Constanta
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Rationale
- Why do you think this case is relevant? What is your hypothesis considering the landscape challenges?
- Format: 3-4 sentences
The complexity of the Constanta case study consists in the fact that it, as a big city of Romania, is at the same time a strategic point on a continental scale. This is due to the favourable location on one of the most important geostrategic axes of the European continent, the Rhine-Danube TEN-T Corridor and the fact that it is the largest port on the entire Black Sea basin. In the context of Constanta, the concept of "resource" should not be limited to the port element as an urban development factor, but should be extended to include the entire coastline, as a responsible element of increasing the site's quality.
Location and scope
You can edit this map with the map editor
A Landscape System Analysis
A.1 Landscape layers and their system context
Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology
- Description of evolution, status quo and driving forces, is the coastal typology changing? Why is that? (approx 200 signs)
- add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like
The studied coastline has an approximate length of 12 km and is part of the southern geographic and geomorphological sector: Singol-Vama Veche. This sector is very populated and developed in terms of industry, tourism and port activity. The shore in this sector has great stability and suffers from a continuous but slow withdrawal process due to abrasion combined with the action of atmospheric, biological agents and groundwater that generates landslides that look like false terraces. The aspect of the shoreline is given by the complex geological structure. The abrasive action of waves and currents has led to the appearance of some promontories. Actions to reduce abrasion and slip processes consist of dyke constructions (for waves breaking and beach protection), consolidation of cliffs, drains and slopes. Types of coastal waters: coastal waters with sandy substrates One of the main risk factors of the coastal zone is erosion, a phenomenon which is currently expanding on almost the entire Romanian seaside and due to which areas of land are lost annually
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Land use
- settlements, infrastructure, agriculture, resource extraction, natural areas, energy production...
- description of evolution, status quo and driving forces, is the land use likely to change? Why is that? (approx 200 signs)
- add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like
Settlements and infrastructure Constanta is an urbanised area consisting of around 300 thousand inhabitants, and, at the same time, the largest harbour in the entire Black Sea basin, highly relevant at continental scale, thanks to its location on the Rhine-Danube TEN-T Corridor, one of the main geostrategic axes for the European continent. An ambitious project from the communist era led to the construction of 2 road bridges (the old and the new one) over the Danube - Black Sea Canal, at the border between Constanta and Agigea.
Tourism is a highly strived goal pursuited for increasing the economy yet there is no actual correlation between the types of tourists Constanta wants or is able to attract for what it actually provides or is able to provide. There is a significant lack in cultural tourism, despite the succulent provision of artefacts, and, whilst there is quite an abundance of hotels (111 hotel units able to accommodate around 5000 persons), there are no suitable alternatives for other target groups (campings, B&B etc.). Furthermore, large surfaces of land are being transformed in residential areas, serving as touristic infrastructure.
Resource extraction and energy production The continental Black Sea platform in the Romanian sector is hosting significant reserves of oil and gas, which can help improve Romania's energy balance - yet, the issue of exploitations is highly sensitive in terms of environmental impact assessment (a number of anti-fracture protests have dealt with the issue of shale gas exploitation in the recent years).
Natural areas The stepic and pontic landscape unit in the South-Eastern Romania have set the premises for the particularity of the natural areas to be found here, exemplifying from the Marine Dunes in Agigea (natural reserve area) to the Biosphere Reserve territories North of Constanta, in between which there lie Siutghiol and Tăbăcărie lakes, a prominent blue-green potentiality apart from the Black Sea’s green shoreline. Misfortunately, in the urbanised settlements, there are few artificial reserves of green lush, yet, further we go in the hinterland, the landscape units provide us with sightful sceneries similar to the Agigea Marine Dunes - a characteristic natural paysage. The inland’s main potentiality is the Seafront promenade - currently inexistent - for social benefits in the close coastal landscape
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Green/blue infrastructure
- What are the major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network? Are these likely to change/disappear? Why is that?
- You find my background material on green infrastructure in our reading list
- add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like
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Actors and stakeholders
- Who is driving changes in this landscape? Who is affected by those changes?
- Draw a stakeholder and/or power map: Who is affected highly but with low power? Who has high power but is not affected?
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Roles of Major Stakeholders on Coastal Impact rely on three levels: Economy; Environment and in the Local Community. Most of Constanta’s coastline can be accessed and used by the public. As a result, many different users and stakeholder groups have an interest in the coastline. Following a comprehensive research based on scientific papers and local media, we identified 8 stakeholders that are performing activities that are having an impact in the studied area. The actions performed by the stakeholders are having differents levels of power impact on three major fields: Economy; Environment and the Local Community. Stakeholders: 1. Ministry of Environment (the Agency acting at County level) and the local Municipality 2. Real Estate Developers 3. Port of Constanta 4. Tourists 5. Businesses situated inside the port and/or near the coastal areas 6. Landowners 7. Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) 8. Common Coastal users - eg. fisheries, aquaculture, military, subsistence activities, and offshore oil operations (see POWERMAP IMAGE.PNG) In the following powermap, we can observe that economy is being impacted the most by the Port of Constanta and the Businesses that are situated near the coastal areas, with a total of 37%. Environment is affected mainly by the Real Estate Developers and the Port of Constanta, with a total impact of 36% (18% of impact each stakeholder).
Sacred spaces and heritage
- Which places/elements hold cultural value and to whom?
- You may add a map and some images, please also explain in your caption why these elements are valuable
The various existing proof of heritage contribute to the charm of the city.The community, tourism and harbor areas are the most diverse and rich in monuments and sites and reveal city’s multicultural identity and also the great history of ancient Tomis harbor.More south there is a big area with industrial heritage, with great monuments from the beginning of 20 century.
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Visual appearance and landscape narrative
- Which elements are essential for the landscape character?
- Has the landscape been painted or otherwise depicted, when and whom? Which elements are essential?
- Which narratives exist? Who has written about this landscape or depicted it in some way?
- You can add text and images
The Casino is one of the city’s landmarks which, together with its promenade, was depicted in Cella Serghi’s autobiographic novel “Spiderweb” and also later by art historian Doina Pauleanu and architect Radu Cornescu; it also appears in many paintings. Another essential element for the landscape character - besides the valuable cultural heritage layered from various generations and ethnicities - are the abandoned waterfront(s) - see map no. XX. For the last century, the romanian coastline inspired tens of famous authors, painters and lately, directors and singers.
The most important works will be presented here:
Authors:
Cella Serghi – Pânza de Păianjen (Spider Web) Jean Bart – Europolis Tudor Ganea – Cazemata (The Casemate) Painters: Nicolae Vermont, Peisaj marin cu portul Constanța; Plajă Marius Bunescu, Înainte de furtună Nicolae Grigorescu, Femeie pe malul mării Theodor Pallady, Peisaj din Constanța Arthur Verona, Violonist în barcă Directors: Francis Ford Coppola - Youth without Youth Rian Johnson - The Brothers Bloom Savel Stiopul – Aventuri la Marea Neagră (Black Sea Adventures); Nea Marin Miliardarul (Marin the billionaire). Singers: B.U.G. Mafia - Pe Coastă Inna - Spre mare
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A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets
- You can summarize your findings with an DPSI(R) Model or a Spider Diagram
- Link back to the Sustainable Development Goals: Which goals are at risk?
- What is your hypothesis for this landscape?
- Visualise your hypothesis with one graphic/pict
- Are there any existing initiatives taking action in this landscape? Do you have a critical perspective on that?
- Add text and visuals
The main causes and effects of erosion as a State in the landscape in the studied area: 1. Expansion and modernization works of ports in Constanta area: => deviation of coastal currents which ensure the supply of sand on beaches. 2. Socio-economic pressure (e.g. in South Constanta, the source of industrial waters is overlapped with domestic and port waters, not all of them being purified): => polluted, degraded natural environment. Driving forces – Pressures on the land (new developments in detriment of a proper green/grey balance) especially next to the seaside shoreline
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A.3 Theory reflection
- Reflect on at least three international policy documents in relation to their local landscape case
- choose one international, one European and one national document
- You can choose references from our reading list
- Scope: 250 words
A.4 References
- give a full list of the references you have used for this section
http://www.agir.ro/buletine/2431.pdf Dobrogea Water Directorate: Seaside, coastal and transitional water types. https://www.danube-navigation.eu/projects/constanta-green-port ? https://books.google.ro/books?isbn=1118927508 (A.1 - 1) https://www.ziuaconstanta.ro/diverse/stiri-calde/ziua-internationala-a-marii-neagre-cele-10-probleme-ale-zonei-costiere-romanesti-612805.html https://www.facebook.com/Impotriva-exploatarii-gazului-de-sist-prin-fracturare-hidraulica-367516606594649/ http://www.fonduri-structurale.ro/Document_Files/Stiri/00017493/7hctm_Anexe.pdf https://www.historia.ro/sectiune/general/articol/10-obiective-istorice-de-vizitat-la-malul-marii-negre
Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment
B.1 Assessment Strategy
- Based on the hypothesis derived from your previous landscape systems analysis you are now asked to define the goals for assessing the landscape. Your assessment is the basis for evaluating the landscape status.
- Which elements and phenomena need to be mapped, why and how?
- This a text contribution, max 250 words
B.2 Mapping
- As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here
- As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed
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briefly explain the findings of your mapping
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briefly explain the findings of your mapping
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briefly explain the findings of your mapping
B.3 Problem definition and priority setting
- Give a summary of the major findings of your mapping process, what are the problems/potentials identified?
- Draw a problems/potentials map
- Set priorities for the most relevant issues
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B.4 Theory reflection
- Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings
- Did you encounter limitations'
- 200 words test contribution
B.5 References
- give a full list of the references you have used for this section
Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan
C.1 Goal Setting
- Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings
- Link back to your original targets from section one and the Development Goals
- 150 words text contribution
C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect
- translate your strategic goals into a vision
- develop a spatial translation of your vision
- exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions
- add map(s) and visualizations
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C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation
- For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?
- Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline
- Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?
- add 150 words text and visuals
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C.4 References
- give a full list of the references you have used for this section
D. Process Reflection
- Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study
- Which limitations were you facing?
- What have you learnt from each other?
- What would you do differently next time?
- You can also use diagrams/visuals
- 250 words text