Miseno Lake-Capo Miseno-Baia Coast

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Area	Miseno Lake-Capo Miseno-Baia Coast
Place	Bacoli
Country	Italy
Topics	please enter the main coast-related topics here
Author(s)	Chiata Pisani, Sabrina Salzano, Viviana Visone, Sergio Galano

Rationale

Miseno, together with all the Campi Flegrei area, is one of the most singular and authentic sites in the world for:

• Geomorphology: it is a big, still active, volcanic area (also called “super-volcano”)
• Orography: presence of hills, rocky areas (Falsie) and flat areas (bays)
• Landscape, environmental and naturalistic heritage:

                                                               Capo Miseno 
                                                               Lago Miseno
                                                               Baia Park (oasi WWF)

• Archaeological heritage:

                               Archaeological Park of Baia
                               Aragonese Castle of Baia
                               Roman theatre
                               Roman military harbour
                               Piscina Mirabilis

• Thermal area:

                                       Terme Puteolane
                                       Stufe di Nerone

The strength of the area is strictly linked to this factors, which have to be promoted and valorized in order to defend his identity.

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Location and scope

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A Landscape System Analysis

A.1 Landscape layers and their system context

Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology

Miseno is a volcanic origin region with six volcano in state of quiescence: the most ancient (35.000-10.500 years ago) are: Capo Miseno, Porto di Miseno and the one which goes from Punta del Poggio to Centocamerelle; the new ones (10.500-8000 years ago) are: two craters called Fondi of Baia and the Baia harbor.

There are no precise information about the volcanic birth date of the site: according to some experts, it dates back to 100.000, to some others it dates back to 2 million years ago. For sure, 35.000 years ago a big eruption caused the emission of pyroclastic materials, giving birth to Campanian Ignimbrite (Grey Neapolitan Tuff) which constituted the structure of the caldera. Following to the eruption a subsidence of the Archifelgreo took place, generating volcanic lakes in some cases. Since then, there have been several others, giving birth to new monogenic craters.

From a morphological point of view, there is an alternation of high and low topographic, due to the presence of monogenic volcanic centres, partly collapsed and/or buried under the deposits of the subsequent eruption. The sea and the Braidism phenomenon (slow vertical earth movement, ascendant or descendent, due to magma’s pressure) have changed in time the morphology inducing a series of slow and inexorable transformations. The territory is mostly hilly, except for the western and southern cost and the area around Miseno Lake, which are flat.

Land use

Miseno and Baia are areas that have been colonized by ancient romans: in Miseno they built a military harbor, stores, tanks of the Piscina Mirabilis and Cento Camerelle, and a military school while Baia was exploited for the presence of thermal waters.

During the mediaeval age this area was used just for the thermal system of Baia and Pozzuoli.

From 1600 to 1900 Jewish families, expelled from Naples, stationed along roman streets.

The settlements system rapidly expanded after the Second World War, especially from 80’s on: the regeneration process involved the construction of new buildings, new streets and new public equipment. However, at the same time, the abusiveness phenomenon started taking place, not just related to residential buildings but also for commercial purposes (restaurants, hotels, bathing facilities). The wellbeing issue is not only proportional to the increase in the demand of new services, but also to the satisfaction of the existing needs (overcrowded or sick districts).

The productive activities are linked to agriculture, fishing, shipbuilding activities in Baia, small crafts. The economy is strictly linked to seasonal activities: bathing, restoration and recreational boating.

The system of public facilities responds in an adequate manner to the demand for schools and equipment of public interest but there is a big lack in green areas, parking lots and areas devoted to recreational activities (sports). Mobility is one of the crucial issues to solve: the territory faces a strong summer congestion due to the assault by the commuters; moreover, there is the necessity to provide a rapid exit route in case of natural calamities (bradisimo or volcanic eruptions).

Green/blue infrastructure

• What are the major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network? Are these likely to change/disappear? Why is that?
• You find my background material on green infrastructure in our reading list
• add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like

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Actors and stakeholders

• Who is driving changes in this landscape? Who is affected by those changes?
• Draw a stakeholder and/or power map: Who is affected highly but with low power? Who has high power but is not affected?

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The area is under the supervision of Bacoli’s municipality which developed a municipal urbanistic plan (PUC) where it analyses all the territorial functionalities, organizes the safeguarding of the natural landscape and the historical heritage valorization. Even other actors dealing with Bacoli territory have strong relevance, such as: Napoli Province, whose role is to promote a better enjoyment of the urban context through the naturalistic system. Campania Region that is working on a plan for seashore protection. The Cultural Heritage and Environmental assets authority, which draw up a Territorial Landscape Plan (PTP) for the Campi Flegrei area since Bacoli is a territory rich in history. An important role is also played by citizens who can contribute to social improvements through actively participating in the economic and social life. Considering the territorial attractiveness, even tourists are very important because they could positively affect the urban changes.

L’area è gestita dal Comune di Bacoli che ha elaborato un piano urbanistico comunale (PUC) ove analizza la funzionalità del territorio e predispone la salvaguardia del paesaggio naturale e la valorizzazione dei beni storici. Grande importanza è data anche ad altri attori che s’interessando del territorio di Bacoli come la Provincia di Napoli, che promuove maggiore fruizione l’insediamento umano con il sistema naturalistico, La regione Campania che lavora ad un piano di tutela costiera.Poiché Bacoli è un territorio ricco di storia è importante sottolineare la presenza della Soprintendenza per i Beni Ambientali e architettonici del territorio, essa ha redatto il Piano Paesaggistico Territoriale dei campi flegrei (PTP). Importanti sono anche i cittadini che con la collaborazione tramite inserimenti di piccole aziende possono contribuire a dei miglioramenti sociali perché possono partecipare attivamente alla vita economica e sociale. Considerando il territorio sono di grande importanza i turisti che potrebbero essere dei grandi influenzatori dei cambiamenti urbani.

Sacred spaces and heritage

• Which places/elements hold cultural value and to whom?
• You may add a map and some images, please also explain in your caption why these elements are valuable

The territory of Bacoli was founded, as a holiday resort, by the ancient Romans who called it Bauli. It is an environmental landscape of exceptional historical value, and today the remains of the Cento Camerelle cisterns, the Dragonara Cave and the Piscina Mirabilis cistern, which constitute the terminal reservoir of one of the main Roman aqueducts, are preserved. Their waters come from the springs of Serino, 100 km away, up to Naples. Today the ancient cistern is open to visitors and in 2016 the site registered 11,100 visitors. Another historical relevant heritage, is the Archaeological Park of Baia, arranged on terraces called Terme di Baia. The complex originally had floors of great value. Due to bradyseism phenomenon, Baia was submerged by the sea until the 7th century AD. Among the significant remains, there are temple of Diana, of Mercury and Venu remains With the phenomenon of bradyseism many monuments have been destroyed and still today are partly submerged, such as: The Sacellum of the Augustals, monument of the Roman era, built in the first century AD, used for the rites of worship of the emperors; The temple of Venus built in the Hadrianic period, the building is part of the spa complex. Of great value is the monument devoted to the sepulchre of Agrippa, the structure is made up of three hemicycles that have been transformed over the centuries. The emicles are connected by internal ramps. Today this monument can be visited and it is possible to appreciate closely the beauty of the good. Finally, it is possible to visit the Ninfeo of Punta Epitaffio, of the Claudian age, located there. The particularity of the territorial morphology and the phenomenon of bradyseism make the area very interesting for tourists. Baia also has the presence of an Aragonese Castle. The castle is on display of considerable strategic importance, stands on a promontory, at 51 m, naturally difficult to extreme due to caldera of volcanoes. The Castle with its strategic position becomes a domain of the Gulf of Pozzuoli up to Procida, Ischia and Cuma. The castle, built by the will of King Alfonso II of Aragon, was chosen as the site of the Archaeological Museum of the Phlegraean Fields. Along the coast, there are religious monuments such as the Church of San Sossio, the Church of S. Maria del Riposo, the Church of S.Anna Gesù and Maria and the Church of San Gioacchino. In the Flegrei camps, the tourism sector has strong potential. The analysis carried out, declare that visitor flows are in sharp growth.

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Visual appearance and landscape narrative

• Which elements are essential for the landscape character?

The coast area is characterised by the color of yellow tufaceous rock, with high cliffs and vulcanic craters facing the sea. This morphology favored the human settlements by the sea, as evinced by the several archaeological remains. The sea-related activities are still a key part of the area's economy.

• Has the landscape been painted or otherwise depicted, when and whom? Which elements are essential?
• Which narratives exist? Who has written about this landscape or depicted it in some way?

The fascination of this "locus amaenus" digs its roots in ancient times. Capo Miseno itself is named after Misenus, Aenea's comrade in the "Eneid" by Virgilius. Plyny the Elder as well referred to the area in his "Naturalis Historiae", describing the coast between Pozzuoli and Cuma.

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  Cape Miseno was a key spot for the Roman military activity in the Gulf of Naples. Its lighthouse is still an important reference point for local navigation. The picture shows how the surrounding vineyards have been replaced by villas.

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  Miseno and Baia Coast are well known residential areas since the Roman Empire, and inspired foreign painters as well. Painting by Anton Sminck Pitloo

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A.2 Summary of you landscape system analysis and your development Targets

• You can summarize your findings with an DPSI(R) Model or a Spider Diagram
• Link back to the Sustainable Development Goals: Which goals are at risk?
• What is your hypothesis for this landscape?
• Visualise your hypothesis with one graphic/pict
• Are there any existing initiatives taking action in this landscape? Do you have a critical perspective on that?
• Add text and visuals

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The industrial characterization of the site (from 1950 to 1970) brought to consider the natural and archaeological pre-existing heritage as a weakness rather than a strength. Only few years ago cultural heritage has been seen as a real development opportunity. For this reason, still now:

• The system of cultural heritage is fragmented, low promoted and devaluated
• All the cultural sites are not linked
• Touristic and accommodation offer is (quantitatively and qualitatively) low developed for both hotel accommodations and related services

The aim is to define a strategy of possible and sustainable development in order to transform the existing in a resource from an economic and social point of view. It’ necessary to:

1. Increase links between strategic spots inside the area and with the outside
2. Predispose and organize the incoming doors (touristic harbours, stations, parking areas)
3. Defend biodiversity
4. Incentive the construction of an regional ecological net and to management of ambient risk and in particular seismic risk

A.3 Theory reflection

• Reflect on at least three international policy documents in relation to their local landscape case
• choose one international, one European and one national document
• You can choose references from our reading list
• Scope: 250 words

A.4 References

• give a full list of the references you have used for this section

Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment

B.1 Assessment Strategy

• Based on the hypothesis derived from your previous landscape systems analysis you are now asked to define the goals for assessing the landscape. Your assessment is the basis for evaluating the landscape status.
• Which elements and phenomena need to be mapped, why and how?
• This a text contribution, max 250 words

B.2 Mapping

• As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here
• As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed

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  briefly explain the findings of your mapping

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  briefly explain the findings of your mapping

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  briefly explain the findings of your mapping

B.3 Problem definition and priority setting

• Give a summary of the major findings of your mapping process, what are the problems/potentials identified?
• Draw a problems/potentials map
• Set priorities for the most relevant issues

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B.4 Theory reflection

• Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings
• Did you encounter limitations'
• 200 words test contribution

B.5 References

• give a full list of the references you have used for this section

Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan

C.1 Goal Setting

• Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings
• Link back to your original targets from section one and the Development Goals
• 150 words text contribution

C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect

• translate your strategic goals into a vision
• develop a spatial translation of your vision
• exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions
• add map(s) and visualizations

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C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation

• For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?
• Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline
• Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?
• add 150 words text and visuals

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C.4 References

• give a full list of the references you have used for this section

D. Process Reflection

• Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study
• Which limitations were you facing?
• What have you learnt from each other?
• What would you do differently next time?
• You can also use diagrams/visuals
• 250 words text

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