Revision as of 06:35, 2 May 2019

Area	Paljassaare / Pikakari
Place	Tallinn
Country	Estonia
Topics	Recreation, nature area, industry
Author(s)	Constance, Franciska, Hélène, Mohamed, Neda, Pedram

Rationale

Paljassaare/Pikakari is a strategic site in the thematic of coastal landscapes because it is at the interface of Nature and Human activities. Indeed, Pikakari is a place close from the city centre (15mn by car) where tourists (mostly Tallinners) go to enjoy the sea and the beach [[14]]. But close to the beach, there is also a Natura 2000 area with more than 80 species of protected birds. Thus, the area is quite fragile and a part of it is forbidden during nesting periods [[15]]. Finally, industry is also present with the waste water treatment plant of Tallinn and Paljassaare port [[16]]. In conclusion it is a site that can be very conflictual between industry and leisure/nature. Also, because of the activities established, the territory is divided and a long portion of coast on the west side of the Peninsula is not accessible. The challenge we identified is to make transversal connections across the Peninsula and to develop recreational activities that respect the natural areas (habitats, fauna and flora).

Location and scope

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A Landscape System Analysis

A.1 Landscape layers and their system context

Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology

Paljassaare peninsula is a part of the Tallinn bay and the Gulf of Finland. Most of Tallinn bay has an artificial coastline. However, the coast of this peninsula is mainly composed with beaches. These are made of sand, pebbles or rocks [17]. The island began to emerge 700 years BC [18]. This area is subjected to an isostatic uplift of the earth crust [19]. It means that this is an area that emerges of around 2 mm every year. Initially the peninsula was divided in two islands. Paljassaare is a peninsula since the 1950s, when garbage was stored in the mud of the bay, between the island and the mainland. The location of the site, close to the passage of the boats, makes it vulnerable to waves. The wind also has an impact on the area, as there is no high point to stop it. Humans also have an impact on the site. It is partly because of the beach. Being close to the city-center, it is well frequented in summer. This brings some pressure on the site, because of the cars. There is also a water treatment plant on the peninsula, which could lead to soil and water pollution.

Map of the two Islands from L. A. Mellin's "Atlas von Lieffland" 1798 [[1]]
Pikakari sand beach [[2]]
Sand and pebbles beach [[3]]
Rocks [[4]]

Land use

The territory of Paljaassare is divided into five main land uses : transitional forest with mineral resources, open low and transfer bed, industrial and commercial territories, port and sparsely built up residential areas. Mainly the south part of area is an industrial and commercial unit whereas the north part has rather natural features.

Predominant land use in the area is industrial and commercial with some settlements, a main road is situated in the east with public transportation (bus connection to the center). According to the development of the area in the past decades, the map shows a visible change : going from shrinking ports bounds and enlarging the industrial area to reaching the coast in the east with settlements. We can say that it is likely that the port area will switch to a residential use in the future.

Land use map,2000 [[5]]
land use map,2018 [[6]]
Legend
Paljassaare [[7]]

Green/blue infrastructure

Main green infrastructure:-

1- Paljassaare Special Conservation Area.

2- Green zone.

3- Swamp area.

Main blue infrastructure:-

4- Pikakari beach.

5- Paljassaare Harbor.

6- Kaelajarv.

According to the green/blue infrastructure areas mentioned it’s notable that the most of the study area is occupied by industrial use, and the main three green areas (1, 2, 3) is likely to develop in the future, first to maintain the ecological quality of Paljassaare district and eliminate any potential disturbance from the industrial zone, second to increase the connectivity between the green zones and Pikakari beach and the city center.

GreenBlue Infrastructure [[8]]

Actors and stakeholders

Paljassaare peninsula is situated in the North of the municipality of Tallinn, in Harju county. It is part of the Northern Tallinn district. It is quite an industrial area with Tallinn waste treatment plant (Tallinna Vesi - Water of Tallinn - 70 ha) [[20]] [[21]] and Paljassaare Port belonging to Port of Tallinn (Tallinna Sadam) [[22]] and several transportation companies as well as a railway. Around 50,000 inhabitants are living in the district [[23]]. In Estonia the planning process starts with the national government establishing the legal framework (laws and a national spatial plan). Then, counties do the county spatial plan and municipalities the comprehensive plan. Tallinn has a development plan for the period 2014-2020 [[24]]. According to several articles from 2018, Port of Tallinn would be looking to discard its last plots of Paljassaare harbor - most of it already sold over the past 10 years [[25]].

Who is affected highly but with low power? Who has high power but is not affected?

Powermap of Paljassaare peninsula

Sacred spaces and heritage

The cultural heritage of Paljassaare is manly characterized by its military use. In the past Paljassaare was divided into two small islands called Karli Islands. With the end of the Great Northern War on Estonian territory, Estonia was incorporated into Russia. In 1727 the Russian leadership decided to strengthen the defences of the port of Tallinn.[[26]] At this time the first military fortifications were built on Karli island (later Paljas-saare). In 1824 an artillery Tower was built on the smaller Karli island.[[27]] The unofficial name of the tower became "White Tower" (Valge torn). Nowadays only ruins of the tower exist since the Russian troops destroyed the Tower during the Crimean War because of the fear that it will fall in the hands of the enemy. Before and during World War I a complex protecting system was built. The large complex of fortifications should protect St. Petersburg form attacks by the sea. The system was called Peter the Great´s naval fortress.[[28]] The construction started on Paljassaare in 1912. The area between the mainland and the islands was filled and the result is the peninsula Paljassaare. The material to fill the area was collected during construction of the Mine Harbour.[[29]] The construction of the complex protection system was never finished. Today only the ruins of the White Tower, the battery, the embankment of the railway and the Katariina Quay is left from the naval fortress.

Timeline of the military history of Paljassaare[[9]] [[10]]

Kathariina Quay
Military fortifications on Paljassaare
Military fortifications on Paljassaare

Visual appearance and landscape narrative

Local visual arts can be considered into three different time periods. The 19th century, Soviet time and Post Soviet time. In the 19th century many landscape painters such as Carl Ferdinand von Kügelgen, Edouard Hostein and Victor-Vincent Adam visited this area and produced many art pieces depicting local nature. In Soviet times many Estonian painters started to show effects of Soviet ideas about human society and lifestyle of young people and next generations. Ilmar Ojalo and especially Jaan Elken are the most important painters from that period, Jaan Elken published more than 200 writings on art and arts policy. Elken has been the head of Estonian Painters’ Union (1995-1999) and the president of Estonian Artists’ Association (1999-2013). Since 1997 he is a professor of the Chair of painting at The Institute of Cultural Research and Fine arts at the University of Tartu. In current time Paljassaare-Pikakari has a new generation of artists who are inspired by new face of this area. They are trying to tell stories from one of the most poorest parts of Tallinn in different ways. Most common medium among them is photography and graffiti, Mattias Malk and Tõnis Saadoja are the most famous young local artists nowadays. [[30]]

Carl Friedrich Christian Buddeus-Kopli Beach(1836)
Jaan Elken-Paljassaare(1983)
Street Art in Paljassaare peninsula
Mattias Malk-Secret Slum Book(2017)

A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets

Summary of the DPSI framework

DRIVING FORCES

Human activities :

Industrial areas
Tourism >> bird watching area
Recreational activities at the beach
Urbanization

Natural processes :

Waves
Floods
Strong Wind

PRESSURES

Air pollution
Heavy Traffic
Water pollution
Soil pollution

STATE

Almost a century ago Paljassaare was divided into two small islands. The area includes abandoned military structures, diverse nature, industry, Paljassaare Harbour and a small area of settlements. In 2005 the Paljassaare Special Conservation Area was established following the guidelines of NATURA 2000. This area has a valuable nature and a unique bird zone. Because of these two facts there is an increasing touristic activity. The Pikakari beach is also a strong magnet for the people of the surroundings, this also implies a lot of individual traffic in this area. The accessibility with public transport system is not well developed. Frequentation of the place is really irregular with a lot of people in the sunny and warm weekends to the beach and almost nobody at others rainy or cooler days. Paljassaare Harbour will be closed in the future and there are already plans to urbanize the area.[[31]] A big part of Paljassaare is the wastewater treatment plant, almost all the waste water of Tallinn is purified on this place. This industry is likely to stay in place in the long term. Several business and private areas prevent the free access to the coastline and connections from the East to the West.

IMPACTS

Air pollution >> bad air quality, which also influence the recreational and protected nature areas
Popular area >> more disturbances on the protected bird area
Perturbation of flora and fauna and their life cycles

Graphical overview of the DPSI model [[11]]

Hypothesis

If all the driving forces just continue as they do, we can image various conflicts. In the next few years the infrastructure to Paljassaare should be developed, so more people could visit the reserve nature area. In this case we need a balanced development strategy between the improvement of the accessibility and the protection of the nature area in the northern part. The bird watching area includes high valuable ecological elements, which must be protected. In the future the industrial area, especially Paljassaare Harbour should be rebuilt and the emergent area should be urbanized. The existing detail plans will overlap with the nature reserve.[[32]][[33]] Also the constructions near to the reserve can have negative effect. The number of nesting birds and species under protection can be unstable.[[34]] Another risk of high urbanisation on the costal area is that the coastline can lose its function as a public city space. The rising sea level is a long-term risk. However, possible safety precautions must be considered for future planning as the area has a floodable feature.

Graphical overview of the hypothesis [[12]][[13]]

Sustainable Development Goals

Life below Water

The industry, the increasing urbanisation and the number of visitors at the beach are risks for the goal Life Below Water. The area must struggle with more waste on the beach, water pollution, more traffic and increasing percentage of impervious surface. Those effects are linked with the protection of biodiversity in the coastal areas and in the ocean.[[35]]

Life on Land

The high pressure of urbanisation also endangers the objective Life on Land. The existing development plan shows an overlap with the new housing area and the nature reserve. The development of the urban area must be in balance with nature areas. [[36]]

A.3 Theory reflection

Natura 2000 Birds Directive

It is interesting to study the Natura 2000 Birds Directive (Directive 2009/147/EC) [[37]] in our case study because the north of Paljassaare peninsula is a special protection zone of Natura 2000 Birds Directive. This directive, addressing to the states, aims at protecting the 500 species of wild birds living in Europe (194 are threatened) ; and also creating a link between the different countries as migrating birds in particular cross borders. In Paljassaare, 200 birds can be seen, including 50 protected ; some measures can be applied. The habitat should be protected, in order to preserve the birds. No activity with a high impact should be implemented. The establishment of a restricted area during bird nesting show the direct influence of the directive.

Link between natura 2000 guidelines and their implementation in Paljassaare reserve

Tallinn Development Plan 2014 -2020

The development Plan is based on the development strategy “Tallinn 2030”. The development plan describes six main objectives.[[38]]

Tallinn with a highly productive economy
An educated, capable and open Tallinn
Tallinn with diverse activities and full experiences
A (socially) safe Tallinn, with managed risks
Tallinn with comfortable, inspiring and environmentally sound urban space
Tallinn with effective city agencies that have knowledge-based management and a good service culture

Impacts on Paljassaare

Tallinn Environmental Strategy to 2030

Tallinn is first and foremost a living environment for people while maintaining the natural environment and the health is very important. The planning process is about developing the sustainability of the whole city, therefore the planning development process should take equal account of natural environment alongside artificial environment in the following objectives:-

Taking into account the long-term trends and the needs for developing in many levels socially, economically, culturally and ecologically.
Emphasizing on the environment and quality of life in the planning process.
Developing an efficient strategic environmental assessment not only to provide information to the decision makers but also to help them to pay more attention to the environmental aspect to create more sustainable solutions.
Achieving the title "Green Capital".

A.4 References

Rationale

[1] Google maps https://www.google.com/maps

[2] Natura 2000 viewer http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu

[3] Water of Tallinn website https://tallinnavesi.ee/en/corporate-social-responsibility/ekskursioonid/paljassaare-reoveepuhastusjaam/

Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology

[1] Maaamet http://xgis.maaamet.ee/maps/XGis?app_id=UU82A&user_id=at&LANG=2&WIDTH=1338&HEIGHT=809&zlevel=6,541254.28771977,6593020.8282471

[2] Great Paljassaare https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur_Paljassaar

[3] Eurosion case study http://discomap.eea.europa.eu/map/Data/Milieu/OURCOAST_323_EE/OURCOAST_323_EE_Doc_TallinnEurosionCS.pdf

[4] Map of the to Islands from L. A. Mellin's "Atlas von Lieffland" 1798: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mellin_Atlas_von_Lieffland_Tallinn.png

[5] Picture Pikakari sand beach: https://vimeo.com/70435719

[6] Picture Sand and pebbles beach: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paljassaare_hoiuala._01.jpg

[7]Picture Rocks: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paljassaare_laht_2010-07-14.jpg

[28] Icons from Noun Project: https://thenounproject.com

[29] Tallinn plan register: https://tpr.tallinn.ee/MapOfPlannings/Linnaosa/100276

[30] Settelment plan Paljassaare: http://adepte.ee/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/24691_phijoonis.pdf

[31] Master Thesis PDF: https://dspace.emu.ee/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10492/4210/Kruus_Kertu_AR_mag_2018.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

[32] Climate Change Adaptation Development Plan until 2030 PDF: https://www.envir.ee/sites/default/files/national_adaptation_strategy.pdf

[33] Website The EU Strategy on Green Infrastructure: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/strategy/index_en.htm

[34] Website about the Sustainable Development Goals: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/oceans/

[35] Website about the Sustainable Development Goals: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/biodiversity/

Theory reflection

[36] Natura 2000 Birds Directive http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm, PDF document available at : https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009L0147

[37] Tallinn Development Plan 2014 -2020 PDF avaiable here: https://www.tallinn.ee/eng/

[38] Tallinn Environmental Strategy to 2030 https://issuu.com/tallinna_keskkonnaamet/docs/strateegia_ingl

Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment

B.1 Assessment Strategy

Based on the hypothesis derived from your previous landscape systems analysis you are now asked to define the goals for assessing the landscape. Your assessment is the basis for evaluating the landscape status.
Which elements and phenomena need to be mapped, why and how?
This a text contribution, max 250 words

B.2 Mapping

As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here
As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed

Your case your assessment mapping themel.jpg

Landscape character assessment
Green spaces and accessibility (1)
Green spaces and accessibility (2): This map shows the accessibility trough the peninsula and the network of the different green spaces. It allows to show which spaces must be protected, and which spaces have the potential to be developed in order to achieve the goals. For example, we can see that the unused plots in the West part of the peninsula are natural areas that could be used to access easily to the reserve. We can also see, along the main street in the East part, that the street is very wide, living a lot of space not used but occupied by lawn. Therefore, this side of the side could also have some potential.
Your case your assessment mapping theme3.jpg

Settlements

B.3 Problem definition and priority setting

Give a summary of the major findings of your mapping process, what are the problems/potentials identified?
Draw a problems/potentials map
Set priorities for the most relevant issues

Risk and potentials

B.4 Theory reflection

Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings
Did you encounter limitations'
200 words test contribution

B.5 References

give a full list of the references you have used for this section

Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan

C.1 Goal Setting

Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings
Link back to your original targets from section one and the Development Goals
150 words text contribution

C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect

translate your strategic goals into a vision
develop a spatial translation of your vision
exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions
add map(s) and visualizations

Your case spatial translaton vision.jpg

add caption here
Your case transect.jpg

add caption here
Your case transect detail1.jpg

add caption here
Your case transect detail2.jpg

add caption here

C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation

For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?
Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline
Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?
add 150 words text and visuals

Your case spatial your governance model.jpg

add caption here
Your case spatial your process model.jpg

add caption here

C.4 References

give a full list of the references you have used for this section

D. Process Reflection

Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study
Which limitations were you facing?
What have you learnt from each other?
What would you do differently next time?
You can also use diagrams/visuals
250 words text

@@ Line 352: / Line 352: @@
 File:your case_your assessment mapping themel.jpg|''Landscape character assessment''
 File:Greens_large_scaleJPG.jpg|''Green spaces and accessibility (1)''
-File:Accessibility_and_green_spaces_map_Final_real.jpg|''Green spaces and accessibility (2)''
+File:Accessibility_and_green_spaces_map_Final_real.jpg|'''''Green spaces and accessibility (2)''': This map shows the accessibility trough the peninsula and the network of the different green spaces. It allows to show which spaces must be protected, and which spaces have the potential to be developed in order to achieve the goals. For example, we can see that the unused plots in the West part of the peninsula are natural areas that could be used to access easily to the reserve. We can also see, along the main street in the East part, that the street is very wide, living a lot of space not used but occupied by lawn. Therefore, this side of the side could also have some potential. ''
 File:your case_your assessment mapping theme3.jpg|''Settlements''
 </gallery>

Case Study G: Paljassaare-Pikakari: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 06:35, 2 May 2019

Rationale

Location and scope

A Landscape System Analysis

A.1 Landscape layers and their system context