Revision as of 13:32, 17 May 2018

Area	Z4 Eforie Nord-23 August
Place	Eforie
Country	Romania
Topics	Coastal Line study of Eforie Nord to 23 August
Author(s)	Ionut-Marian BRATOSIN;Ana-Maria MOTOC;Ana-Maria MATEI;Lavinia Denisa LAZARICA; Alma Alexandrov

Rationale

The Black Sea coast is the most important tourist area in Romania, considering the large number of romanian and foreign tourists. Two of the most popular Black Sea resorts are Eforie Nord and Costinesti (Youth resort). In the area of Eforie resort there is also the Lake Techirghiol (the largest saline lake in Romania) recognized for the therapeutic qualities of the mud and for the diversity of bird species within the lake, which is included as a protected area.

Location and scope

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A Landscape System Analysis

A.1 Landscape layers and their system context

Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology

The studied sector between Eforie Nord and 23 August is a relatively high shoreline, loess-shaped and open beaches, often protected by the dike system, arranged for tourist purposes. Situated at 15-500 m from the shoreline, the cliff has heights between 20-25m and is frequently interrupted by limanas, with the obvious tendency to withdraw through the marine abrasion process. The cliffs and beaches are composed of horizontal limestone layers in the Sarmatian Miocene, forming the rocky promontories, covered with thick layers of quaternary loess of winds during the glacial periods of the past two million years, and heavily eroded in warmer interglacial phases.

Sarmatian limestone- Costinesti
quaternary loess
cliffs of 23 August

Land use

23 August – Originally called Tatlâgeac, at the end of 19th century, the commune had a population of nearly 570 inhabitants. After the establishment of the Communist regime, the name of the commune was changed to 23 August. Nowadays, its population reaches around 5500 inhabitants.

Costinești – Back in the Middle Ages, fishermen and shepherds were the main inhabitants of the commune. Today, Costinești is known for tourism, especially through its student camps.

Eforie – It is a city composed of two villages, Eforie Sud and Eforie Nord. Eforie was founded in the 19th century and it is known for being a balneotherapy resort.

Techirghiol – Founded as well in the 19th century, Techirghiol developed during the years as a spa town, known especially for Lake Techirghiol. It is famous among tourists due to its therapeutic mud, which is used for different procedures such as wraps or massage.

On our studied territory there are different uses of the area, housing, tourism and agriculture being the most important. Besides them, there are other activities, such as: sport fishing, harbor (Eforie Nord), industry, services or recreation (loisir). Regarding the transport infrastructure, it includes: national and communal roads, railways and Tuzla Aerodrome.

Considering the last years, there are no important changes in the land use, even though the studied area consists of some important seaside resorts in Romania. So it is more likely for the main activities of the area to remain the same in the near future, the only change of the land use would be probably because of the tourists, leading to a development of the hotel facilities or transport network.

Land use of the studied area
Housing and arable land
Tourism facilities
The balneal and recovery sanatorium in Techirghiol

Green/blue infrastructure

The most dominant green/blue infrastructure in our studied territory is by far the protected area of Lake Techirghiol. Besides it, there can be found various areas with major potential elements of green/blue infrastructure network, namely: the sea, three small lakes and the enormous agriculture fields.

As there is no extreme pressure on the land by different investors and the main potential element of this infrastructure is as well strictly protected, the risk of losing these significant elements is extremely low.

Green/blue infrastructure of the studied area
The protected area of Techirghiol Lake
Green/blue infrastructure of the costal land
Techirghiol Lake
Techirghiol Park
Green/blue infrastructure

Actors and stakeholders

The area is influenced by various actors, as it is composed of more localities, as well as contains a series of distinct elements that influence the development of the area. Therefore, we can distinguish 7 categories of stakeholders, as follows:

Authorities – on a local, regional (judetene) and national level, which deal with the administrative aspects of the cities and villages in the study area
ROWATER – The National Administration “Romanian Waters” (Administratia Nationala Apele Romane)
NGOs – MARE NOSTRUM, SOR – The Romanian Ornithological Society, as well as different NGOs preoccupied with keeping the Black Sea and Techirghiol Lake clean and interested in the well-being of those areas
Locals – from all cities and municipalities in the study area
Tourists – from all over Romania and from foreign countries
Economic agents – owners of restaurants, hotels, clubs etc., as well as their employees
Private investors – especially the ones involved in developing new residential areas along the shoreline of the Black Sea

The impact on the study area, as well as the level to which they are affected differs from one actor to another, depending on their interest zone. Thus, we have actors with a high level of impact on the site, but who are not very affected – such as the authorities or the private investors; on the other side we have actors with a reduced impact power, but who are highly affected by the changes in the area – such as the locals. The way in which the stakeholders affect and are affected, in the case of Eforie – 23 August area, is shown in the power map below.

Power Map for the area Eforie - 23 August

Sacred spaces and heritage

Eforie has been known as “The City Between the Waters” (“Orașul dintre ape”) due to its location, the city being situated in between the Black Sea and the Techirghiol Lake. The latter is one of the most popular places in our study area, best known for its therapeutic mud which helps with the treatment of multiple diseases, especially the rheumatic ones. In the Techirghiol resort there are treatment spas, along with residential centers, attracting a lot of users and tourists from all around Romania. The most popular is the SPA Sanatorium Efosan, situated in Eforie Nord. Other than the therapeutic mud, Techirghiol is also known for being the biggest saline lake in Romania (1.304 ha), holding over 124 species of birds, some of which considered endangered. For some of these species, as well as for being the biggest winter quarter in the south-eastern part of Romania, the lake has been designated a Natura 2000 site in 2007, as well as a Ramsar site in 2006 (for the red breasted goose).

St. Mary Monastery (“Mânăstirea Sfânta Maria”) is one of the oldest churches in Eforie Nord – 23 August area, dating back to the XVII century, being considered a historical monument. The ensemble attracts tourists, as well as other members of the Orthdox clergy. Beside this, all the villages in our area have their own church, which hold a cultural and sentimental value for the locals.

A less-known, but important part of this area’s heritage is the historical findings from Tuzla village, where traces of primitive living have been found. Those were situated in the Stratonis settlement, which dates back to the III century AD and represented pottery from that period, decorated with various ornaments. Another part of its heritage is marked by the wrecked ship in Costinești, found close to the shoreline of the Black Sea. The ship is of Greek origins and has been here since the 60s and is very popular among tourists, as well as a well-known spot for taking pictures. Along the years, it became a kind of tradition to take pictures with the ship, not only for the tourists, but also for the locals who sometimes use it on souvenirs such as magnets and postcards.

Map of sacred spaces and heritage in the area of Eforie Nord - 23 August
Techirgiol Lake and some of its species of birds
The Saint Mary Monastery in Techirghiol
The Wrecked Ship in Costinești

Visual appearance and landscape narrative

Evanghelia Wreck situated in the northern part of the resort, not far away from the beachside, has become an emblematic objective for Costinesti due to its legends linked to its naufraj and the dynamic landscape that it creates. Evanghelia ship has been built up in 1942, 30 years apart from the naufraj of Titanic, in the same naval site on which the english ship was also built. The ship has wrecked in the evening of 14th of October 1968 in the French Golf located near the resort – which has been only a small fishing-village by then. According to the researches, the greeks had set up this accident , so they could get the money the inssurance provided. Unfortunately for them, the whole story had a tragical ending. Based on the report made by the Romanian authorities, the inssurance company decided not to give any money following the failure of the ship. In this context, the romanians got a souvenir from the greeks, and the wreck of the ship became the symbol of one of the most crowded resort from the Romanian seaside.

   Legend says that, in ancient times, an old turkish man named Tekir – both crippled and blind- got to the shore of a lake with his full of plagues donkey. The animal got stuck in the lake’s shore and , although Tekir tried to get him out of there, the stubborn donkey didn’t wanted to leave.

However, when the old man got out of the lake, he couldn’t believe his eyes: he was able to see again and wander freely. Nor the indigent donkey remained unrewarded for its intuition: its open plagues healed. The people of the place heard about the miraculous healing, so more and more of them came to bathe in the lake and to anoint their bodies with the also-miraculous mud. Thereby, the lake got the name ,,Techirghiol” –meaning ,,Lake of Techir’’- (,,Techir”=the name of the old-man and ,,ghiol”= meaning ,,lake’’ in turkish).

The white rock legend says the story of a farewell sultan of the south, who, finding out about our country wanted to take possession of it. So, he sent his army to take possession of this land. The Turks put down the leader of the country and sent him to the sultan hanging with stunts of one hundred camels. Continuing the fight, a sturdy brave tried hard, alongside the country’s army to chase away the Turks, so the turks took him by the neck and took him personally to the sultan when, what have they seen? The fur hat of the sturdy felt off and not great is the wonder that he was actually a young woman- the wife of the voivode fallen into battle. The sultan fell in love immediately with her, not wanting anything more than her to be one of the wifes in the harem. So, the sultan commanded that the woman’s daughter is left there, on the shore, so that she can forget about her existence and stay with him forever. The sultan’s robes made a high stone pillar, off the pillar he hung a swing, and on the swing they built a precious house of agate. The woman threatened him that if he dares to enter her house, she’ll thrown herself into the sea.The robes adviced the sultan to tell the woman that her daughter had died from longing her, because the woman suffered day and night due to being separated of her child. Hearing this tremendous news, the woman begged the wind to end her pain and to blow her off with the house she’d been locked up in.The wind listened her desire, and, the sultan got himself caught up through that crazy flight and shot in the waves of the sea. Seeing all this, the turks run away, forgetting about the child locked up by the sultan. Therefore, the girl got out to search for her mother. She kept running until she got to Tuzla, where, by seeing the ships tempted by the storm, and believing her mother was on of them with the turks, the child got on her knees and begged the wind to have mercy on her, but, crying so badly, her body turnet into stone. And the woman? She got into a yellow little-flower by the fairies, then the flower turned into a fruit, the fruit felt on the shore where a willow came up- right next to the Tuzla’s lighthouse.

Costinesti Wreck Ship Evanghelia
Statue of Techir and his donkey from Techirghiol
The rock and the lighthouse of Tuzla

A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets

The Eforie-23 August study area is marked by an important natural habitat (Techirghiol Lake), as well as by its typology, having different developed areas, from settlements found between Techirghiol Lake and the Black Sea to settlement isolated from the shoreline. The coast is just punctually accessible, but has a high potential of development in a sustainable way. The general character of the area is a touristic and balneal one, with the economic focus being on the former. There are two cities (Techirghiol and Eforie) and a village (Costinești) that are the most popular, the other localities holding a much rather local character, but having a great development potential.

Linking our case study to the Sustainable Development Goals projected by UN, we can affirm that at least four of those goals are at risk:

11. Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable – guiding development in consideration to this goal would eliminate the discrepancies between local cities and villages, especially between the ones on the coast and the ones with indirect access to the shoreline; constructing the area in a sustainable way will further increase the chances of the natural habitats to be preserved and protected and to provide a high-level of living for both citizens and tourists.
13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts – this goals would assure a coherent development of the coastline from Eforie Nord to 23 August, as well as help protect the endangered species found at Techirghiol Lake; even if nowadays the impact is not highly visible for everyone in the area, the risks are there and a planning for future approach is much needed in our case.
14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources – pollution is a risk factor for our study area, mostly carried out by touristic activities, as well as the tourists themselves; this affects the Black Sea directly, especially through waste left out on the shoreline or in the water directly and actions need to be taken in order to preserve the species which are living in the sea, as well as the birds who occasionally land on the shoreline.
17. Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development – a good cooperation between stakeholders will direct the actions toward a good development for the area, but for Eforie – 23 August area this is not the case for now, having different authorities handling different neighboring areas or areas of the same typology (areas on the same shoreline – in our case the Black Sea one).

Taking into account the pressures the area faces and the potential it has, we developed a hypothesis for our site, hoping it can be implemented in the future. Therefore, we believe in a sustainable and efficient development of the coast line, having an increase in the green/blue infrastructure along the coast, as well as promoting the existing typology (especially the cliffs), while at the same time aiming for an ecological tourism.

Taking several factors into account, such as economy, population, activities, natural elements and element with great potential, we have identified a series of pressures that arise in our study area, therefore having a base for our hypothesis. The Eforie – 23 August study area is diverse, driven by different stakeholders and we believe that a good cooperation between those will achieve a rational coastal landscape. The pressures the area faces are of great importance, but they can be counteracted.

For the near future, our hypothesis is mainly based on a sustainable development of the settlements along the coastline. Among all the objectives we aim to achieve, promoting the local unique elements, such as Techirghiol Lake, is an objective that we consider being a priority. In addition, given the enormous arable land in the studied area, a sustainable agriculture is not to be neglected. Furthermore, in order to raise our area’s popularity among tourists, we propose a coherent and integrated system of beaches, together with modern tourism facilities.

A.3 Theory reflection

NATURA 2000 STANDARD FORM
SITE NAME: Lake Techirghiol

The protected area status is set by Hot. no. 1266/2000. It was declared on 23.03.2006 the RAMSAR site, no. 1610. This site hosts important fleets of protected bird species. According to the data we have the following categories: a) number of species in Annex 1 of the Birds Directive: 38 (b) Number of other migratory species listed in the Annexes to the Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn): 50 c) number of endangered species globally: 5.

During the migration period, the site hosts more than 20,000 birds.
Other features of the site:

The two dams built in 1983 and 1989 divide the lake into three slopes, resulting in three different areas, namely: - the freshwater zone in the West (1.0-2.3g / l salinity) - Saltwater zone in the central part (6-8g / l salinity) - Saline water zone is in the lake area located near Black Sea (52-55g / l salinity) In the saline side, the mud has therapeutic properties and is used for various treatments in a international physiotherapy medical center built in this area. After the privatization, small buildings belonging to the farmers were built in around the lake, resulting in a negative impact on its lake and fauna.

Vulnerability:

The anthropic impact is manifested mainly by tourism, Techirghiol, Eforie Sud and Eforie Nord being stations that attract tourists mainly through promoting the therapeutic properties of sapropelic mud. Other activities carried out in the area are agricultural zones. Lake Techirghiol is confronted with the problem of salinization, with repercussions on the specific composition in elements of flora and fauna characteristic of water hypersaline.

PROJECT "Reducing coastal erosion"

  A project worth 3.43 billion lei, the beneficiary of which will be the National Administration "Romanian Waters" (ANAR) - the Dobrogea - Litoral Water Basin Administration, is shown in the annex to the draft decision Government, published on the website of the Ministry of Environment, Water and Forests (MMAP).

According to the Project's Grounding Point, its aim is to provide shoreline erosion protection under annual average conditions and during events with a recurrence period of up to 1/100 years, over a projected life span of 50 years. In this context, the following variables were taken into account: the effect the beach and the protective works have on ensuring protection against erosion to the established standard of protection for each location; the recreational value of the beach and the corresponding minimum width; the erosion rates that are expected to appear for each of the options.

The locations included in the investment project are: Agigea area located in Eforie and Agigea ATU, Eforie area located in Eforie UAT, Costinesti area located in Costinesti UAT.

The implementation of the project, by increasing the beach areas, will increase the tourist potential and therefore mainly increase the number of tourists and visitors in these areas. Increasing beach areas will lead to the implementation of conditions that would provide a greater degree of comfort for tourists who will use them, as they are now very crowded due to the reduction of beach areas. By creating new facilities, these resorts will attract a larger number of tourists, which will generate an increase in the revenues of economic agents in the field, with positive implications for local budgets. Also, the emergence of new hotel capacities and related services will imply the creation of new jobs for locals, especially during the summer. As a result, the increase in tourism revenues and related activities as well as the increasing volume of services can be considered as a positive impact on the social and economic environment during the rehabilitation works and the completion of the works, by HG. From the point of view of environmental protection, the document quoted shows that the works of limiting erosion processes, erosion of the coastal zone and preventing its degradation, by their nature, have a temporary negative impact on the environment, only during the execution, the side effects negative ones being eliminated by works to restore the natural frame to the completion of the investment. The proposed works comply with the principles of ecological development of the Black Sea coastal zone, with minimal interventions on the flow regime, without subsequent negative effects, following the execution of the works, without recording environmental pollution phenomena. The materials used will be environmentally friendly, non-polluting and will integrate into the environment. The impact on groundwater can be considered minor due to the types of works that do not prevent the transfer of water from the river into phreatic and vice versa. The impact on the air can be considered minor, according to the Ministry of Environment.

A.4 References

Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment

B.1 Assessment Strategy

Based on the hypothesis derived from your previous landscape systems analysis you are now asked to define the goals for assessing the landscape. Your assessment is the basis for evaluating the landscape status.
Which elements and phenomena need to be mapped, why and how?
This a text contribution, max 250 words

B.2 Mapping

As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here
As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed

Your case your assessment mapping theme2.jpg

briefly explain the findings of your mapping
Your case your assessment mapping theme3.jpg

briefly explain the findings of your mapping

B.3 Problem definition and priority setting

Give a summary of the major findings of your mapping process, what are the problems/potentials identified?
Draw a problems/potentials map
Set priorities for the most relevant issues

add caption here

B.4 Theory reflection

Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings
Did you encounter limitations'
200 words test contribution

B.5 References

give a full list of the references you have used for this section

Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan

C.1 Goal Setting

Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings
Link back to your original targets from section one and the Development Goals
150 words text contribution

C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect

translate your strategic goals into a vision
develop a spatial translation of your vision
exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions
add map(s) and visualizations

Your case spatial translaton vision.jpg

add caption here
Your case transect.jpg

add caption here
Your case transect detail1.jpg

add caption here
Your case transect detail2.jpg

add caption here

C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation

For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?
Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline
Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?
add 150 words text and visuals

Your case spatial your governance model.jpg

add caption here
Your case spatial your process model.jpg

add caption here

C.4 References

give a full list of the references you have used for this section

D. Process Reflection

Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study
Which limitations were you facing?
What have you learnt from each other?
What would you do differently next time?
You can also use diagrams/visuals
250 words text

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Eforie Nord-23 August: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 13:32, 17 May 2018

Contents

Rationale

Location and scope

A Landscape System Analysis

A.1 Landscape layers and their system context