Case Study A: Merimetsa-Stroomi

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Area	Merimetsa/Stroomi
Place	Tallinn
Country	Estonia
Topics	tourism, nature protection
Author(s)	Julia Merkle, Katariina Lepiku, Cristina Colicchio, Fabiola Vitiello, Amsal Mešić, Sam A. Nassar, Yousra Benasser, Basile Museux

Rationale

Merimetsa/Stroomi is an area of the north Tallinn district characterized by a biodiversity to preserve and different kinds of landscape. From the sea to the city, there are Stroomi sandy beach, a park with a marshy area and an urban forest where there is a protected area. Each of them is intended for different uses: there is a bathing beach, play areas for children, grilling areas in the park and path through the woods in the forest. However, many natural barriers make difficult to pass through the different areas. The main challenges are making new connections to integrate the different activities of this area and promoting tourism, but in the same time preserving rich ecosystem, biodiversity and making interventions on the marshy area, in order to avoid further damage in the zone.

Location and scope

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A Landscape System Analysis

A.1 Landscape layers and their system context

Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology

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  The shore is covered by a wide sandy area composed of fine sand and silt deposits, which descends gradually to a very flat sandy foreshore. There are some 2 – 3 m high dunes in the forested backshore. A discontinuous punctual urban development is taking place behind the dunes. Studies reveal an unsatisfactory ecological condition of the water due to the high nutrient content and accompanying eutrophication.

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  The area is subject to various physical processes, leading mainly to accute erosion. Wave activity and the wind-induced surge during storm events are the principal drivers oferosion in the study area. Other agents such as ice, and the decline os sediments in the coast add on to the vulnerability of the shore.

Land use

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  Administratively, the area is composed of three zones: green urban areas to the east, semi-natural landscape near the shoreline and in the south (park-forest Merimets and Stroomi beach), and wetlands to the southwest.

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  During the last three decades, the green urban areas to the east and the wetlands to the southwest remained the same, while the semi-natural landscape near the shoreline and in the south (park-forest Merimets and Stroomi beach) was partially urbanised. The surrounding buildings are mainly industrial but some areas tend to gentrify. The surrounding areas in the north urbanised much more quickly than the area of Merimetsa. However as we can see, the surrounding areas in the north urbanised much more quickly than the area of Merimetsa.

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  Merimetsa/Stroomi is one of the last vast semi-natural area east of Kopli Laht bay. This can be explained by 2 factors linked together. First, being at the low end of the bay, Merimetsa area is suitable for sediment deposition resulting in beach and dune formation (the Stroomi beach being an example of this phenomenon). Therefore and since the 19th century, the practice was to reforest these areas to prevent any sand progression into the inlands. The second linked factor is that these areas are not often suited for agricultural purpose and therefore have no use for soil exploitation. The swamps of this low height coastal landscape can be a reason why no urban development has started yet. Nowadays the park and the beach has gain a quite good reputation and is anchored in the city's mental map. As a consequence of all these factor put together, the land use of this area is likely to remain as it is.

Green/blue infrastructure

The major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network are:

• the sea with the costal shore (Stroomi beach)
• the Stroomi park
• the urban forest
• the swamp
• Hippodrome

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  the urban forest

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  Stroomi beach

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  the swamp

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  the Stroomi park

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  Horses from the Hippodrome at the Stroomi beach

Change/ disappear? Why?:

The Stroomi beach is a very official place and one of the most popular beaches around Tallin. The water is very flat, though the water is still suitable for swimming.

There are:

• several playgrounds,
• a big trampoline,
• ball playground,
• a surf school/ shop,
• changing cabins,
• an outdoor fitness area,
• 2 outdoor cafes and ice cream sale,
• an official nature trail.

Besides you can rent sun loungers and pedal cars. In the swimming season there is a coast guard. The Hippodrome in the neighborhood is connected with Merimetsa as the horse racing cars drive through the flat water at the Stroomi beach from time to time. The Stroomi Park is a very popular barbecue and picnic area.

• The accessability could be improved, but a basic construct is available: there is wheelchair & prams access, public transport ((busline 3, 40, and 48) and access by car (parking area) from each side oft the area. It would be nice to improve wheelchair & prams access for the forest (some paved roads) & the beach (some wooden terraces on the sand). In any case, the area is easily accessible for many people and is highly frequented, especially during the summertime. There are a lot of wild barbecue fires in the forest, which is very dangerous especially when the wood is dry in summer. This may result in a loss of a high quality piece of nature inside the city, in case of a big forest fire.

In the future it will be a challenge to find balance between preservation of nature & human activity at Merimetsa-Stroomi.

• Last year during the summer there were difficulties with cyanobacteria at the Stroomi beach. Caused of the climate change/ ocean change they covered huge areas on the sea with blue-green foam. It is recommended not to swim, because the cyanobacteria releases toxins. These can irritate skin and eyes or cause nausea. It will be a problem for such a popular beach as the Stroomi breach if this will happen every year. This problem has to be solved in a larger context, not only by the Tallin municipality itself.

When you put it into a larger context, it attracts attention, that the green infrastructure in Tallin is fragmented and many areas act as an individual island. In the future it will be a challenge to connect them well. An official nature trail goes through the Merimetsa area and is already well connected with the Süsta Park. It will be important to connect the individual green islands with each other on different levels, for example by a busline as well as by walking trails.

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  green & blue infrastructure & their accessability

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  green & blue "islands" Tallin and connection Süsta Park - Merimetsa

Actors and stakeholders

• Merimetsa/Stroomi coastal area is part of Tallinn municipality, which is divided into 8 districts. Merimetsa/Stroomi belonging to Põhja-Tallinn district. Each district has its own government that fulfills the functions assigned to them by Tallinn legislation and statutes. The changes in the landscape are mostly driven by them. The 48 hectares big nature reserve on the project area is ruled by the Ministry of Environment and owned by the State Forest Management Centre (RMK). The surrounding area has a lot of apartments, so for a lot of people it’s the nearest green space available. There are a lot of local people whose life quality the surrounding area affects a lot. Right now local people are the ones that are the most affected by the changes, but they have the least power to actually make them. One way for local people to have a more powerful voice in the future is that they could collaborate with a non-profit organisation called Linnalabor who would help them improve urban space according to their wishes.

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  Power map of Merimetsa/Stroomi coastal area showing different actors/stakeholders and their power/affection.

Sacred spaces and heritage

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  Merimetsa park is the most prominent heritage site of the Merimetsa-Stroomi focus area. Originating as the backdrop for the home of the local noble family, the park has served to connect the Seewald mental hospital to the Stroomi beach since the early 20th century. It is of value to the patients, local community, and people from the wider area of Tallinn alike. It is under nature conservation.

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  A local noble family donated its summer manor and land to an Estonian mental health association in the late 19th century. On its grounds rose one of the most modern psychiatric hospitals of Europe in 1903. It may therefore be the most widely recognized heritage site in the Merimetsa-Stroomi area, its significance to medical workers extending beyond the borders of Estonia. The name "Merimetsa" actually comes from the german word "Seewald", which was the name of the summer manor.

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  Opened to the public since 1923, the Tallinn Hippodrome has provided the Merimetsa-Stroomi area with grounds for sports and recreation for almost a century. It is especially appreciated by young people and families, generations of which have spent their free time there.

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  In the surrounding area there are many buildings from the Soviet era. Those buildings might have a symbolic value for older residents or those who come from other former Soviet countries.

Visual appearance and landscape narrative

• The landscape of Merimetsa-Stroomi park and seashore has characteristic features with its sandy beach, and its park with the protected area.

Many Painters illustrated the interesting natural landscape, the colorful sea, and the nice trees in the natural park. Paul Burman depicted "Stroomi" 1888-1934, where trees show on the hill.

• Story of Merimetsa-Stroomi:. Stroomi Beach Park is equipped with benches, trash bins and barbeque spots, as well as walking and cycling paths, numerous playgrounds, sporting and training facilities. The beach building, life-boat station, beach facilities rental and public catering facilities are also located within the park area. The name Stroomi originates from the name of the owner of Stroomi pub previously located near Paldiski Road − Mr Bengt Fromhold Strohm − once there existed a road leading from the pub to the beach. Yet, it has another name as well − Merimetsa wood − which originates from Merimetsa summer manor which used to be near Paldiski Road. One of the first images of this area can be found on the map of 1688 by Samuel Waxelberg, where the region is depicted mostly as a grassland. There must have been natural trees and bushes as well. The dampness of the area taken into consideration, willow groves and birch stands (on the higher and drier spots) must have existed

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  Paul Burman (1888—1934)

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  landscape narrative-Tallinn1816

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  Tallinn 1265

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  Tallinn 1918

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  Merimetsa/Stroomi Park 2018

A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets

In this area, the growing urbanization because of the population increase is a driving force. Nevertheless, here there are also pressures as climate change and swampy soil that cause land subsidence. In this zone, there is the Merimetsa protected area: it is very important for people living in the area around it, offering opportunities for picking mushrooms and berries and practicing recreational sports. The area is popular with athletes, dog owners and riders. It is also possible to promote nature education in the protected area and encourage research. For these reasons, many different associations are interested to preserve it: they are a driving force. The visit load of the protected area is high and reached a critical tolerance limit in certain areas. Although the protected area has lighted paths and it is surrounded on three sides by pedestrian light traffic routes, visitors have also created a number of smaller tracks. This has damaged the soil, destroyed vegetation and reduced biodiversity. Larger damage is in the northern corner and in the central part of the protected area, where are illuminated trails, barbecue sites and exercise grounds (volleyball court, so-called outdoor gyms, children's climbing wall, etc.). In open areas, illegal campfire sites were also found, which might increase the risk of fire during the dry season. For all these reasons, the insufficiency of infrastructures and the unsupervised activities are pressures. There are the sandy beach, and children's playgrounds near the protected area that attract lot of people in beautiful weather. In fact, the tourism is another driving force of this area. However, it has a direct impact on forest communities as the littering increases, also because of the lack of accommodating structures and no supervision of these activities. There are same possible responses to this status quo in order to reduce the pressures and the impacts. First, it is important to realize interventions on swampy zone, and then to plan all area: built quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure as new connections between the different parts to integrate the several activities. In this way, provide access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities. In fact, the area needs preserve its multifunctionality and improve tourism through the building of accommodation sustainable structures and green infrastructures. Moreover, develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products. The planning should ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, in particular the forest and wetlands; promote the implementation of sustainable management of forest, and restore it where is degraded.

Sustainable Development Goals at risk

• Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure.

Basic infrastructure like roads, information and communication technologies, electrical power and water remains scarce. This goal is at risk in this area because there are few infrastructures: there are not many throw in the forest; a lot of them realized without an urban plan or a project by the government.

• Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

Rapid urbanization is exerting pressure on fresh water supplies, sewage, the living environment, and public health. Recently the popularity of this area raised, this zone attracts more local people and tourists but it causes loss of natural heritage because of insufficient infrastructures.

• Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption.

Humankind is polluting water in sea faster than nature can recycle and purify and excessive use of water contributes to the global water stress. In this area, this goal is at risk because the sandy beach attractes many tourists and local people that cause pollution with their waste.

• Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.

Global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) have increased by almost 50 per cent since 1990. From 1880 to 2012, average global temperature increased by 0.85°C. Oceans have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished and sea level has risen. This goal is at risk in this area because the growing urbanization and the realization of possible future unsustainable infrastructures will increase in global average temperature.

• Goal 15: Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss.

Forests cover 30.7 per cent of the Earth’s surface and, in addition to providing food security and shelter, they are key to combating climate change, protecting biodiversity. In the urban forest there is the Merimetsa protected area, where are illegal campfires and grilled zones that increase the risk of fire and deforestation. Moreover, the visiting pressure has damaged the soil and destroyed vegetation.

Hypothesis

Both the absent interventions on the marshy area, and the increase of uncontrolled activities, such as those of the Ippodrom, sports and bathing, could damage the natural zone of Merimetsa. It could happen not only because of them but also because of the growth of the city around the forest, which is not all included in the protected area.

• active plans/plans in activation phase :Merimetsa protected area management plan 2018-2027 ,

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  DPSI(R) model that summrizes the landscape system analysis. This model identifies the driving forces, pressures, state and impact of Merimetsa/Stroomi area and the possible responces.

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  Graphic representation of future impacts on the area if it will not planned

A.3 Theory reflection

• Reflect on at least three international policy documents in relation to their local landscape case
• choose one international, one European and one national document
• You can choose references from our reading list
• Scope: 250 words

A.4 References

• https://www.tallinn.ee/est/geoportaal/Rakendused-2
• https://register.metsad.ee/#/
• https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/413042017008
• http://register.keskkonnainfo.ee/envreg/main?reg_kood=KLO5000024&mount=view#HTTPG3uSnPzNZWYDzqgNL2BtuBNxZ6BbUX
• https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/
• Merimetsa kaitseala kaitsekorralduskava 2018-2027
• http://kunilaart.ee/en/artist/paul-burman/
• https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_burman_Stroomi.jpg
• https://www.alamyimages.fr/photo-image-environs-de-tallinn-kaart-kava-lestonie-le-reval-ancienne-carte-antique-1912-baedeker-139060518.html
• "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"
• "https://www.tallinn.ee/eng/Stroomi-Beach-Park"
• "http://xgis.maaamet.ee/maps/XGis?app_id=UU82A&user_id=at&LANG=2&WIDTH=1236&HEIGHT=758&zlevel=4,538754.72378415,6588542.7055857&setlegend=SHYBR_ALUS01_82A=0,SHYBR_ALUS07_82AV=1"
• "https://dspace.emu.ee/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10492/4210/Kruus_Kertu_AR_mag_2018.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"

Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment

B.1 Assessment Strategy

• Based on the hypothesis derived from your previous landscape systems analysis you are now asked to define the goals for assessing the landscape. Your assessment is the basis for evaluating the landscape status.
• Which elements and phenomena need to be mapped, why and how?
• This a text contribution, max 250 words

B.2 Mapping

• As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here
• As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed

• Your case your assessment mapping themel.jpg

  briefly explain the findings of your mapping

• Your case your assessment mapping theme2.jpg

  briefly explain the findings of your mapping

• Your case your assessment mapping theme3.jpg

  briefly explain the findings of your mapping

B.3 Problem definition and priority setting

• Give a summary of the major findings of your mapping process, what are the problems/potentials identified?
• Draw a problems/potentials map
• Set priorities for the most relevant issues

• Your case problems potentials map.jpg

  add caption here

B.4 Theory reflection

• Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings
• Did you encounter limitations'
• 200 words test contribution

B.5 References

• give a full list of the references you have used for this section

Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan

C.1 Goal Setting

• Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings
• Link back to your original targets from section one and the Development Goals
• 150 words text contribution

C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect

• translate your strategic goals into a vision
• develop a spatial translation of your vision
• exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions
• add map(s) and visualizations

• Your case spatial translaton vision.jpg

  add caption here

• Your case transect.jpg

  add caption here

• Your case transect detail1.jpg

  add caption here

• Your case transect detail2.jpg

  add caption here

C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation

• For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?
• Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline
• Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?
• add 150 words text and visuals

• Your case spatial your governance model.jpg

  add caption here

• Your case spatial your process model.jpg

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C.4 References

• give a full list of the references you have used for this section

https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover http://discomap.eea.europa.eu/map/Data/Milieu/OURCOAST_323_EE/OURCOAST_323_EE_Doc_TallinnEurosionCS.pdf

D. Process Reflection

• Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study
• Which limitations were you facing?
• What have you learnt from each other?
• What would you do differently next time?
• You can also use diagrams/visuals
• 250 words text

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