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Area	Cliff Coast of Kakumäe Bay
Place	Haabersti, Tallinn
Country	Estonia
Topics	Cliff coast: Nature protection and suburbanisation near Tallinn
Author(s)	Janne, Ibuki, Kadri, Kadi

Rationale

Why do you think this case is relevant? What is your hypothesis considering the landscape challenges?
Format: 3-4 sentences

Kakumäe bay area is a suburbanisation near the capital city of Estonia. The coast is covered with several nature protection areas to conserve the limestone cliff of North-Estonia. Thus the state of this coastal area is at risk. Main challenge of this landscape is how to coexist with nature protection and dense urban area, which is constantly growing (biodiversity vs new development). It is important to ensure rich ecosystem and it's services to people.

Location and scope

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A Landscape System Analysis

A.1 Landscape layers and their system context

Geomorphology, landscape units and coastal typology

Description of evolution, status quo and driving forces, is the coastal typology changing? Why is that? (approx 200 signs)
add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like

Kakumäe bay is part of Tallinn bay which is on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland.

According to the coastal typology adopted for the EUROSION project, Kakumäe bay can be described as a combination of Hard rock coastal plains (Hard rock sandstone cliffs and limestone steps), Soft rock coasts (Moraine coastal bluffs) and Wave-dominated sediment, Plains (Silty, sandy, gravel, pebble and boulder beaches). Within these major coastal types several coastal formations and habitats occur, including bare sandy, gravel and pebble-boulder beaches, vegetated shores and windflats. [6]

Recent geological history of this area is largely related to the isostatic uplift of the Earth’s crust in the northern part of the Baltic Sea region, which continues till now( 2mm annually in the Tallinn bay). Due to the uplift of the Earth’s crust, the coast and beaches are of emergent character. [7]

The coast within this area can be split into several morphologically different units, from west to east:

Tiskre: A flat coastal wetland is overgrown by bulrush and reeds. Fine sand and silt deposits cover the bare beach, which descends gradually to a very flat sandy foreshore forming atypical windflat. A wide-scale residential development is taking place in the backshore partly reclaiming the wetland.

Kakumäe promontory: It is separated by Kakumäe bay and Kopli bay. The eroded hard rock sandstone cliffs and limestone steps occur in there. A steep up to 20 m high sandstone cliff overtopped by a thin layer of moraine till, is behind a narrow gravel-boulder beach. Also the foreshore profile is relatively steep. There is sandstone bedrock and erratic boulders with pebble from the bench. [8]

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Land use

settlements, infrastructure, agriculture, resource extraction, natural areas, energy production...
description of evolution, status quo and driving forces, is the land use likely to change? Why is that? (approx 200 signs)
add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like

According to CORINE land cover map, the case study area (within 5 km inland) can be described as a combination of

1) Inland marshes

2) Discontinuous urban fabric

3)Coniferous forest

4) Mixed forest

5)Pastures

6) Land principally occupied by agriculture, with significant areas of natural vegetation

7)Transitional woodland-shrub

8) Industrial or commercial units

The coast area ( within 2 km inland) is predominantly an urban area and coniferous forest.

In Tiskre and Kakumae, an extensive residential development of high standard is currently taking place at the coast in the suburban zone.[9]

Waves erode the sandstone cliff in Kakumae. If the storm wave and surge action increases, the coming decades might witness a more intensive retreat of the shoreline and the cliff edge. Because of erosion impact, the new residential area is located next to the escarpment and might be eventually threatened if erosion increases. [10]

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Green/blue infrastructure

What are the major potential elements of a green/blue infrastructure network? Are these likely to change/disappear? Why is that?
You find my background material on green infrastructure in our reading list
add 1-2 graphical representations to the image gallery, you can add more if you like

Major potential elements of the green and blue infrastructure network of the cliff coast area are:

Green:

1) coastal forestpark

2) sand dunes with rose hips and other plants

3) cane grass

4) private gardens (living area consist mainly of private houses with gardens)

5) street trees & hedgerows

6) grasslands, pasturelands

7) Kakumäe bog

8)Landscape protection area of Rannamõisa

9) Landscape protection area of Muraste

10) Muraste bog

11) hiking trails (Tabasalu, Aura, Muraste)

Blue:

1) Kakumäe bay (part of Tallinn Bay)

2) Tiskre stream and its corridor

3) Harku lake

While Kakumäe is a suburbanization area situated in Tallinn, Harju County, which is one of the most densely populated counties in Estonia, there are still quite many green areas but the distribution of green network in that area is uneven. The uneven stationing is influenced by spatial planning and building actions of a growing city. New living areas are built in the expense of forest and coastal areas. [11]. According to the Environmental impact assessment strategy of Tallinn 2030, the reason lies in the lack of planned greenfields in residential areas not being constructed [12].

Biggest threat to the green network in Kakumäe area is the degradation of forest and coastal areas for building new development. Although the local government of Haabersti city part has taken for its vision to preserve and maintain the existing forest on the peninsula of Kakumäe as an enrichening element of the living environment. [13]. In the thematic plan of The Green Areas of Tallinn this forest and coastal area is established as a conflict area, mainly because of the fear of the disconnection of green infrastructure network.

Other threat to coastal green areas is the weathering of rocks and soil from the cliff coast because of the waves of the sea, wind and other weather conditions. But also the growing number of people, who use the beach area for recreational purposes, needs to be regulated [14].

There are two landscape protection areas on the coastline: Rannamõisa and Muraste. Both of them are made for the protection of the limestone cliff and coastal forest in North-Estonia mainly to save them from development. Both of them are also stated as globally important protection areas and habitat places. [15] [16]. Rannamõisa landscape protection area is a habitat place for rare animal (Eptesicus nilssonii, Pipistrellus nathusii, Nyctalus noctula) and plant species (Orchis mascula, Cotoneaster niger) [17]. There are also Caves of Tilgu and outcrop of sandstone which both are under nature protection [18]. Muraste nature protection area is also made to protect other habitat types like gray dunes, limestone outcorp, old forests, swampy deciduous forest and scree forest.

Green and blue infrastructure of Kakumäe Bay area. Numbers showing location. 1) cane grass 2) forest 3) sea & beach 4) Tiskre stream and its corridor 5) lake Harku 6) cliff 7 & 8) private gardens 9) street trees 10) grassland 11) hiking trail 12) Rannamõisa protection area 13) Muraste protection area 14) Muraste bog.
Factors influencing the green structure network and results that occure.
Northern bat (Eptesicus nilssonii) is considered into II protection category n Estonia
Dark-seed Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster niger) is under III protection category in Estonia. It is threatened by clear cutting the forest and building action
Caves of Tilgu in Rannamõisa landscape protection area. Photo taken by Ilme Parik in May 2014 [1]

Actors and stakeholders

Who is driving changes in this landscape? Who is affected by those changes?
Draw a stakeholder and/or power map: Who is affected highly but with low power? Who has high power but is not affected?

Kakumäe bay is a part of Harku municipality and Kakumäe peninsula is in Haabersti district. Harku municipality is a municipality located west of Tallinn, with a northern limit of 22 km in the Gulf of Finland. In Harku municipality the main charges are on the municipality governor. His main tasks are General Management, Municipality Representation, Planning and Building Co-ordination. The Haabersti District is a city authority in Tallinn, the aim of which is to ensure the provision of urban residents and businessmen in Haabersti district, the availability of public services and the development of the district, its hubs and settlements, and the functioning of the infrastructure, taking into account the needs and interests of the inhabitants of the district, as a whole of interest.( Haabersti Linnaosa Valitsuse põhimäärus, chapter 1, § 1)

Kakumäe People's Society is a non-profit organization , whose goal is to improve and revitalize the living environment of the region.

In order to achieve its goals, the agency carries out the following activities:

1. Organizes joint activities of the members of the Society and public events related to the region;

2. Represents the interests of the members of the Society in all the activities concerning the region and actively contributes to the development of the region's living environment;

3. Interacts with local people, city authorities and other relevant parties

Powermap of Kakumäe area showing different actors and stakeholders

Sacred spaces and heritage

Which places/elements hold cultural value and to whom?
You may add a map and some images, please also explain in your caption why these elements are valuable

On the left side of the shore of the Kakumäe bay, near Muraste protection area, there are naval fortresses of Peter the Great. Built between 1913-1917, they are now considered as cultural heritage objects of Estonia. Peter the Great's naval fortress, also called the Tallinn-Porkkala defence station was a Russian fortification line, which aimed to block access for the Russian capital Saint Petersburg via the sea. The plans for the fortress included heavy coastal artillery pieces along the northern and southern shores of the Gulf of Finland. The emphasis was put on the defences of the gulf's narrowest point, between Porkkala (in Finland) and Tallinn (in Estonia). This was a strategic point, as the two fortresses of Mäkiluoto and Naissaar were only 36 kilometres apart. The coastal artillery had a range of about 25 kilometres and could thus "close" the gap between the shores, trapping enemy ships in a crossfire [19].

Near the left side of the coast, not far from the naval fortress, there are also ancient fields with findings of cultural layer. There are preserved stonebeds and stoneheaps of the ancient fields [20]. As remains of ancient settlement areas, there are also stone graves near the fields.

In addition to the named protected areas there are few objects outside the borders of protected areas – boulder of Black Stone in the top of Kakumäe peninsula, boulder of Tari between Rannamõisa and Ilmandu and smaller areas of plant species protection.

Photo taken by Silja Konsa in October 2013 [2]
Boulder of Black Stone in the top of Kakumäe peninsula. Photo taken by Aime Pae in April 2008 [3]

Visual appearance and landscape narrative

Which elements are essential for the landscape character?
Has the landscape been painted or otherwise depicted, when and whom? Which elements are essential?
Which narratives exist? Who has written about this landscape or depicted it in some way?
You can add text and images

As Kakumäe bay coastline has various landscape settings starting with usual and flat sandy beach to high (32 m) cliff coast, then it is loved by painters. Painters find inspiration in wavy sea, rocky beach and cliff coast. Small and arched bay allows to enjoy the sight of long land and sea border in the horizon.

Eugen Gustav Dücker has depicted "Tiskre coast" in 1866, where fishing boats have arrived from sea. The painting is exhibited in Estonian National Art Museum. Herlet Elvisto has depicted in 2015 also simple boat on rocky coast. Jan Tammik painted in 2008 a boulder of Black Stone in the top on Kakumäe peninsula.

Professional and hobby-photographers also use Kakumäe bay as their worksite. Pink sunsets, capital city towers in yonder, ice forced to coast by waves in winter are all taken into photographs. Nowadays, as drone pictures are available quite easily, whole coastline as panorama picture is often presented in wall art.

Rocky beach in Kakumäe. Oil painting by Herlet Elvisto. 2015. Link: http://www.herlet.eu/kakumaumlemaal.html
On the Kakumäe peninsula. Painting by Jan Tammik. 2008. Link: http://www.e-kunstisalong.ee/?e=naitused&n=1&num=2861
Painting by Eugen Gustav Dücker. Tiskre coast. Reference: A. Eilart, A. Kokk. 2012. Pintsliga tõmmatud Eesti. Lk 247
Panoramic photograph of the Kakumäe peninsula on canvas by Kaupo Kalda. Link: http://minuprint.com/kakumae-panoraam/

A.2 Summary of your landscape system analysis and your development Targets

You can summarize your findings with an DPSI(R) Model or a Spider Diagram
Link back to the Sustainable Development Goals: Which goals are at risk?
What is your hypothesis for this landscape?
Visualise your hypothesis with one graphic/pict
Are there any existing initiatives taking action in this landscape? Do you have a critical perspective on that?
Add text and visuals

Summary of DPSI(R) model

Driving forces: We define five elements as driving forces such like urbanization (Dense settlement), anthropogenic emission (salinity), agriculture, tourism and climate change.

Pressures: Each Driving forces make pressures. Urbanization promotes degradation of forest and grasslands. If salinity and agricultures are not properly treated, nitrate pollution or chemical pollution will happen. Because of climate change, storm surges occur more frequently. If tourism of this place becomes popular, human activities for recreational purpose will increase.

State: Degradation of forest and grasslands means not only reducing the areas but also disconnection of green infrastructure network. It reduces permeable surface and there are more urban surface. Storm surges causes coastal erosion. Kakumäe area is the region where the most intense coastal erosion occurs in the City of Tallinn [21]. Also the erosion is predominant on the top of peninsulas. Chemical pollution is high concentration of some specific substances in water. In Tallinn bay, phosphate levels is relatively high [22]. It also connects abundant zooplankton. In the shallow area (depth about 10 m) of the Tallinn Bay, the population peaks of all major zooplankton groups were observed [23].

The erosion of the Kakumae Cliff in Tallinn City area. The boulder located at the shoreline in 1998 (left). Nowadays the shoreline is retreated about 8 m from the boulder (right). Photos: Tonis Saadre, Sten Suuroja [4].

Impact: Depletion of green infrastructure causes species loss, habitat loss and ecosystem collapse. Reduce permeable surface cause risk of flood especially when heavy rainfall happens. According to XGIS by Estonian land board, Tiskre living area is in danger of flooding along river side and estuary. Geological hazards here are mainly related to coastal erosion and landslides [24].

Less than 10 m left until the edge of the 9-meter-high cliff reaches to Kakumäe Peninsula, Tallinn [5].

Sustainable Development Goals at risk

Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Making cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable is at risk because cities need to grow, but they need to do it while improving resource use and reducing pollution and poverty. In coastal areas the fear is that soon the whole area will be built up and there will be no public areas around the coastal regions and forest felling.

Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources Ocean currents make life on Earth possible, by run global systems. Many things are provided to us by the sea. Estonians are the people of the sea, because the territory of Estonia is flanked by the sea on both sides. And when we lose the possibility to get to the sea the entire cultural heritage will lose its importance.

Goal 15: Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss

Forests cover 51% of Estonia’s surface and in addition to providing food and shelter for animals they are also key to combating climate change. Deforestation and desertification – caused by human activities and climate change – pose major challenges to sustainable development and have affected the lives and livelihoods of millions of people in the fight against poverty. Efforts are being made to manage forests and combat desertification. Desertification is not a big problem in Estonia, but when things keep happening the way the earth is becoming warmer it could become a problem.

Hypothesis for the landscape

As we analysed settlement development in Kakumäe bay area, and it is clearly noticeable that settlement area has increased rapidly. Pressure for new residential areas on the beautiful coast is severe. Mostly there are plots of individual houses, some areas for apartment buildings. Traffic density in main roads has increased and resulting with jams near Tallinn. Collective roads are rather narrow. Many parks, which where kept as parts on green infrastructure, have been built up to residential areas.

Keeping construction away from parks and arable land is more and more challenging. Beside nature protection areas and endangered species habitats, there are only some forest plots remained near the coast.

Settlement areas have increased rapidly and it is more challenging to keep away from building at the expense of parks and arable land.

The perspective on existing initiatives taking action in the landscape now is rather critical. Mainly because of the age of the strategic documents, like County plan of Harjumaa, The Thematic plan of The Green Areas of Tallinn, Strategic environmental impact assessment of the comprehensive plan of Haabersti city district which are all over 10 years old. The stated goals there are indeed important, eg broadening the building prohibition zone of a transmission line area, which also helps to save greenery and plantation is also helping to avoid erosion. But they are also stating the fact that if trees are too close the the edge of the cliff, it may fall quicker. Therefore they acknowledge that this is only one part to prevent it but the overall solution has to be more broader and complex. Positive thing is that Haabersti city district has a special thematic map made in 2016, where areas in danger of erosion, cliff weathering and flooding are brought out. They are mainly located on the peninsula of Kakumäe. Tiskre living area is in danger of flooding.

DPSI(R) model showing driving forces (urbanization), pressures (degradation of forest/ grasslands), state of situation (degradation of forest leads to disconnection of green infrastructure) and impact (species/ habitat loss.

A.3 Theory reflection

Reflect on at least three international policy documents in relation to their local landscape case
choose one international, one European and one national document
You can choose references from our reading list
Scope: 250 words

International policy document:

Sustainable development goals

Referring to the goal 17, for successful sustainable development we need partnership between the government and the private sector. In regional, national and local level principles and values are needed. Developing countries need long term investments. These include sustainable energy, infrastructure and transport, as well as information and communications technologies. Sustainable development is needed to achieve a balance between the social, economic and environmental spheres and to ensure a full-fledged social life for present and future generations.

European policy document:

The European Landscape Convention

According to the Landscape Convention, the most radically affected areas by change (economic, social, environmental) are peri-urban and coastal areas (Kakumäe being both). Therefore it is important to raise awarness of landscape policy [25]. Estonia joined the convention in last December (20.12.2017). Through this convention the awarness of landscape values among society, organisation and authorities rises. Countries that have joined are asked to evaluate their landscapes, analyse them and the transforming forces and influences, and monitor the changes in landscapes [26].

National policy document:

Harju County Plan 2030

In Harju county-wide spatial plan of 2030 there is admitted that according to green network Harju county in most complex. Environment is strongly influenced by growing human settlement and infrastructure. Comparing with previous same level plan, which was composed in 2003, large areas of green network have been replaced with new human settlement areas near Tallinn. 2030 plan also admits that the plan of 2003 had a proposal to start preserving city forests to maintain green belt around Tallinn, but action towards this goal has not been made.

In 2030 plan settlement-directing map whole Kakumäe bay coastal area is marked as a compact settlement area. At the same time west-coast of Kakumae bay is still marked as valuable landscape. Green network, which was determined on east coast of Kakumäe bay in 2003 planning, is now human settlement area.

A.4 References

give a full list of the references you have used for this section

1. EUROSION Case Study: Tallinn (Estonia). 2002. Link: http://copranet.projects.eucc-d.de/files/000112_EUROSION_Tallinn.pdf

2. Coastal erosion and protection in Europe.(2013) Tõnisson,H., Orviku, K., Lapinskis, J., et al. Pages 47-80. Link: http://www.peconsulting.se/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/TLC-materialIETU.pdf

3. Thematic plan of The Green Areas of Tallinn. 2005. Link: https://www.tallinn.ee/est/ehitus/g6479s42710

4. Environmental impact assessment strategy of Tallinn 2030. 2009. Link: https://www.tallinn.ee/est/g3566s49861

5. Rannamõisa landscape protection area. Estonian Nature Information System. Link: http://loodus.keskkonnainfo.ee/eelis/default.aspx?state=4;68547596;est;eelisand;;&comp=objresult=ala&obj_id=5265

6. Muraste landscape protection area. Estonian Nature Information System. Link: http://loodus.keskkonnainfo.ee/eelis/default.aspx?state=6;572247461;est;eelisand;;&comp=objresult=ala&obj_id=-1089849416

Phase B: Landscape Evaluation and Assessment

B.1 Assessment Strategy

Based on the hypothesis derived from your previous landscape systems analysis you are now asked to define the goals for assessing the landscape. Your assessment is the basis for evaluating the landscape status.
Which elements and phenomena need to be mapped, why and how?
This a text contribution, max 250 words

B.2 Mapping

As defined by your assessment strategy you conduct the mapping and present your findings here
As a minimum, at least three different themes need to be mapped, you may choose more if needed

Your case your assessment mapping themel.jpg

briefly explain the findings of your mapping
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briefly explain the findings of your mapping
Your case your assessment mapping theme3.jpg

briefly explain the findings of your mapping

B.3 Problem definition and priority setting

Give a summary of the major findings of your mapping process, what are the problems/potentials identified?
Draw a problems/potentials map
Set priorities for the most relevant issues

Your case problems potentials map.jpg

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B.4 Theory reflection

Please reflect the assessment and evaluation methods used based on at least three readings
Did you encounter limitations'
200 words test contribution

B.5 References

give a full list of the references you have used for this section

Phase C – Strategy and Master Plan

C.1 Goal Setting

Define strategic planning objectives based on the evaluation findings
Link back to your original targets from section one and the Development Goals
150 words text contribution

C.2 Spatial Strategy and Transect

translate your strategic goals into a vision
develop a spatial translation of your vision
exemplify your vision in the form of a transect with concrete interventions
add map(s) and visualizations

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C.3 From Theory of Change to Implementation

For implementing your vision: Which partnerships are needed? Which governance model is required?
Who needs to act and how? Draw and explain a change/process model/timeline
Which resources are needed? On which assets can you build?
add 150 words text and visuals

Your case spatial your governance model.jpg

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Your case spatial your process model.jpg

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C.4 References

give a full list of the references you have used for this section

D. Process Reflection

Reflect in your intercultural and interdisciplinary team on the outcomes of your study
Which limitations were you facing?
What have you learnt from each other?
What would you do differently next time?
You can also use diagrams/visuals
250 words text

Cliff Coast of Kakumäe Bay

Contents

Rationale

Location and scope

A Landscape System Analysis

A.1 Landscape layers and their system context