengths and use the opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats.
*Limitations: Time limited, it is just like a picture in time

[[3. Ecosystem Services:]] What we can benefit from the nature. The goal is to be aware of the ecosystem services to use them correctly and protect them, so we can keep using them with the purpose of the well-being of the population.
*Limitations: No data from local’s habits and connections with surroundings

[[4. Extreme Scenario:]] Made to realize how far the issues can go. Also helps to determine which issue is the most important.
*Limitations: Lack of informations about the economics trends and daily activities

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:33:23Z

Mafaldal: /* B.2 Mapping */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*'''''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city.''' Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*'''''2: The attractability.''' It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*'''''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality.''' The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*'''''City character :''' define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*'''''Access to the lake :''' This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*'''''Cultural layer :''' We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:Kallaste character map.jpg|
File:Accessible map.jpg|
File:Cultural heritage map.jpg|

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
'''''Two extreme and contrast future scenarios of your landscape'''

[[“what if every worst prediction will happen in the area”]]
*Fishing industry closed down
*People will move out
*Population get really old
*Area gets abandoned
*More seaweeds on the lake (eutrophication)

[[“what if everything will go in the best direction”]]
*Active local community
*More younger people
*Buildings will be renovated
*Summer holiday hotspot
*Winter holiday hotspot
*Conservation of the fishers traditional harbours

'''SWOT'''

'''Strengths'''
*History and cultural heritage
*Natural resources (lake, fishes...)
*Surroundings (villages, greenery…)
*Typical character
'''Weaknesses'''
*Bad connection lake-city
*Population getting older
*Lack of activities during winter
*Lack of facilities for tourists
'''Opportunities'''
*A lot of wasted spaces that we can use
*Abandoned places
*Access to the lake and aquatic activities
'''Threats'''
*Growth of the seasonality aspect
*Population moving out
*Loss of the cultural heritage

[[Using strengths and opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats:]]
*Use the empty houses to create tourists’ facilities
*Use the wasted lands to create parking areas for tourists and people
*Conserve the cultural heritage to attract tourists and use the resources to avoid the seasonality effect
*Keeping the typical character of the place will give it recognition and avoid the loss of the cultural heritage, even if all the original people from the area are gone.
*The surroundings are full of heritage as well, so they can lead the way to the lake, telling the story of the place.

'''Ecosystemic services'''
*[[Lake :]] Provides fishes → nutrition (health) → can be sold and create jobs (economical value) → Rule for fishing (protection)
*[[Beaches :]] Provides access to the water → Recreation → social value → need of rules and maintenance (for social and safety interest)
*[[Green area :]] Provides climate and CO2 regulation → health value → needs maintenance (safety) + Provides recreation → social values → needs users
*[[Typical houses :]] Provide cultural heritage → aesthetic and belonging for population → well being and social values → conservation and protection

'''Priority setting'''
*[[Local’s quality of life :]] Make sure that the local people have a sufficient source of income all along the year. In this case, they will be able to leave there the all year long, and less people will leave the city. Indeed, when you have a nice job in a nice area, you don’t want to leave the place you are living. This is the priority, because without the local people, the city won’t exist anymore. Moreover, everything is linked to the aborigines, they are the persons who created the city, its history and they are keep the culture alive. It is so really important to have local people living here as much as possible. This is also linked directly to the lake ,which is a source of income for fishermen and that local people need for resting and recovering.
*[[Cultural heritage conservation :]] The area of Peipsi lake is known for the huge cultural heritage that it contains. During the past, it has been soviet, fisherman place, Estonian, Old russians’ believers… and all of them left some cultural elements. More than just a landscape, these are ways of life, like onion farming, fish smoking or religious celebration who belongs here today. But nowadays, people tend to leave this area to go to biggers cities, and even if the population is today mostly Russian, it is important to keep the areas traditions, giving values to the area and attracting tourists. And as majority of these activities are linked to the lake like fishing or even just the connection with russia, it is important the take care of the lake as well. We should improve the access to it and keep all the resources it is full of.
*[[Attractability :]] Actually the city is victim of the seasonality. This is a problem, because the city is active only during summer time. The point is that the city needs activity during winter as well, otherwise, the problem of the seasonality is that it will become more and more important, but with only two months of summer income during the year, it is impossible to live one full year. So we need a year round hotspot, with cultural activities and periodic events, who will attract people even during the winter, for exemple just for a weekend, especially people from Tartu, just coming for rest, away from a big city. Because even if Tartu gets some beaches, Peipsi lake is another character, different from the river and inn a smaller city. It is then really important to improve the connections with the lake, mostly to make it really easy for the tourists, so they won’t disturb the local people who doesn’t want.

All of those together will impact each other. Having locals will improve the wants to keep the cultural heritage and have a permanent income plus activities even during winter, then the culture will be maintained and cultural heritage is supposed to attract tourists, so the tourists will come, any time of the year, so the local people will have income and won’t leave the city anymore. But as everything is linked, it is important to be careful to don’t be extreme : too many locals won’t have enough economical activities, too many tourists will disturb locals and be hard to manage, and to many cultural activities can do not fit in the small town.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* '''''Assessment methods and limitations :'''
[[1. Landscape Character Assessment:]] Gives overview of the area. Zone definitions to see which ones need more attention and the connections between all of them.
*Limitations: Survey period too short to have a real overview along the year and communication problems with locals.

[[2. SWOT:]] Used to have a look on what we already have in the area : strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the territory. Then, to analyse it, we have to define how we can improve the strengths and use the opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats.
*Limitations: Time limited, it is just like a picture in time

[[3. Ecosystem Services:]] What we can benefit from the nature. The goal is to be aware of the ecosystem services to use them correctly and protect them, so we can keep using them with the purpose of the well-being of the population.
*Limitations: No data from local’s habits and connections with surroundings

[[4. Extreme Scenario:]] Made to realize how far the issues can go. Also helps to determine which issue is the most important.
*Limitations: Lack of informations about the economics trends and daily activities

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

File:Cultural heritage map.jpg

2018-05-17T12:32:59Z

Mafaldal:

File:Accessible map.jpg

2018-05-17T12:32:24Z

Mafaldal:

File:Kallaste character map.jpg

2018-05-17T12:31:12Z

Mafaldal:

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:30:25Z

Mafaldal: /* B.3 Problem definition and priority setting */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*'''''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city.''' Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*'''''2: The attractability.''' It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*'''''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality.''' The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*'''''City character :''' define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*'''''Access to the lake :''' This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*'''''Cultural layer :''' We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme2.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
'''''Two extreme and contrast future scenarios of your landscape'''

[[“what if every worst prediction will happen in the area”]]
*Fishing industry closed down
*People will move out
*Population get really old
*Area gets abandoned
*More seaweeds on the lake (eutrophication)

[[“what if everything will go in the best direction”]]
*Active local community
*More younger people
*Buildings will be renovated
*Summer holiday hotspot
*Winter holiday hotspot
*Conservation of the fishers traditional harbours

'''SWOT'''

'''Strengths'''
*History and cultural heritage
*Natural resources (lake, fishes...)
*Surroundings (villages, greenery…)
*Typical character
'''Weaknesses'''
*Bad connection lake-city
*Population getting older
*Lack of activities during winter
*Lack of facilities for tourists
'''Opportunities'''
*A lot of wasted spaces that we can use
*Abandoned places
*Access to the lake and aquatic activities
'''Threats'''
*Growth of the seasonality aspect
*Population moving out
*Loss of the cultural heritage

[[Using strengths and opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats:]]
*Use the empty houses to create tourists’ facilities
*Use the wasted lands to create parking areas for tourists and people
*Conserve the cultural heritage to attract tourists and use the resources to avoid the seasonality effect
*Keeping the typical character of the place will give it recognition and avoid the loss of the cultural heritage, even if all the original people from the area are gone.
*The surroundings are full of heritage as well, so they can lead the way to the lake, telling the story of the place.

'''Ecosystemic services'''
*[[Lake :]] Provides fishes → nutrition (health) → can be sold and create jobs (economical value) → Rule for fishing (protection)
*[[Beaches :]] Provides access to the water → Recreation → social value → need of rules and maintenance (for social and safety interest)
*[[Green area :]] Provides climate and CO2 regulation → health value → needs maintenance (safety) + Provides recreation → social values → needs users
*[[Typical houses :]] Provide cultural heritage → aesthetic and belonging for population → well being and social values → conservation and protection

'''Priority setting'''
*[[Local’s quality of life :]] Make sure that the local people have a sufficient source of income all along the year. In this case, they will be able to leave there the all year long, and less people will leave the city. Indeed, when you have a nice job in a nice area, you don’t want to leave the place you are living. This is the priority, because without the local people, the city won’t exist anymore. Moreover, everything is linked to the aborigines, they are the persons who created the city, its history and they are keep the culture alive. It is so really important to have local people living here as much as possible. This is also linked directly to the lake ,which is a source of income for fishermen and that local people need for resting and recovering.
*[[Cultural heritage conservation :]] The area of Peipsi lake is known for the huge cultural heritage that it contains. During the past, it has been soviet, fisherman place, Estonian, Old russians’ believers… and all of them left some cultural elements. More than just a landscape, these are ways of life, like onion farming, fish smoking or religious celebration who belongs here today. But nowadays, people tend to leave this area to go to biggers cities, and even if the population is today mostly Russian, it is important to keep the areas traditions, giving values to the area and attracting tourists. And as majority of these activities are linked to the lake like fishing or even just the connection with russia, it is important the take care of the lake as well. We should improve the access to it and keep all the resources it is full of.
*[[Attractability :]] Actually the city is victim of the seasonality. This is a problem, because the city is active only during summer time. The point is that the city needs activity during winter as well, otherwise, the problem of the seasonality is that it will become more and more important, but with only two months of summer income during the year, it is impossible to live one full year. So we need a year round hotspot, with cultural activities and periodic events, who will attract people even during the winter, for exemple just for a weekend, especially people from Tartu, just coming for rest, away from a big city. Because even if Tartu gets some beaches, Peipsi lake is another character, different from the river and inn a smaller city. It is then really important to improve the connections with the lake, mostly to make it really easy for the tourists, so they won’t disturb the local people who doesn’t want.

All of those together will impact each other. Having locals will improve the wants to keep the cultural heritage and have a permanent income plus activities even during winter, then the culture will be maintained and cultural heritage is supposed to attract tourists, so the tourists will come, any time of the year, so the local people will have income and won’t leave the city anymore. But as everything is linked, it is important to be careful to don’t be extreme : too many locals won’t have enough economical activities, too many tourists will disturb locals and be hard to manage, and to many cultural activities can do not fit in the small town.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* '''''Assessment methods and limitations :'''
[[1. Landscape Character Assessment:]] Gives overview of the area. Zone definitions to see which ones need more attention and the connections between all of them.
*Limitations: Survey period too short to have a real overview along the year and communication problems with locals.

[[2. SWOT:]] Used to have a look on what we already have in the area : strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the territory. Then, to analyse it, we have to define how we can improve the strengths and use the opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats.
*Limitations: Time limited, it is just like a picture in time

[[3. Ecosystem Services:]] What we can benefit from the nature. The goal is to be aware of the ecosystem services to use them correctly and protect them, so we can keep using them with the purpose of the well-being of the population.
*Limitations: No data from local’s habits and connections with surroundings

[[4. Extreme Scenario:]] Made to realize how far the issues can go. Also helps to determine which issue is the most important.
*Limitations: Lack of informations about the economics trends and daily activities

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:30:08Z

Mafaldal: /* B.3 Problem definition and priority setting */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*'''''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city.''' Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*'''''2: The attractability.''' It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*'''''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality.''' The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*'''''City character :''' define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*'''''Access to the lake :''' This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*'''''Cultural layer :''' We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme2.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
'''''Two extreme and contrast future scenarios of your landscape'''

[[“what if every worst prediction will happen in the area”
]]
*Fishing industry closed down
*People will move out
*Population get really old
*Area gets abandoned
*More seaweeds on the lake (eutrophication)

[[“what if everything will go in the best direction”]]
*Active local community
*More younger people
*Buildings will be renovated
*Summer holiday hotspot
*Winter holiday hotspot
*Conservation of the fishers traditional harbours

'''SWOT'''

'''Strengths'''
*History and cultural heritage
*Natural resources (lake, fishes...)
*Surroundings (villages, greenery…)
*Typical character
'''Weaknesses'''
*Bad connection lake-city
*Population getting older
*Lack of activities during winter
*Lack of facilities for tourists
'''Opportunities'''
*A lot of wasted spaces that we can use
*Abandoned places
*Access to the lake and aquatic activities
'''Threats'''
*Growth of the seasonality aspect
*Population moving out
*Loss of the cultural heritage

[[Using strengths and opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats:]]
*Use the empty houses to create tourists’ facilities
*Use the wasted lands to create parking areas for tourists and people
*Conserve the cultural heritage to attract tourists and use the resources to avoid the seasonality effect
*Keeping the typical character of the place will give it recognition and avoid the loss of the cultural heritage, even if all the original people from the area are gone.
*The surroundings are full of heritage as well, so they can lead the way to the lake, telling the story of the place.

'''Ecosystemic services'''
*[[Lake :]] Provides fishes → nutrition (health) → can be sold and create jobs (economical value) → Rule for fishing (protection)
*[[Beaches :]] Provides access to the water → Recreation → social value → need of rules and maintenance (for social and safety interest)
*[[Green area :]] Provides climate and CO2 regulation → health value → needs maintenance (safety) + Provides recreation → social values → needs users
*[[Typical houses :]] Provide cultural heritage → aesthetic and belonging for population → well being and social values → conservation and protection

'''Priority setting'''
*[[Local’s quality of life :]] Make sure that the local people have a sufficient source of income all along the year. In this case, they will be able to leave there the all year long, and less people will leave the city. Indeed, when you have a nice job in a nice area, you don’t want to leave the place you are living. This is the priority, because without the local people, the city won’t exist anymore. Moreover, everything is linked to the aborigines, they are the persons who created the city, its history and they are keep the culture alive. It is so really important to have local people living here as much as possible. This is also linked directly to the lake ,which is a source of income for fishermen and that local people need for resting and recovering.
*[[Cultural heritage conservation :]] The area of Peipsi lake is known for the huge cultural heritage that it contains. During the past, it has been soviet, fisherman place, Estonian, Old russians’ believers… and all of them left some cultural elements. More than just a landscape, these are ways of life, like onion farming, fish smoking or religious celebration who belongs here today. But nowadays, people tend to leave this area to go to biggers cities, and even if the population is today mostly Russian, it is important to keep the areas traditions, giving values to the area and attracting tourists. And as majority of these activities are linked to the lake like fishing or even just the connection with russia, it is important the take care of the lake as well. We should improve the access to it and keep all the resources it is full of.
*[[Attractability :]] Actually the city is victim of the seasonality. This is a problem, because the city is active only during summer time. The point is that the city needs activity during winter as well, otherwise, the problem of the seasonality is that it will become more and more important, but with only two months of summer income during the year, it is impossible to live one full year. So we need a year round hotspot, with cultural activities and periodic events, who will attract people even during the winter, for exemple just for a weekend, especially people from Tartu, just coming for rest, away from a big city. Because even if Tartu gets some beaches, Peipsi lake is another character, different from the river and inn a smaller city. It is then really important to improve the connections with the lake, mostly to make it really easy for the tourists, so they won’t disturb the local people who doesn’t want.

All of those together will impact each other. Having locals will improve the wants to keep the cultural heritage and have a permanent income plus activities even during winter, then the culture will be maintained and cultural heritage is supposed to attract tourists, so the tourists will come, any time of the year, so the local people will have income and won’t leave the city anymore. But as everything is linked, it is important to be careful to don’t be extreme : too many locals won’t have enough economical activities, too many tourists will disturb locals and be hard to manage, and to many cultural activities can do not fit in the small town.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* '''''Assessment methods and limitations :'''
[[1. Landscape Character Assessment:]] Gives overview of the area. Zone definitions to see which ones need more attention and the connections between all of them.
*Limitations: Survey period too short to have a real overview along the year and communication problems with locals.

[[2. SWOT:]] Used to have a look on what we already have in the area : strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the territory. Then, to analyse it, we have to define how we can improve the strengths and use the opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats.
*Limitations: Time limited, it is just like a picture in time

[[3. Ecosystem Services:]] What we can benefit from the nature. The goal is to be aware of the ecosystem services to use them correctly and protect them, so we can keep using them with the purpose of the well-being of the population.
*Limitations: No data from local’s habits and connections with surroundings

[[4. Extreme Scenario:]] Made to realize how far the issues can go. Also helps to determine which issue is the most important.
*Limitations: Lack of informations about the economics trends and daily activities

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:28:30Z

Mafaldal: /* B.4 Theory reflection */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*'''''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city.''' Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*'''''2: The attractability.''' It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*'''''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality.''' The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*'''''City character :''' define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*'''''Access to the lake :''' This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*'''''Cultural layer :''' We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme2.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
'''''SWOT'''

'''Strengths'''
*History and cultural heritage
*Natural resources (lake, fishes...)
*Surroundings (villages, greenery…)
*Typical character
'''Weaknesses'''
*Bad connection lake-city
*Population getting older
*Lack of activities during winter
*Lack of facilities for tourists
'''Opportunities'''
*A lot of wasted spaces that we can use
*Abandoned places
*Access to the lake and aquatic activities
'''Threats'''
*Growth of the seasonality aspect
*Population moving out
*Loss of the cultural heritage

[[Using strengths and opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats:]]
*Use the empty houses to create tourists’ facilities
*Use the wasted lands to create parking areas for tourists and people
*Conserve the cultural heritage to attract tourists and use the resources to avoid the seasonality effect
*Keeping the typical character of the place will give it recognition and avoid the loss of the cultural heritage, even if all the original people from the area are gone.
*The surroundings are full of heritage as well, so they can lead the way to the lake, telling the story of the place.

'''Ecosystemic services'''
*[[Lake :]] Provides fishes → nutrition (health) → can be sold and create jobs (economical value) → Rule for fishing (protection)
*[[Beaches :]] Provides access to the water → Recreation → social value → need of rules and maintenance (for social and safety interest)
*[[Green area :]] Provides climate and CO2 regulation → health value → needs maintenance (safety) + Provides recreation → social values → needs users
*[[Typical houses :]] Provide cultural heritage → aesthetic and belonging for population → well being and social values → conservation and protection

'''Priority setting'''
*[[Local’s quality of life :]] Make sure that the local people have a sufficient source of income all along the year. In this case, they will be able to leave there the all year long, and less people will leave the city. Indeed, when you have a nice job in a nice area, you don’t want to leave the place you are living. This is the priority, because without the local people, the city won’t exist anymore. Moreover, everything is linked to the aborigines, they are the persons who created the city, its history and they are keep the culture alive. It is so really important to have local people living here as much as possible. This is also linked directly to the lake ,which is a source of income for fishermen and that local people need for resting and recovering.
*[[Cultural heritage conservation :]] The area of Peipsi lake is known for the huge cultural heritage that it contains. During the past, it has been soviet, fisherman place, Estonian, Old russians’ believers… and all of them left some cultural elements. More than just a landscape, these are ways of life, like onion farming, fish smoking or religious celebration who belongs here today. But nowadays, people tend to leave this area to go to biggers cities, and even if the population is today mostly Russian, it is important to keep the areas traditions, giving values to the area and attracting tourists. And as majority of these activities are linked to the lake like fishing or even just the connection with russia, it is important the take care of the lake as well. We should improve the access to it and keep all the resources it is full of.
*[[Attractability :]] Actually the city is victim of the seasonality. This is a problem, because the city is active only during summer time. The point is that the city needs activity during winter as well, otherwise, the problem of the seasonality is that it will become more and more important, but with only two months of summer income during the year, it is impossible to live one full year. So we need a year round hotspot, with cultural activities and periodic events, who will attract people even during the winter, for exemple just for a weekend, especially people from Tartu, just coming for rest, away from a big city. Because even if Tartu gets some beaches, Peipsi lake is another character, different from the river and inn a smaller city. It is then really important to improve the connections with the lake, mostly to make it really easy for the tourists, so they won’t disturb the local people who doesn’t want.

All of those together will impact each other. Having locals will improve the wants to keep the cultural heritage and have a permanent income plus activities even during winter, then the culture will be maintained and cultural heritage is supposed to attract tourists, so the tourists will come, any time of the year, so the local people will have income and won’t leave the city anymore. But as everything is linked, it is important to be careful to don’t be extreme : too many locals won’t have enough economical activities, too many tourists will disturb locals and be hard to manage, and to many cultural activities can do not fit in the small town.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* '''''Assessment methods and limitations :'''
[[1. Landscape Character Assessment:]] Gives overview of the area. Zone definitions to see which ones need more attention and the connections between all of them.
*Limitations: Survey period too short to have a real overview along the year and communication problems with locals.

[[2. SWOT:]] Used to have a look on what we already have in the area : strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the territory. Then, to analyse it, we have to define how we can improve the strengths and use the opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats.
*Limitations: Time limited, it is just like a picture in time

[[3. Ecosystem Services:]] What we can benefit from the nature. The goal is to be aware of the ecosystem services to use them correctly and protect them, so we can keep using them with the purpose of the well-being of the population.
*Limitations: No data from local’s habits and connections with surroundings

[[4. Extreme Scenario:]] Made to realize how far the issues can go. Also helps to determine which issue is the most important.
*Limitations: Lack of informations about the economics trends and daily activities

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:26:54Z

Mafaldal: /* B.1 Assessment Strategy */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*'''''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city.''' Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*'''''2: The attractability.''' It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*'''''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality.''' The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*'''''City character :''' define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*'''''Access to the lake :''' This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*'''''Cultural layer :''' We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme2.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
'''''SWOT'''

'''Strengths'''
*History and cultural heritage
*Natural resources (lake, fishes...)
*Surroundings (villages, greenery…)
*Typical character
'''Weaknesses'''
*Bad connection lake-city
*Population getting older
*Lack of activities during winter
*Lack of facilities for tourists
'''Opportunities'''
*A lot of wasted spaces that we can use
*Abandoned places
*Access to the lake and aquatic activities
'''Threats'''
*Growth of the seasonality aspect
*Population moving out
*Loss of the cultural heritage

[[Using strengths and opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats:]]
*Use the empty houses to create tourists’ facilities
*Use the wasted lands to create parking areas for tourists and people
*Conserve the cultural heritage to attract tourists and use the resources to avoid the seasonality effect
*Keeping the typical character of the place will give it recognition and avoid the loss of the cultural heritage, even if all the original people from the area are gone.
*The surroundings are full of heritage as well, so they can lead the way to the lake, telling the story of the place.

'''Ecosystemic services'''
*[[Lake :]] Provides fishes → nutrition (health) → can be sold and create jobs (economical value) → Rule for fishing (protection)
*[[Beaches :]] Provides access to the water → Recreation → social value → need of rules and maintenance (for social and safety interest)
*[[Green area :]] Provides climate and CO2 regulation → health value → needs maintenance (safety) + Provides recreation → social values → needs users
*[[Typical houses :]] Provide cultural heritage → aesthetic and belonging for population → well being and social values → conservation and protection

'''Priority setting'''
*[[Local’s quality of life :]] Make sure that the local people have a sufficient source of income all along the year. In this case, they will be able to leave there the all year long, and less people will leave the city. Indeed, when you have a nice job in a nice area, you don’t want to leave the place you are living. This is the priority, because without the local people, the city won’t exist anymore. Moreover, everything is linked to the aborigines, they are the persons who created the city, its history and they are keep the culture alive. It is so really important to have local people living here as much as possible. This is also linked directly to the lake ,which is a source of income for fishermen and that local people need for resting and recovering.
*[[Cultural heritage conservation :]] The area of Peipsi lake is known for the huge cultural heritage that it contains. During the past, it has been soviet, fisherman place, Estonian, Old russians’ believers… and all of them left some cultural elements. More than just a landscape, these are ways of life, like onion farming, fish smoking or religious celebration who belongs here today. But nowadays, people tend to leave this area to go to biggers cities, and even if the population is today mostly Russian, it is important to keep the areas traditions, giving values to the area and attracting tourists. And as majority of these activities are linked to the lake like fishing or even just the connection with russia, it is important the take care of the lake as well. We should improve the access to it and keep all the resources it is full of.
*[[Attractability :]] Actually the city is victim of the seasonality. This is a problem, because the city is active only during summer time. The point is that the city needs activity during winter as well, otherwise, the problem of the seasonality is that it will become more and more important, but with only two months of summer income during the year, it is impossible to live one full year. So we need a year round hotspot, with cultural activities and periodic events, who will attract people even during the winter, for exemple just for a weekend, especially people from Tartu, just coming for rest, away from a big city. Because even if Tartu gets some beaches, Peipsi lake is another character, different from the river and inn a smaller city. It is then really important to improve the connections with the lake, mostly to make it really easy for the tourists, so they won’t disturb the local people who doesn’t want.

All of those together will impact each other. Having locals will improve the wants to keep the cultural heritage and have a permanent income plus activities even during winter, then the culture will be maintained and cultural heritage is supposed to attract tourists, so the tourists will come, any time of the year, so the local people will have income and won’t leave the city anymore. But as everything is linked, it is important to be careful to don’t be extreme : too many locals won’t have enough economical activities, too many tourists will disturb locals and be hard to manage, and to many cultural activities can do not fit in the small town.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* ''Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings''
* ''Did you encounter limitations'''
* ''200 words test contribution''

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:26:27Z

Mafaldal: /* B.2 Mapping */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city. Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*''2: The attractability. It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality. The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*'''''City character :''' define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*'''''Access to the lake :''' This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*'''''Cultural layer :''' We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme2.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
'''''SWOT'''

'''Strengths'''
*History and cultural heritage
*Natural resources (lake, fishes...)
*Surroundings (villages, greenery…)
*Typical character
'''Weaknesses'''
*Bad connection lake-city
*Population getting older
*Lack of activities during winter
*Lack of facilities for tourists
'''Opportunities'''
*A lot of wasted spaces that we can use
*Abandoned places
*Access to the lake and aquatic activities
'''Threats'''
*Growth of the seasonality aspect
*Population moving out
*Loss of the cultural heritage

[[Using strengths and opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats:]]
*Use the empty houses to create tourists’ facilities
*Use the wasted lands to create parking areas for tourists and people
*Conserve the cultural heritage to attract tourists and use the resources to avoid the seasonality effect
*Keeping the typical character of the place will give it recognition and avoid the loss of the cultural heritage, even if all the original people from the area are gone.
*The surroundings are full of heritage as well, so they can lead the way to the lake, telling the story of the place.

'''Ecosystemic services'''
*[[Lake :]] Provides fishes → nutrition (health) → can be sold and create jobs (economical value) → Rule for fishing (protection)
*[[Beaches :]] Provides access to the water → Recreation → social value → need of rules and maintenance (for social and safety interest)
*[[Green area :]] Provides climate and CO2 regulation → health value → needs maintenance (safety) + Provides recreation → social values → needs users
*[[Typical houses :]] Provide cultural heritage → aesthetic and belonging for population → well being and social values → conservation and protection

'''Priority setting'''
*[[Local’s quality of life :]] Make sure that the local people have a sufficient source of income all along the year. In this case, they will be able to leave there the all year long, and less people will leave the city. Indeed, when you have a nice job in a nice area, you don’t want to leave the place you are living. This is the priority, because without the local people, the city won’t exist anymore. Moreover, everything is linked to the aborigines, they are the persons who created the city, its history and they are keep the culture alive. It is so really important to have local people living here as much as possible. This is also linked directly to the lake ,which is a source of income for fishermen and that local people need for resting and recovering.
*[[Cultural heritage conservation :]] The area of Peipsi lake is known for the huge cultural heritage that it contains. During the past, it has been soviet, fisherman place, Estonian, Old russians’ believers… and all of them left some cultural elements. More than just a landscape, these are ways of life, like onion farming, fish smoking or religious celebration who belongs here today. But nowadays, people tend to leave this area to go to biggers cities, and even if the population is today mostly Russian, it is important to keep the areas traditions, giving values to the area and attracting tourists. And as majority of these activities are linked to the lake like fishing or even just the connection with russia, it is important the take care of the lake as well. We should improve the access to it and keep all the resources it is full of.
*[[Attractability :]] Actually the city is victim of the seasonality. This is a problem, because the city is active only during summer time. The point is that the city needs activity during winter as well, otherwise, the problem of the seasonality is that it will become more and more important, but with only two months of summer income during the year, it is impossible to live one full year. So we need a year round hotspot, with cultural activities and periodic events, who will attract people even during the winter, for exemple just for a weekend, especially people from Tartu, just coming for rest, away from a big city. Because even if Tartu gets some beaches, Peipsi lake is another character, different from the river and inn a smaller city. It is then really important to improve the connections with the lake, mostly to make it really easy for the tourists, so they won’t disturb the local people who doesn’t want.

All of those together will impact each other. Having locals will improve the wants to keep the cultural heritage and have a permanent income plus activities even during winter, then the culture will be maintained and cultural heritage is supposed to attract tourists, so the tourists will come, any time of the year, so the local people will have income and won’t leave the city anymore. But as everything is linked, it is important to be careful to don’t be extreme : too many locals won’t have enough economical activities, too many tourists will disturb locals and be hard to manage, and to many cultural activities can do not fit in the small town.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* ''Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings''
* ''Did you encounter limitations'''
* ''200 words test contribution''

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:25:35Z

Mafaldal: /* B.3 Problem definition and priority setting */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city. Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*''2: The attractability. It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality. The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''City character : define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*''Access to the lake : This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*''Cultural layer : We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme2.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
'''''SWOT'''

'''Strengths'''
*History and cultural heritage
*Natural resources (lake, fishes...)
*Surroundings (villages, greenery…)
*Typical character
'''Weaknesses'''
*Bad connection lake-city
*Population getting older
*Lack of activities during winter
*Lack of facilities for tourists
'''Opportunities'''
*A lot of wasted spaces that we can use
*Abandoned places
*Access to the lake and aquatic activities
'''Threats'''
*Growth of the seasonality aspect
*Population moving out
*Loss of the cultural heritage

[[Using strengths and opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats:]]
*Use the empty houses to create tourists’ facilities
*Use the wasted lands to create parking areas for tourists and people
*Conserve the cultural heritage to attract tourists and use the resources to avoid the seasonality effect
*Keeping the typical character of the place will give it recognition and avoid the loss of the cultural heritage, even if all the original people from the area are gone.
*The surroundings are full of heritage as well, so they can lead the way to the lake, telling the story of the place.

'''Ecosystemic services'''
*[[Lake :]] Provides fishes → nutrition (health) → can be sold and create jobs (economical value) → Rule for fishing (protection)
*[[Beaches :]] Provides access to the water → Recreation → social value → need of rules and maintenance (for social and safety interest)
*[[Green area :]] Provides climate and CO2 regulation → health value → needs maintenance (safety) + Provides recreation → social values → needs users
*[[Typical houses :]] Provide cultural heritage → aesthetic and belonging for population → well being and social values → conservation and protection

'''Priority setting'''
*[[Local’s quality of life :]] Make sure that the local people have a sufficient source of income all along the year. In this case, they will be able to leave there the all year long, and less people will leave the city. Indeed, when you have a nice job in a nice area, you don’t want to leave the place you are living. This is the priority, because without the local people, the city won’t exist anymore. Moreover, everything is linked to the aborigines, they are the persons who created the city, its history and they are keep the culture alive. It is so really important to have local people living here as much as possible. This is also linked directly to the lake ,which is a source of income for fishermen and that local people need for resting and recovering.
*[[Cultural heritage conservation :]] The area of Peipsi lake is known for the huge cultural heritage that it contains. During the past, it has been soviet, fisherman place, Estonian, Old russians’ believers… and all of them left some cultural elements. More than just a landscape, these are ways of life, like onion farming, fish smoking or religious celebration who belongs here today. But nowadays, people tend to leave this area to go to biggers cities, and even if the population is today mostly Russian, it is important to keep the areas traditions, giving values to the area and attracting tourists. And as majority of these activities are linked to the lake like fishing or even just the connection with russia, it is important the take care of the lake as well. We should improve the access to it and keep all the resources it is full of.
*[[Attractability :]] Actually the city is victim of the seasonality. This is a problem, because the city is active only during summer time. The point is that the city needs activity during winter as well, otherwise, the problem of the seasonality is that it will become more and more important, but with only two months of summer income during the year, it is impossible to live one full year. So we need a year round hotspot, with cultural activities and periodic events, who will attract people even during the winter, for exemple just for a weekend, especially people from Tartu, just coming for rest, away from a big city. Because even if Tartu gets some beaches, Peipsi lake is another character, different from the river and inn a smaller city. It is then really important to improve the connections with the lake, mostly to make it really easy for the tourists, so they won’t disturb the local people who doesn’t want.

All of those together will impact each other. Having locals will improve the wants to keep the cultural heritage and have a permanent income plus activities even during winter, then the culture will be maintained and cultural heritage is supposed to attract tourists, so the tourists will come, any time of the year, so the local people will have income and won’t leave the city anymore. But as everything is linked, it is important to be careful to don’t be extreme : too many locals won’t have enough economical activities, too many tourists will disturb locals and be hard to manage, and to many cultural activities can do not fit in the small town.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* ''Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings''
* ''Did you encounter limitations'''
* ''200 words test contribution''

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:23:04Z

Mafaldal: /* B.3 Problem definition and priority setting */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city. Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*''2: The attractability. It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality. The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''City character : define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*''Access to the lake : This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*''Cultural layer : We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme2.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
'''''SWOT'''
'''Strengths'''
*History and cultural heritage
*Natural resources (lake, fishes...)
*Surroundings (villages, greenery…)
*Typical character
'''Weaknesses'''
*Bad connection lake-city
*Population getting older
*Lack of activities during winter
*Lack of facilities for tourists
'''Opportunities'''
*A lot of wasted spaces that we can use
*Abandoned places
*Access to the lake and aquatic activities
'''Threats'''
*Growth of the seasonality aspect
*Population moving out
*Loss of the cultural heritage

*Using strengths and opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats:
o Use the empty houses to create tourists’ facilities
o Use the wasted lands to create parking areas for tourists and people
o Conserve the cultural heritage to attract tourists and use the resources to avoid the seasonality effect
o Keeping the typical character of the place will give it recognition and avoid the loss of the cultural heritage, even if all the original people from the area are gone.
o The surroundings are full of heritage as well, so they can lead the way to the lake, telling the story of the place.

'''Ecosystemic services'''
*Lake : Provides fishes → nutrition (health) → can be sold and create jobs (economical value) → Rule for fishing (protection)
*Beaches : Provides access to the water → Recreation → social value → need of rules and maintenance (for social and safety interest)
*Green area :Provides climate and CO2 regulation → health value → needs maintenance (safety)
*Provides recreation → social values → needs users
*Typical houses : Provide cultural heritage → aesthetic and belonging for population → well being and social values → conservation and protection

'''Priority setting'''
*[[Local’s quality of life :]] Make sure that the local people have a sufficient source of income all along the year. In this case, they will be able to leave there the all year long, and less people will leave the city. Indeed, when you have a nice job in a nice area, you don’t want to leave the place you are living. This is the priority, because without the local people, the city won’t exist anymore. Moreover, everything is linked to the aborigines, they are the persons who created the city, its history and they are keep the culture alive. It is so really important to have local people living here as much as possible. This is also linked directly to the lake ,which is a source of income for fishermen and that local people need for resting and recovering.
*[[Cultural heritage conservation :]] The area of Peipsi lake is known for the huge cultural heritage that it contains. During the past, it has been soviet, fisherman place, Estonian, Old russians’ believers… and all of them left some cultural elements. More than just a landscape, these are ways of life, like onion farming, fish smoking or religious celebration who belongs here today. But nowadays, people tend to leave this area to go to biggers cities, and even if the population is today mostly Russian, it is important to keep the areas traditions, giving values to the area and attracting tourists. And as majority of these activities are linked to the lake like fishing or even just the connection with russia, it is important the take care of the lake as well. We should improve the access to it and keep all the resources it is full of.
*[[Attractability :]] Actually the city is victim of the seasonality. This is a problem, because the city is active only during summer time. The point is that the city needs activity during winter as well, otherwise, the problem of the seasonality is that it will become more and more important, but with only two months of summer income during the year, it is impossible to live one full year. So we need a year round hotspot, with cultural activities and periodic events, who will attract people even during the winter, for exemple just for a weekend, especially people from Tartu, just coming for rest, away from a big city. Because even if Tartu gets some beaches, Peipsi lake is another character, different from the river and inn a smaller city. It is then really important to improve the connections with the lake, mostly to make it really easy for the tourists, so they won’t disturb the local people who doesn’t want.

All of those together will impact each other. Having locals will improve the wants to keep the cultural heritage and have a permanent income plus activities even during winter, then the culture will be maintained and cultural heritage is supposed to attract tourists, so the tourists will come, any time of the year, so the local people will have income and won’t leave the city anymore. But as everything is linked, it is important to be careful to don’t be extreme : too many locals won’t have enough economical activities, too many tourists will disturb locals and be hard to manage, and to many cultural activities can do not fit in the small town.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* ''Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings''
* ''Did you encounter limitations'''
* ''200 words test contribution''

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:19:43Z

Mafaldal: /* B.3 Problem definition and priority setting */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city. Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*''2: The attractability. It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality. The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''City character : define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*''Access to the lake : This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*''Cultural layer : We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme2.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
* ''SWOT
Strengths
- History and cultural heritage
- Natural resources (lake, fishes...)
- Surroundings (villages, greenery…)
- Typical character
Weaknesses
- Bad connection lake-city
- Population getting older
- Lack of activities during winter
- Lack of facilities for tourists
Opportunities
- A lot of wasted spaces that we can use
- Abandoned places
- Access to the lake and aquatic activities
Threats
- Growth of the seasonality aspect
- Population moving out
- Loss of the cultural heritage

*→ Using strengths and opportunities to remove the weaknesses and avoid the threats:
*o Use the empty houses to create tourists’ facilities
*o Use the wasted lands to create parking areas for tourists and people
*o Conserve the cultural heritage to attract tourists and use the resources to avoid the seasonality effect
*o Keeping the typical character of the place will give it recognition and avoid the loss of the cultural heritage, even if all the original people from the area are gone.
*o The surroundings are full of heritage as well, so they can lead the way to the lake, telling the story of the place.

*Ecosystemic services
*Lake : Provides fishes → nutrition (health) → can be sold and create jobs (economical value) → Rule for fishing (protection)
*Beaches : Provides access to the water → Recreation → social value → need of rules and maintenance (for social and safety interest)
*Green area :
Provides climate and CO2 regulation → health value → needs maintenance (safety)
Provides recreation → social values → needs users
*Typical houses : provide cultural heritage → aesthetic and belonging for population → well being and social values → conservation and protection

*Priority setting
*Local’s quality of life : Make sure that the local people have a sufficient source of income all along the year. In this case, they will be able to leave there the all year long, and less people will leave the city. Indeed, when you have a nice job in a nice area, you don’t want to leave the place you are living. This is the priority, because without the local people, the city won’t exist anymore. Moreover, everything is linked to the aborigines, they are the persons who created the city, its history and they are keep the culture alive. It is so really important to have local people living here as much as possible. This is also linked directly to the lake ,which is a source of income for fishermen and that local people need for resting and recovering.
*Cultural heritage conservation : The area of Peipsi lake is known for the huge cultural heritage that it contains. During the past, it has been soviet, fisherman place, Estonian, Old russians’ believers… and all of them left some cultural elements. More than just a landscape, these are ways of life, like onion farming, fish smoking or religious celebration who belongs here today. But nowadays, people tend to leave this area to go to biggers cities, and even if the population is today mostly Russian, it is important to keep the areas traditions, giving values to the area and attracting tourists. And as majority of these activities are linked to the lake like fishing or even just the connection with russia, it is important the take care of the lake as well. We should improve the access to it and keep all the resources it is full of.
*Attractability : Actually the city is victim of the seasonality. This is a problem, because the city is active only during summer time. The point is that the city needs activity during winter as well, otherwise, the problem of the seasonality is that it will become more and more important, but with only two months of summer income during the year, it is impossible to live one full year. So we need a year round hotspot, with cultural activities and periodic events, who will attract people even during the winter, for exemple just for a weekend, especially people from Tartu, just coming for rest, away from a big city. Because even if Tartu gets some beaches, Peipsi lake is another character, different from the river and inn a smaller city. It is then really important to improve the connections with the lake, mostly to make it really easy for the tourists, so they won’t disturb the local people who doesn’t want.

*All of those together will impact each other. Having locals will improve the wants to keep the cultural heritage and have a permanent income plus activities even during winter, then the culture will be maintained and cultural heritage is supposed to attract tourists, so the tourists will come, any time of the year, so the local people will have income and won’t leave the city anymore. But as everything is linked, it is important to be careful to don’t be extreme : too many locals won’t have enough economical activities, too many tourists will disturb locals and be hard to manage, and to many cultural activities can do not fit in the small town.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* ''Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings''
* ''Did you encounter limitations'''
* ''200 words test contribution''

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:17:05Z

Mafaldal: /* B.2 Mapping */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city. Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*''2: The attractability. It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality. The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''City character : define different areas, how they are splitted in the city and analyse it with the potential it gives. So we can consider the areas and elements we can work with, the ones we have to improve and the ones we can for exemple change.''

*''Access to the lake : This is one the main aspect of the coastal analysis. All the coast along Kallaste has been analysed, how the access to the lake, which points of view, how easy it is to find it and how it is near the lake, the connection with the water.''

*''Cultural layer : We also decided to add on a map with a smaller scale all the cultural spots around the city (the majority of the official cultural spots are not in the town) so we can also deal with the onion road and the give an story to the access to the city, so it will give even more value to the city. Moreover, the aborigines are getting old, so we need to protect their unique culture so we need recognition for it to be maintained even later.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme2.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
* ''Give a summary of the major findings of your mapping process, what are the problems/potentials identified?''
* ''Draw a problems/potentials map''
* ''Set priorities for the most relevant issues''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* ''Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings''
* ''Did you encounter limitations'''
* ''200 words test contribution''

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-05-17T12:15:48Z

Mafaldal: /* B.1 Assessment Strategy */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste and surroundings''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus - The law about the shore and banks. It set's the boundris of actions what are allowed and not allowed on coastal area of water bodies of Estonia.''

* ''Conclusion''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*''1: Improvement of the relationship between the lake and the city. Nowadays, main issues are lack of maintenance (lack of trash bins and over grown vegetation, poor quality of public spaces), bad access points to the water (broken staircases, safety issues) and the lack of open views on the lake from the city.''

*''2: The attractability. It needs to be improved for foreigners and Estonian citizens. Actually, there are no parking spaces, no information signs (or not in English or Russian) or touristic paths explaining the story of Peipsi lake. There is a need of good quality facilities from which income for local municipality and inhabitants may be produced.''

*''3: Last important aspect is the seasonality. The city is actually empty for at least 9 months during the year, there is nobody in the streets even during sunny days, and the activity of the city isn’t visible even during the working days of the week. So it is important to find a solution for this aspect, otherwise, the seasonality will become more and more important until the point that the low season will be so empty that it will be impossible to have any income when there are no tourists. Because of it and the lack of job opportunities the possible scenario could be that all the local inhabitants will just move out from the city. This may cause that even the local activities as fish industries will disappear as well as cultural heritage.''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme2.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
* ''Give a summary of the major findings of your mapping process, what are the problems/potentials identified?''
* ''Draw a problems/potentials map''
* ''Set priorities for the most relevant issues''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* ''Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings''
* ''Did you encounter limitations'''
* ''200 words test contribution''

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-04-19T17:08:33Z

Mafaldal: /* Land use */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Peipsi Lake''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kallaste Southwards''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sand stone coast: folklore culture, agriculture and tourism''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mafalda casestudyimage.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Since the 18th century, the old Russian Orthodox belivers use to live on the Estonian side of the lake, which is the 5th largest in Europe. Along the coast, which is the longest sandstone coast in Estonia, it is possible to find at least 11 outcrops whose highest is proctected since 1959.
This is why it is important to keep the cultural heritage and the unique landscape, which made out of this place, a touristic spot.
Moreover, the lake is an important ressource of fishies and the water management is really important in these regions where the land use to be big arable aareas in both Estonian and Russian side, which caused eutrophication of the water.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 58.65642119860438,27.163064004121225~Kallaste Southwards beach
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
''Coastal area of Peipsi is flat. Geological substructure is devonian era sedimentary rock of Aruküla Stage (350 mln years old). In the late ice-age and at the beginning of Holocene, the current lowland was under the water. Sedimentary rock is covered with glacial and post-glacial lake sediments (sand, clay, organical sediments).''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Lakepeipsibye.JPG|''Lake Peipsi shore by Elvis Kõll''
File:Peipsi.jpg|''Peipsi lake at Kallaste by Laima Gūtmane ''
</gallery>
[[File:Example.jpg]]

=== Land use ===
During the Soviet time, the fisherman and the farmers around Peipsi lake use to sell their production along the Hansa traiding organization ways, from the middle age. Since 1992, the borders make it hard for traders.
Around the lake, the land use to be arable in both sides, but the new intensives agricultural technologies and chemical created eutrophication phenomenon in the water of the lake, especially because of the forest cuts, the trees can not absorb the chemicals anymore. However, the economics problems of Russia and Estonia made fishing decrease. Considering the lake as one of biggest fish stock in Estonia with 33 different species, the fish reserve is nowadays under-exploited.

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Landuse.JPG |''Land use map of Kallaste''
<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Graphe total commercial catch Peipsi.PNG|''Amount of commercial fish catches in Peipsi lake''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
''The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:
*Wetlands with reeds and bulrush
*Alatskivi Landscape Reserve
*Alastkivi Park
*Lake Peipsi watershed (Emajõe Suursoo and Remedovsky)
*Lake Alatskivi
*Lake Lahepera
*Watershed of Narva River (77km)

Due to the increased load of nutrients caused by human activities, eutrophication, caused by the high nutrient load, is a major threat to water quality in the lake.
Lake Peipsi receives pollution mainly from two sources: river water and precipitation directly into the lake. The nutrient content in the rivers of Lake Peipsi basin was high at the end of the 1980s, causing eutrophication of water bodies.

The wastewaters and gaseous emission of toxic sulphur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorine and carcinogenic compounds from power stations operating on pulverized oil shale have a considerable impact on the chemical composition of water in Lake Peipsi.

As one travels from south to north the content of total nitrogen decreases, while water transparency increases. The first trend is caused by the impact of the pollution loads from big cities like Pskov and Tartu, the second by the sediment pumped from the mines when it finally reaches the lake.

Also large-scale expansion of reeds has taken place. The intensive agricultural activities caused eutrophication to accelerate in the lakes and rivers.

Despite the drop in mineral fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the Lake Peipsi watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant.

The pollutants that were discharged into the lake remain in the lake bottom sediments for years (Roll & Abercrombie 1997). Cuts of forest in the watershed have resulted in considerable increases in the discharge of dissolved and solid phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in run-off waters that flow into Lake Peipsi.

Regarding the Natura 2000 Network, the site has two types of directives:
*Habitats Directive Sites (pSCI, SCI or SAC) - These sites could be of proposed Sites of Community Importance (pSCI), Sites of Community Importance (SCI) or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
*Birds Directive Sites (SPA) - "According to scientific criteria such as ‘1% of the population of listed vulnerable species’ or ‘wetlands of international importance for migratory waterfowl’"
(source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm)

Regarding Alatskivi Landscape Reserve, it's known that it was established in 1964 to protect the Alatskivi Park and Valley, as well as the regional cultural heritage landscapes.
(source: https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre) ''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Wetland.JPG|''Wetland with reeds and bulrush by Triin Olvet''
File:Natura 2000 mapa final2.jpg|''Natura 2000 information map of Peipsi Lake. Base map source: http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/''
File:Green infra map2.jpg|''Green infrastructure map. Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev.
File:Blue infra map2.jpg |''Blue infrastructure map. Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust. Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh. Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone. ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
The coast of Lake Peipsi from Kallaste to Varnja is the eastern boarder of the recently formed municipality called Peipsiääre. It’s formed from 5 former municipalities: Pala vald, Alatskivi vald, former Peipsiääre vald, Vara vald and Kallaste town.[1] How the state funding are going to divide under the new management the time will show.
The main impact area is the settlements at the coast of Lake Peipsi. Fishing tradition in those settlements reach back in many years and reducing fishing quotas putting professional fishermen under the pressure as well as the appearance of the traditional fishermen farms where the obvious objects of active fishing will disappear. In Kallaste the fishing industry is the biggest employer.[2] Besides fishing there are two characteristic activities to this area which gives great touristic potential to improve economic situation.
In 2009 non-profit organization Sibulatee was created. It had one mission – connect active community members and entrepreneurs to develop tourism and to introduce the diverse culture of the area. The organization helps the local entrepreneurs with the marketing in the web. The web platform sibulatee.ee brings together over twenty local companies. It organizes the cultural events and fairs to attract public attention to area which should enliven the environment. Sibulatee introducing the area with the words – One area, two nationalities, three cultures[3].

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Powermappeips.jpg|''Power Map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
Fishing is one of the most important activities around the lake. Fisherman can get money from the fishies they sell in summer, this lake is one of the biggest stock of fishes in Europe (33 spices) combining arctic and warm water fishies. But fisherman can also during winter. Indeed, they developped special machines (Karakatista machines) to go fishing on the ice and organize some touristic trips to show their knowledges. All the products from fishing but also from agriculture are sold since the Middle Age, traveling along the Hansa traiding organisation roads.

It is one of the cleanest in Europe and with a considerable potential for recreation. And every year, tourists come on the lake coasts to enjoy the typical landscape. But tourists are also attracted by the cultural heritage from the Soviet time and use to visit churches, from the old Russian belivers, really presents in the area.

The Kallaste beach is also a really cultural point in the area. Indeed, the outcrops, the cliffs and the sand-stone attract every year a lot of tourists. It is also nature, and a spot especially considered as favorable for recreation. It is then really important to keep this special landscape, because tourism, even if it is only seasonality, is a big part of Kallaste economic activity. A lot of Kallaste inhabitants have a buisness with small and private B&B (Bed and breakfast) to host and feed tourists, and this lanscape is typical from the area, is has to be protected for the diversity ans the heritage.

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Kallaste points d'interet.PNG | ''Map of the heritage points location ''
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo machine Camille.jpg|''Karakatista machines, created by the Peipsi lake fishermen''
File:Kallaste vanausulised Eglise.jpg|''Old Russian beliver's Church : Vanausulised''
File:Kallaste outcrop.jpeg|''Typical coastal touristic landscape''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

*The lake is known for the existence of large wetlands in the surroundings (Carp 1980, Commission of the European Communities 1995).
*Forests and semi-natural areas dominate in the Peipsi basin.
*Agricultural areas cover around 14%.
*Wetlands, although scattering the entire basin, are located in a relatively large portion near the shore of the lake.
*Shallow lake (maximum 15 m, average of 7m).
*The shoreline of 875 km is a natural one; there are no dikes or embankments along the shore.
*Forests cover large areas in the basin, In the northern area and eastern shores they make up to 60-70% of the surface area, while in the southern and western shores it is 30-40%. Mires and bogs cover up to 10% of the catchment area and another 15-20% are wetlands, such as wet meadows and forests. Large parts of arable land are to be found in the western and southern part of the basin.

Lake Peipsi has been a true source of inspiration over the decades, example of this is the famous painting made by Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich called "Battle on the Ice". This famous painting tells the story about a notable battle that took place on April 5th of 1242, fought largely on the frozen lake, establishing the frontier between the East and West.''

<gallery caption=" " widths="400px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
File:Battleontheice.jpg |''Serov, Vladimir Alxandrovich (1942), "Battle on the Ice"''
File:Winter_at_lake_peipus_by_yuliy_yulevich_(julius)_klever.jpg|''Von Klever, Julius Sergius (1908), "Winter at Lake Peipus"''
File:Vaade_Peipsile_Alatskivilt_JOHANNES_UIGA_ba_1947.jpg|'' Uiga, Johannes (1947), "View to lake Peipsi from Alatskivi"''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="600px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Summary.jpg|''Scheme of the elements who influence Peipsi lake environnement and their relations''
</gallery>

We actually consider that the activities with the biggest impacts are fishing, agricultural, tourism. Indeed, the climate is a natural state of the region over Peipsi lake, which is changing more because of the global human activities than because of the local Kallaste’s.

Regarding the fishing activities, as it is the biggest one in the area, the problem will be soon the decrease of the fish population. Meaning that the big stock of fishes and the huge species diversity will disappear. So Peipsi lake will be empty from fishes and it will not be possible to fish anymore. Furthermore, the population living with fishes will leave the area to find another way to survive, meaning that the human population will decrease, as the fish’s one.

But the fishes are also in danger regarding the agriculture. Indeed, the new techniques to over cultivate, with machines and chemicals are creating eutrophication. The extra phosphorus added in the fields will run to the lake through the water, which will over developed the sea weeds, stopping the oxygen. Then no more oxygen in the water means no fishes anymore.

The last important point is the tourism, even if it exists two different scenarios. The first one is that the landscape is getting less and less interesting due to the decrease of fish population and so on on the small economic activities. Then the tourists will just stop to go on the Peipsi lake coasts, reducing more and more the economic activities. On the the other hand, the tourists keep coming and coming, making the seasonality effect bigger and bigger with the risk of a bad waste management, with a lot pollution (water, air due to the cars..) even if it can increase the economy.

When considering the Sustainable Development Goals, it becomes clear that the following goals may be at risk if the situation in Lake Peipsi remains the same:
*Goal 1: No Poverty - Low resources. Reason for rural exodus.
*Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Over fishing. Low fish stock.
*Goal 4: Quality Education - No education infrastructure but at the same time no demand due to the goal 1 failure.
*Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - No diversity on economic activities (mostly fishing and agriculture).
*Goal 14: Life Below Water - Threatened by the economic activities of fishing and agriculture, as explained before.

<gallery caption=" " widths="700px" heights="500px" perrow="5">
File:Hipoteses.jpg|''Scheme of the main activities in Kallaste area and impact they can have if there is no action against it''
File:People over 65.JPG|''Map of Estonian Population over 65 years old (source: https://arvamus.postimees.ee/344659/eesti-aaremaad-kas-koduselt-armsad)''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==

* ''International convention on Water from UNECE''

* ''European convention on the protection of the Environment through criminal law from the Council of Europe''
The European Council created this new juridical document in 1998 to improve the laws concerning the European protection of the environment. According to this new instruments, the Contracting States have to accord their national laws and conditions to the criminal European law. Otherwise, an act judged as criminal regarding this document, as negligence who can damage the quality of environment, or until the death or the serious injury of a person will be punished on a European level. The sanctions can be to jail or pecuniary sanctions or rehabilitations of the environment, according to international CO-operation.

* ''Ranna ja kalda kaitse seadus''

As a part of Europe, Estonia is also a part of the Northen world, meaning it is a developped country. Even if the small amont of population in Estonia and it’s difficult past with the Soviet Union, it is still a country which counsider itself as a northem culture country more than an Eastern country. So as all the Scandinavian places, Estonia is more dealing with the nature to built cities and infrastructures than dealing against it.
So their national laws are usually already including the natural part, the nature protection and Estonia has obviously signed, agreed with the European laws and conventions. Regarding that the concerning area is a lake, the associate documents deal especially with water.
Considering the case of Peipsi lake, the European and international restrictions about the agricultural chemicals and technologies might not be enough to avoid the eutrophication in Peipsi lake. Same problem with the fishing, these are restrictions with the quantities of fishes allowed and with the sizes of fishes, but this is not enough to save all the species. But this is a general problem all around the world. It is really hard to create laws according to the environment who force people to radically change their way of living. Anyways, the mentalities are changing, and people are realizing that environment is important to preserve, as their folkloric traditions, costumes, celebrations, according to all the cultural heritage. But the cultural heritage can also be found through the landscapes, and that is generally why the tourists are attracted by some places, so we need to conserve them as much as possible.

== A.4 References ==
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-old-believers-prayer-house-of-the-estonian-association-of-old-believers-congregations/ Kallaste Old Believers]
*[https://www.google.com/ Cultural Heritage Sites Map]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/kallaste-outcrop/ Kallaste Outcrop]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/silvana_g/5433545217/in/photolist-9h9kG6-21QGfeq-fEwHje-daZhEC-fkXayG-cXfxd1-aedavT-8UB9Gx-xmkvhY-6mAF4n-oCtXju-w1RUYv-8UB9UM-cAwqjL-XMK1nv-nFCwhy-YLjusA-fEwGTZ-kCC8fM-oZSNc3-w1ngwo-6FED5N-gwNBGf-9BxuWR-Uv9F19-XEPfez-VRNFrG-UCNKo3-NCBDKw-JSLxiS-VVgcgF-2ELbXc-cAwYMh-2HkYX5-uMgrjW-wVzBgq-LzxUdf-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-Nektm9-NvYsMq-Nek17j-Nyxjna-ND7asb-MJ6u4X-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-XPFKPs-qDPDHS/ Lake Peipsi photo by Silvana Gallone]
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahepera_jarv_suurvesi4.jpg/ Lake Lahepera photo by Mmh]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/blizzardfoto/7534706456/in/photolist-ctPkJ1-pA648D-ekz398-fEwHje-fDfnze-fCRCY1-7aAw4o-fEwGTZ-7awHiV-zbKGxd-ER5e4d-NCBDKw-NCBkFq-MHPBkc-MJiNtt-NejzWW-Nektm9-NGiHFi-MJ7YN8-Nek17j-NvYqYW-Nyxjna-NCT9yJ-MHYquX-NCC6ZW-NGiJex-qz3zvA-pCm9WR-qgNpDi-CB7oP-fEPhC7-cViYDu-9Jb4aN-daZvM4-8nwNUR-epwCeD-9J8d1k-9J8dbH-fDwWhm-fZNNan-7aAyoQ-fEwGFT-fCz4jp-pPEajE-9J8d3e-fZNgdJ-6VSAEx-fZNuB9-6VSyuk-6VWAxd/ Lake Alatskivi photo by Kristjan Lust]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/133200397@N03/30558348091/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve photo by Sergei Gussev]
*[https://www.visitestonia.com/en/alatskivi-cultural-heritage-landscape-and-nature-centre/ Alatskivi Landscape Reserve]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm/ Natura 2000]
*[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/130062017037/ Municipalities]
*[http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/kallaste1/ Kallaste Municipality]
*[http://www.sibulatee.ee/en/about// Onion Route]
*[https://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html/ UNECE Water Convention]
*[https://www.coe.int/fr/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/172/ Europe Council]

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*''Based on the hypothesis derived from your previous landscape systems analysis you are now asked to define the goals for assessing the landscape. Your assessment is the basis for evaluating the landscape status.''
*''Which elements and phenomena need to be mapped, why and how?''
*''This a text contribution, max 250 words''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme2.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
* ''Give a summary of the major findings of your mapping process, what are the problems/potentials identified?''
* ''Draw a problems/potentials map''
* ''Set priorities for the most relevant issues''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* ''Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings''
* ''Did you encounter limitations'''
* ''200 words test contribution''

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

----
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

File:Landuse.JPG

2018-04-19T17:07:45Z

Mafaldal:

Loksa and Lahemaa

2018-04-19T16:51:07Z

Mafaldal: /* A.3 Theory reflection */

'''>>>back to [[COLAND_Online_Seminar_Working_Groups_2018|working groups overview]]'''

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{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Loksa and Lahemaa''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Loksa''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Estonia''
|-
| '''Topics''' || style="background:Lavender"|'' Erratic boulders, Nature protection and develop tourism (Ecotourism) ''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Shima, Silvia, Amene, Mariliis''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:P9160644.jpg|400px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|
|}

= Rationale =
Why do you think this case is relevant? What is your hypothesis considering the landscape challenges?
Format: 3-4 sentences

Lahemaa National Park is situated on the Gulf of Finland. The national park was established to preserve landscapes typical of Northern Estonia where wooded areas are predominantly unaffected by human activity, semi-natural communities are well-maintained and great effort is made to preserve and restore cultural values.
The sea plays a great role in defining the natural environment and cultural history of the area. It dictates the weather, shapes coastal communities and functions as a food source. Landforms brought about by the earlier stages of the Baltic Sea can be seen quite far inland.

= Location and scope =
''You can edit this map with the [[Special:MapEditor|map editor]]''
{{#display_map: 59.56368787341567,25.696738213938602~loksa _ Lahemaa
}}

= A Landscape System Analysis =

== A.1 Landscape layers and their system context ==
=== Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology ===
- Description of evolution, status quo and driving forces, is the coastal typology changing? Why is that? (approx 200 signs)
- add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like

A number of landscape types characteristic of Northern Estonia are represented here, such as the coastal plain and islands of the Gulf of Finland, the plateaus of Harju and Viru and the region of Kõrvemaa with its hills, mires and lakes. The coastline is dotted with peninsulas, bays and small islands. It is the abundance of bays in the area that inspired J. G. Granö, the founder of modern geography in Estonia, to name the region Lahemaa (the Land of Bays) in the early 20th century.
In the national park, erratic boulders, including gigantic boulders and boulder fields, are found in great abundance. The most impressive among them is a 400-hectare boulder field in the Käsmu forest, while another similar site, a group of erratic boulders called the Kloostrikivid (Convent Stones) in the Palmse woods, is definitely worth a visit.Communities typical of Lahemaa are sea, forests, mires, semi-natural communities, rivers, lakes and outcrops.Sea makes up one-third of the national park’s surface area. A variety of coastal habitats cover a total of some 8,850 ha. The majority (covering around 6,380 ha) are shallow waters and underwater sand banks. In addition, there are sandy and muddy foreshores which become exposed in windy weather, shallow coastal lagoons which are still occasionally connected to the sea, shallow bays, rocky reefs, coastal berms piled up on the waterfront, shingle and sandy beaches and dunes.
There is a variety of beaches in Lahemaa. Sand ryegrass with bluish-grey, sharpedged leaves, sea sandwort and sea pea, a protected species, all grow on sandy beaches. Further inland where the sand is more stable, it becomes covered in lichen, and in some places crowberry takes root, giving the dunes a grey-and-russet appearance.
<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Photo 2018-04-18 12-06-28.jpg|''Rocky beach''
File:LahemaaGeomorphology.jpg|''geomorphology map''
File:Photo 2018-04-18 12-06-21.jpg|''Erratic boulders''
</gallery>

=== Land use ===
In this area there are eight settlements: Loksa, Hara, Kasispea, Vihasoo, Tammispea, Eru, Kotka and Vatku. All these settlements are under Lahemaa national park protection area except Loksa city. There is a good infrastructure between all these villages also to Estonian capital city Tallinn. There is boat connection in Loksa harbor but unfortunately it is not regulary used.

Lahemaa national park is good tourism attractions. In there they offer guided tours and programs in and around Lahemaa National Park. There are nature study trails, beautiful landscapes, cultural heritage, four stunning manor complexes and a diverse coastline.

In Loksa there is passive resource of clay 34,19 ha and passive reserves of sand 34,1 ha. These sand resources is also in Kotka. Reserves of peat resources are in Hara active reserves and the area is 598 ha. There is not much agriculture in this area because it is hard to do this because of restrictions. In Loksa there is unsuitable soil for agriculture, it is sandy and significant amount of forest.

According to Corine land cover map it describes this case study area as:
* ''discontinuous urban fabric,''
* ''industrial or commercial units,''
* ''coniferous forest,''
* ''mixed forest,''
* ''broad-leeaved forest,''
* ''beaches, dunes, sands,''
* ''indland marshes,''
* ''pastures,''
* ''sea and ocean,''
* ''natural grassland,''
* ''waterbodies,''
* ''peat bogs,''
* ''transitional woodland-shrub,''
* ''land principally occupied by agriculture, with significant areas of natural vegetation.''

In the future, probably the area is going to be quite same because most of it is under nature protection where are many restrictions for building, agriculture etc. These restrictions are limiting the area development but they can advance tourism, which brings people to this area and raises the potential for economic growth. In Loksa maybe they are going to use more of this harbor because of its beneficial placement of port harbor and develop sea routes. Also, Loksa can be popular among tourists for its housing and food benefits.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:yourcase_landuse1.jpg|''add a caption''
File:Landuse map.jpg|''land use map''
File:yourcase_landscapeunit3.jpg|''add a caption''
</gallery>

=== Green/blue infrastructure ===
*''What are the major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network? Are these likely to change/disappear? Why is that?''
* ''You find my background material on green infrastructure in our [[Reading_List_Coastal_Landscapes|reading list]]''
*''add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like''

'''Major elements of a green infrastructure network in Lahemaa:'''

Island and peninsulas:
*''Hara island''
*''Mohni island''
*''Juminda peninsula''
*''Pärispea peninsula''
*''Käsmu peninsula''

Mires and bogs:
*''Viru bog''
*''Lohja mire
*''Vanasilla Bog
*''Harasoo
*''Laukasoo
*''Pudisoo
*''Karupõllu mire

Beaches:
*''Turbuneeme beach
*''Tapurla beach
*''Pärispea beach
*''Virve beach

Hiking trails:
*''Beaver trail (1 km)
*''Oandu natural forest trail (4.7 km)
*''Oandu plant trail (1 km)
*''Oandu heritage culture trail (3.4 km)
*''Altja nature and cultural history trail (3 km)
*''Ojaäärse forest trail (3.5 km)
*''Trails on Käsmu Peninsula
*''Viru bog study trail (3.5 km)
*''Majakivi-Pikanõmme study trail (7 km)
*''Tsitre tree trail (0.5 km)
*''Mohni study and hiking trai
*''Coastal nature study trails on Pärispea Peninsula (Hara Bay study trail (3.3 km), Pähkneeme study trail (1.6 km), Purekkari study trail (1 km))
*''Võsu cultural history trail (3 km)
*''40-kilometre section of the RMK Oandu-Aegviidu-Ikla hiking route passing through Lahemaa National Park
*''The Oandu-Võsu hiking trail (9.5 km)
*''The Võsu-Nõmmeveski hiking trail (18 km)
*''The Nõmmeveski-Liiapeksi hiking trail (16 km)
*''Kolgaküla health trails (longest option: 10 km)

'''Major elements of a blue infrastructure network in Lahemaa:'''

Sea areas:
*''Hara bay
*''Eru bay
*''Kolga bay
*''Käsmu bay

Rivers and streams:
*''Kahala river
*''Valgejõgi (river)
*''Lohja river
*''Oja river
*''Kotka river
*''Loobu river
*''Kolga river
*''Loo river
*''Käsmu river
*''Võsu river
*''Pudisoo river
*''Altja stream
*''Mustoja stream

Lakes and pounds:
*''Loksa pounds
*''Maalaht
*''Ulglaht
*''Lohja lake

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Lahemaa matkarajad.JPG|''North-Estonian recreation area: Lahemaa National Park Hiking trails Map of State Forest Management Centre (RMK), http://loodusegakoos.ee/where-to-go/national-parks/lahemaa-national-park''
File:Lahemaa soode kaart.JPG|''Bogs in Lahemaa National Park '' Lahemaa rahvuspargi soode kaitsekorralduskava 20152017''
File:Viru bog.JPG|''Viru bog from the tower, http://loodus.keskkonnainfo.ee/eelis/
File:Lahemaa.JPG|''Lahemaa National Park, by Henry Laupmaa''
File:Pruunkaru.JPG|''Braun bear in Lahemaa, http://www.estonica.org/et/Loodus/Lahemaa_rahvuspark/Taimkate_ja_loomastik/''
File:Kivine rand.JPG|''Stoney beach in Lahemaa''
File:Metsarada.JPG|''Hiking trail in Lahemaa pine forest''
File:Meri lahemaa.JPG|''View onto the sea ''
</gallery>

=== Actors and stakeholders ===
* ''Who is driving changes in this landscape? Who is affected by those changes?
* ''Draw a stakeholder and/or power map: Who is affected highly but with low power? Who has high power but is not affected?''
State Forest Management Centre (RMK) has been involved in visitor management in the Lahemaa National Park since February 2009. Protected area manager is enviromental board of estonia and the last one drives the changes in this landscape. They give permission to build something on this nature protection area. In Loksa the municipality gives permission to drive changes in Loksa.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:30704438 1775068159180438 6354239260702277632 n.jpg|''power map''
</gallery>

=== Sacred spaces and heritage ===
*''Which places/elements hold cultural value and to whom?''
* ''You may add a map and some images, please also explain in your caption why these elements are valuable''
In Lahemaa, traces of human activity date back to the Middle Stone Age. The area has been permanently settled for 4000 years and landscapes here have been preserved in their original form for centuries.The national park encompasses the territories of three parishes (Kuusalu, Kadrina and Haljala) which stand out for their rich folk culture heritage. As far as is known, five dialects were spoken by the locals here, with modern standard Estonian evolving on the basis of the middle-North Estonian dialect, while a great number of folk songs and popular sayings have been recorded in the North-Eastern dialect. The park’s village landscapes and architecture are multi-layered – here, traditions spanning thousands of years as well as innovations created by creative minds exist side by side. Typically, the whole village would get involved in all activities, whether major works or celebrations. People sang when on the village swing, during festivities, at weddings and funerals, to their children and when working.People sang when on the village swing, during festivities, at weddings and funerals, to their children and when working. Creation myths in runic verse originating in these coastal areas have been associated with those known from the Finnish national epic Kalevala.

Many Estonian folk dances have been recorded in this region. Locals used to dance to the music of the bagpipes, violin and diatonic accordion. Farming, raising livestock and fishing have been traditional sources of livelihood in these areas. All of the necessary objects were made by specialised craftsmen. The people here were able to forge iron objects and build ships. Worship and heritage sites known from folk beliefs were inspired by erratic boulders, the tips of capes, stones, trees and springs. So-called wishing stumps and fish chapels were distinct features characteristic of the coastal regions in the area.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Folkdance.jpg|''Folk dancers in Lahemaa, Toomas Tuul''
File:P9160387.JPG|''add a caption''
File:Lahemaacastle.jpeg|''Palmse Manor, Jaak Nilson''
</gallery>

=== Visual appearance and landscape narrative ===
*''Which elements are essential for the landscape character?''
*''Has the landscape been painted or otherwise depicted, when and whom? Which elements are essential?''
*''Which narratives exist? Who has written about this landscape or depicted it in some way?''
*''You can add text and images''

Lahemaa is perfect for a nature watching becauce its natural and cultural diversity. Here you will find stony and sandy seashores, picturesque bogs, pine and cliff forests, rivers that cut into the limestone cliff as well as erratic rocks left over from the last Ice Age. Also the coastal area is rich in peninsulas and bays. The bays have versatile bottom relief, are generally deep and there are plenty of submerged rocks and islands.

Lahemaa national park is popular among hobby photographers and painters beacause of its natural diversity. Also enviromental board of Estonia arrange different competitions about it. Last one was about “My home Lahemaa”, task was to draw or take pictures about Lahemaa. Best pictures was awarded. There were one architectural competition about 21. Century home in Lahemaa. They had to design modern Estonian country house taking into account the spatial and cultural characteristics of Lahemaa and Estonian village architecture. There are many literature about Lahemaa. Many story telling and history books. Some poems about it. Like Andrus Norak wrote about Lahemaa and it was published in children magazin Täheke.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Painting-0169.Lahemaa.rand.1998.jpg|''"Lahemaa beach" oil, hardboard 1998 (49x70 cm)/Kalju Nagel - Kunst /erakogu ( private collection)''
File:30740346 1775603365793584 5108324988218245120 n.png|''poem about lahemaa,Andrus Norak''
File:30706815 1775603412460246 1783458107075067904 n.png|''architectural competition in Lahemaa''
</gallery>

== A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets ==
* ''You can summarize your findings with an DPSI(R) Model or a Spider Diagram''
* ''Link back to the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals Sustainable Development Goals]: Which goals are at risk?''
* ''What is your hypothesis for this landscape?''
* ''Visualise your hypothesis with one graphic/pict''
* ''Are there any existing initiatives taking action in this landscape? Do you have a critical perspective on that?''
* ''Add text and visuals''

Summary of DPSIR framework:

Driving forces:

*Tourism
*Climate change
*urbanization (Dense settlement)
*popularity rise

Impacts:

Where coastal development uses and activities are not compatible or are not managed proactively and effectively, there can be loss of property, loss of public values, and damage to important infrastructure. This may restrict public access to varying degrees, impact on natural character and coastal landscapes, increasing the risks from natural hazards, affect coastal historic heritage, impact on coastal biodiversity and the special relationship of tangata whenua with the coastal environment.
New and existing coastal developments can adversely can be a result of losing access to cultural resources (physical access and ability to harvest resources). Coastal development can result in increased competition for resources for customary use.

Pressures:

*Human activities (recreational purposes like: hiking, water activities etc)
*Pollution
*climate change : New pest species are likely to occur as a result of climate change migratory species are vulnerable to loss of any of the habitats they require, and/or obstructions along their migratory route
*Due to the presence of the sea and rivers in this area there is a lot of soil erosion

State:

Lahemaa National Park was established on 1 June 1971 to preserve, protect, restore, study and raise awareness about the nature, landscapes, cultural heritage and balanced use of the environment of coastal areas in Northern Estonia. Lahemaa belongs to the Natura 2000 European network of protected habitat and bird site. There are approximately 3,600 permanent residents in the area, but in the summer the population of coastal villages increases many times over and it attract tourism from cities in Estonia and near countries.
Due to historical sites and cultural programs such as dance festivals and so on, this place is attractive to tourists.under protection area

Responses:
*the appropriateness of an activity
*the functional need for activities to be in the coast
*the reasonably foreseeable need of communities and future generations
*ensuring activities are appropriately located
*Tackling erosion
*goverment of Estonia and Managing conflict will often involve determining what activity takes priority in certain areas

<gallery caption=" " widths="1000px" heights="400px" perrow="5">
File:Diagram.jpg|''explain your analysis briefly in the caption''
</gallery>

considering the Sustainable Development Goals,the following goals may be at risk:
*11-sustainable cities and communities
*13-climate action
*14-life below water
*15-life on land
*16-partnerships for goals

There are many activities that occur within the coastal environment including urban and rural development, transport, infrastructure, energy generation and transmission, food production and mineral extraction. Land on the coast is often limited. here is the potential to have incompatible activities adjacent to each other. Decisions made about coastal land development can also impact on the coastal marine area. Coastal development is a significant issue for the sustainable management of New Estonian’s coastal environment.Coastal development may result in conflicts between uses and activities. Not all uses of the coastal environment are compatible.also,Lahemaa Natural Heritage is working towards the sustainable management of dynamic landscapes and can advise on their management and conservation.
Tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the world. It is an increasingly important source of income, employment and wealth in many countries. Its rapid expansion has, however, had detrimental environmental (and socio‐cultural) impacts in many regions.new approaches to sustainable tourism development in these countries should not only seek to minimize local environmental impact, but also give greater priority to community participation and poverty alleviation.more emphasis should be given to a ‘pro‐poor tourism’ approach at both national and international levels.

<gallery caption=" " widths="1000px" heights="400px" perrow="5">
File:TARGET.jpg|''explain your hypthesis briefly in the caption''
</gallery>

== A.3 Theory reflection ==
* ''Reflect on at least three international policy documents in relation to their local landscape case''
* ''choose one international, one European and one national document''
* ''You can choose references from our [[Reading_List_Coastal_Landscapes|reading list]]''
* ''Scope: 250 words''

'''INTERNATIONAL POLICY DOCUMENT'''

'''Sustainable development goals'''

On 1 January 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Over the next fifteen years, with these new Goals that universally apply to all, countries will mobilize efforts to end all forms of poverty, fight inequalities and tackle climate change, while ensuring that no one is left behind.

The SDGs, also known as Global Goals, build on the success of the Millennium Development Goals and aim to go further to end all forms of poverty. The new Goals are unique in that they call for action by all countries, poor, rich and middle-income to promote prosperity while protecting the planet. They recognize that ending poverty must go hand-in-hand with strategies that build economic growth and addresses a range of social needs including education, health, social protection, and job opportunities, while tackling climate change and environmental protection.

While the SDGs are not legally binding, governments are expected to take ownership and establish national frameworks for the achievement of the 17 Goals. Countries have the primary responsibility for follow-up and review of the progress made in implementing the Goals, which will require quality, accessible and timely data collection. Regional follow-up and review will be based on national-level analyses and contribute to follow-up and review at the global level.

The seventeen goals are:
* ''No poverty, ''
* ''Zero hunger, ''
* ''Good health and well-being, ''
* ''Quality education,''
* ''Gender equality, ''
* ''Clean water and sanitation, ''
* ''Affordable and clean energy, ''
* ''Decent work and economic growth, ''
* ''Industry, innovation and infrastructure, ''
* ''Reduced inequality, ''
* ''Sustainable cities and communities, ''
* ''Responsible consumption and production, ''
* ''Climate action, ''
* ''Life below water,''
* ''Life on land, ''
* ''Peace, justice and strong Institutions,''
* ''Partnerships to achieve the Goal.''

'''EUROPEAN POLICY DOCUMENT'''

'''Convention on the protection of the marine environment of the Baltic sea area'''

The 1992 Helsinki Convention entered into force on 17 January 2000, after the ratification instruments were deposited by the European Community, Germany, Latvia and Sweden in 1994, by Estonia and Finland in 1995, by Denmark in 1996, by Lithuania in 1997, and by Poland and Russia in November 1999. The Convention covers the whole of the Baltic Sea area, including inland waters as well as the water of the sea itself and the sea-bed. Measures are also taken in the whole catchment area of the Baltic Sea to reduce land-based pollution.

This one reflects with Gulf of Finland. This policy document relates to this study area because northern side of our area is surrounded by the Gulf of Finland and this document also covers the surrounding rivers, streams, lakes. If there is pollution in the water then surrounding nature like birds, animals, fishes is also affected.

'''NATIONAL POLICY DOCUMENT'''

'''National spatial plan Estonia +2030 '''

The green infrastructure strategy aims to preserve or recreate a system of functioning green areas and facilities that are cohesive and sufficiently compact at various geographical levels, enable species to migrate and adapt to climate change, enrich the living environment of people, and support ecosystem services and benefits.

== A.4 References ==
* ''http://www.loksalinn.ee/tutvustus-ja-asukoht''
* ''https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover/clc-2012/view''
* ''Suuroja, K., All, T., Kõiv, M., Mardim, T., Morgen, E., Ploom, K., Vahtra, T., 2002. Eesti geoloogiline baaskaart (mõõtkavas 1:50 000). 7322 Loksa. Seletuskiri, 85.''
* ''http://loodusegakoos.ee/kuhuminna/rahvuspargid/lahemaa-rahvuspark''
* ''https://www.puhkaeestis.ee/et/ponevad-paigad/pohja-eesti/lahemaa-rahvuspark''
* ''Lahemaa National Park Harju and Lääne-Viru County, www.keskkonnaamet.ee''
* '' http://www.loksa.ee''
* ''https://www.visitestonia.com/en/nature-trip-to-lahemaa-national-park-1''
* ''http://maaleht.delfi.ee/news/maaleht/uudised/vaata-sellised-majad-voivad-kerkida-lahemaale?id=65174410''
* ''https://kaitsealad.ee/eng/nature-6''
* ''http://www.eestiloodus.ee/artikkel3889_3850.html''
* ''https://eesti2030.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/estonia-2030.pdf''
* ''A new approach to sustainable tourism development: Moving beyond environmental protection/https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.00056''

= Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment =
== B.1 Assessment Strategy ==
*''Based on the hypothesis derived from your previous landscape systems analysis you are now asked to define the goals for assessing the landscape. Your assessment is the basis for evaluating the landscape status.''
*''Which elements and phenomena need to be mapped, why and how?''
*''This a text contribution, max 250 words''

== B.2 Mapping ==
*''As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here''
*''As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme2.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''briefly explain the findings of your mapping''
</gallery>

== B.3 Problem definition and priority setting ==
* ''Give a summary of the major findings of your mapping process, what are the problems/potentials identified?''
* ''Draw a problems/potentials map''
* ''Set priorities for the most relevant issues''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:your case_problems_potentials map.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== B.4 Theory reflection ==
* ''Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings''
* ''Did you encounter limitations'''
* ''200 words test contribution''

== B.5 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

=Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan =
== C.1 Goal Setting ==
*''Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings''
*''Link back to your original targets from section one and the [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/Sustainable Development Goals]''
* ''150 words text contribution''

== C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect ==
*''translate your strategic goals into a vision''
*''develop a spatial translation of your vision''
*''exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions''
*''add map(s) and visualizations''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_translaton_vision.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail1.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_transect_detail2.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation ==
*''For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?''
*''Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline''
*''Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?''
*''add 150 words text and visuals''

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="200px" perrow="1">
File:your case_spatial_your governance model.jpg|''add caption here''
File:your case_spatial_your process model.jpg|''add caption here''
</gallery>

== C.4 References ==
* ''give a full list of the references you have used for this section''

= D. Process Reflection =
*''Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study''
*''Which limitations were you facing?''
*''What have you learnt from each other?''
*''What would you do differently next time?''
*''You can also use diagrams/visuals''
*''250 words text''

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[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study 2018]]
[[Category:Coastal Landscapes Case Study]]

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-04-19T16:38:39Z

Mafaldal: /* A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets */

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-04-19T16:38:12Z

Mafaldal: /* A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets */

File:People over 65.JPG

2018-04-19T16:36:42Z

Mafaldal:

Peipsi Lake from Kallaste Southwards

2018-04-19T16:25:56Z